The Processes of Technological Innovation

activities adoption decision analysis applied research approach basic research basic science behavior boundary Burns and Stalker CAD/CAM Chakrabarti chapter characteristics communication companies complex computer-aided design concept context costs defined deployers described diffusion economic effect empirical engineering environment equipment Eveland example fabricated metal federal firm's firms focused Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft function funding gatekeepers ical impact implementation important individual industry inno innovation process integration interaction involved issues literature machine vision manufacturing Manufacturing Studies measure ment mentation National Science Board National Science Foundation nology operate organization organizational participants patent percent performance personal computers perspective problem process of technological R&D intensity R&D spending R&D strategy relationship research and development result role social socio-technical systems structure task tech technical techno technological innovation technology deployment technology policy tend tion Tornatzky understanding United universities variables