United States Code

cide, the family of the victim, should be consulted by the attorney for the Government in order to obtain the views of the victim or family about the disposition of any Federal criminal case brought as a result of such crime, including the views of the victim or family about

"(A) dismissal;

"(B) release of the accused pending judicial proceedings;

"(C) plea negotiations; and

"(D) pretrial diversion program.

"(6) SEPARATE WAITING AREA.-Victims and other prosecution witnesses should be provided prior to court appearance a waiting area that is separate from all other witnesses.

"(7) PROPERTY RETURN.-Law enforcement agencies and prosecutor should promptly return victim's property held for evidentiary purposes unless there is a compelling law enforcement reason for retaining it.

"(8) NOTIFICATION TO EMPLOYER.-A victim or witness who so requests should be assisted by law enforcement agencies and attorneys for the Government in informing employers that the need for victim and witness cooperation in the prosecution of the case may necessitate absence of that victim or witness from work. A victim or witness who, as a direct result of a crime or of cooperation with law enforcement agencies or attorneys for the Government, is subjected to serious financial strain, should be assisted by such agencies and attorneys in explaining to creditors the reason for such serious financial strain.

"(9) TRAINING BY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING FACILITIES.-Victim assistance education and training should be offered to persons taking courses at Federal law enforcement training facilities and attorneys for the Government so that victims may be promptly, properly, and completely assisted.

"(10) GENERAL VICTIM ASSISTANCE.-The guidelines should also ensure that any other important assistance to victims and witnesses, such as the adoption of transportation, parking, and translator services for victims in court be provided.

"(b) Nothing in this title shall be construed as creating a cause of action against the United States.

"(c) The Attorney General shall assure that all Federal law enforcement agencies outside of the Department of Justice adopt guidelines consistent with subsection (a) of this section."

[Amendment of section 6 of Pub. L. 97-291 by Pub. L. 98-473, set out above, effective 30 days after Oct. 12, 1984, see section 1409(a) of Pub. L. 98-473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10601 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.]

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 1514, 1515, 1961, 2516, 3142 of this title.

§ 1513. Retaliating against a witness, victim, or an informant

(a)(1) Whoever kills or attempts to kill another person with intent to retaliate against any person for

(A) the attendance of a witness or party at an official proceeding, or any testimony given or any record, document, or other object produced by a witness in an official proceeding; or (B) providing to a law enforcement officer any information relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions of probation, parole, or release pending judicial proceedings,

shall be punished as provided in paragraph (2). (2) The punishment for an offense under this subsection is

(A) in the case of a killing, the punishment provided in sections 1111 and 1112; and

(B) in the case of an attempt, imprisonment for not more than 20 years.

(b) Whoever knowingly engages in any conduct and thereby causes bodily injury to another person or damages the tangible property of another person, or threatens to do so, with intent to retaliate against any person for

(1) the attendance of a witness or party at an official proceeding, or any testimony given or any record, document, or other object produced by a witness in an official proceeding; or

(2) any information relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions of probation, parole, or release pending judicial proceedings given by a person to a law enforcement officer; or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.

(c) If the retaliation occurred because of attendance at or testimony in a criminal case, the maximum term of imprisonment which may be imposed for the offense under this section shall be the higher of that otherwise provided by law or the maximum term that could have been imposed for any offense charged in such case.

(d) There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this section. (Added Pub. L. 97-291, §4(a), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1250; amended Pub. L. 103-322, title VI, § 60017, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(U), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1975, 2148; Pub. L. 104-214, §1(1), Oct. 1, 1996, 110 Stat. 3017.)

AMENDMENTS

1996-Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-214, §1(1)(B), which directed the addition of subsec. (c) at the end of this section, was executed by adding subsec. (c) before subsec. (d) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 104-214, §1(1)(A), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104-214, §1(1)(A), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d).

1994 Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103-322, §60017(2), added subsec. (a). Former subsec. (a) redesignated (b).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103-322, §330016(1)(U), substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $250,000" in concluding provisions.

Pub. L. 103-322, § 60017(1), redesignated subsec. (a) as (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103-322, §60017(1), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c).

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Oct. 12, 1982, see section 9(a) of Pub. L. 97-291, set out as a note under section 1512 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 1514, 1515, 1961, 2516, 3142 of this title.

§ 1514. Civil action to restrain harassment of a victim or witness

(a)(1) A United States district court, upon application of the attorney for the Government, shall issue a temporary restraining order prohibiting harassment of a victim or witness in a Federal criminal case if the court finds, from specific facts shown by affidavit or by verified

complaint, that there are reasonable grounds to believe that harassment of an identified victim or witness in a Federal criminal case exists or that such order is necessary to prevent and restrain an offense under section 1512 of this title, other than an offense consisting of misleading conduct, or under section 1513 of this title.

(2)(A) A temporary restraining order may be issued under this section without written or oral notice to the adverse party or such party's attorney in a civil action under this section if the court finds, upon written certification of facts by the attorney for the Government, that such notice should not be required and that there is a reasonable probability that the Government will prevail on the merits.

(B) A temporary restraining order issued without notice under this section shall be endorsed with the date and hour of issuance and be filed forthwith in the office of the clerk of the court issuing the order.

(C) A temporary restraining order issued under this section shall expire at such time, not to exceed 10 days from issuance, as the court directs; the court, for good cause shown before expiration of such order, may extend the expiration date of the order for up to 10 days or for such longer period agreed to by the adverse party.

(D) When a temporary restraining order is issued without notice, the motion for a protective order shall be set down for hearing at the earliest possible time and takes precedence over all matters except older matters of the same character, and when such motion comes on for hearing, if the attorney for the Government does not proceed with the application for a protective order, the court shall dissolve the temporary restraining order.

(E) If on two days notice to the attorney for the Government or on such shorter notice as the court may prescribe, the adverse party appears and moves to dissolve or modify the temporary restraining order, the court shall proceed to hear and determine such motion as expeditiously as the ends of justice require.

(F) A temporary restraining order shall set forth the reasons for the issuance of such order, be specific in terms, and describe in reasonable detail (and not by reference to the complaint or other document) the act act or acts being restrained.

(b)(1) A United States district court, upon motion of the attorney for the Government, shall issue a protective order prohibiting harassment of a victim or witness in a Federal criminal case if the court, after a hearing, finds by a preponderance of the evidence that harassment of an identified victim or witness in a Federal criminal case exists or that such order is necessary to prevent and restrain an offense under section 1512 of this title, other than an offense consisting of misleading conduct, or under section 1513 of this title.

(2) At the hearing referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection, any adverse party named in the complaint shall have the right to present evidence and cross-examine witnesses.

(3) A protective order shall set forth the reasons for the issuance of such order, be specific in terms, describe in reasonable detail (and not by

reference to the complaint or other document) the act or acts being restrained.

(4) The court shall set the duration of effect of the protective order for such period as the court determines necessary to prevent harassment of the victim or witness but in no case for a period in excess of three years from the date of such order's issuance. The attorney for the Government may, at any time within ninety days before the expiration of such order, apply for a new protective order under this section.

(1) the term "harassment" means a course of conduct directed at a specific person that(A) causes substantial emotional distress in such person; and

(B) serves no legitimate purpose; and (2) the term "course of conduct" means a series of acts over a period of time, however short, indicating a continuity of purpose. (Added Pub. L. 97-291, §4(a), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1250.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Oct. 12, 1982, see section 9(a) of Pub. L. 97-291, set out as a note under section 1512 of this title.

§ 1515. Definitions for certain provisions; general provision

(a) As used in sections 1512 and 1513 of this title and in this section—

(1) the term "official proceeding" means

(A) a proceeding before a judge or court of the United States, a United States magistrate judge, a bankruptcy judge, a judge of the United States Tax Court, a special trial judge of the Tax Court, a judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims, or a Federal grand jury;

(B) a proceeding before the Congress;

(C) a proceeding before a Federal Government agency which is authorized by law; or (D) a proceeding involving the business of insurance whose activities affect interstate commerce before any insurance regulatory official or agency or any agent or examiner appointed by such official or agency to examine the affairs of any person engaged in the business of insurance whose activities affect interstate commerce;

(2) the term "physical force" means physical action against another, and includes confinement;

(3) the term "misleading conduct" means

(A) knowingly making a false statement; (B) intentionally omitting information from a statement and thereby causing a portion of such statement to be misleading, or intentionally concealing a material fact, and thereby creating a false impression by such statement;

(C) with intent to mislead, knowingly submitting or inviting reliance on a writing or recording that is false, forged, altered, or otherwise lacking in authenticity;

(D) with intent to mislead, knowingly submitting or inviting reliance on a sample, specimen, map, photograph, boundary mark, or other object that is misleading in a material respect; or

(E) knowingly using a trick, scheme, or device with intent to mislead;

(4) the term "law enforcement officer" means an officer or employee of the Federal Government, or a person authorized to act for or on behalf of the Federal Government or serving the Federal Government as an adviser or consultant

(A) authorized under law to engage in or supervise the prevention, detection, investigation, or prosecution of an offense; or

(B) serving as a probation or pretrial services officer under this title:

(5) the term "bodily injury" means

(A) a cut, abrasion, bruise, burn, or disfigurement;

(B) physical pain;

(D) impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ, or mental faculty; or

(E) any other injury to the body, no matter how temporary; and

(6) the term "corruptly persuades" does not include conduct which would be misleading conduct but for a lack of a state of mind.

(b) As used in section 1505, the term "corruptly" means acting with an improper purpose, personally or by influencing another, including making a false or misleading statement, or withholding, concealing, altering, or destroying a document or other information.

(c) This chapter does not prohibit or punish the providing of lawful, bona fide, legal representation services in connection with or anticipation of an official proceeding.

(Added Pub. L. 97-291, § 4(a), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1252; amended Pub. L. 99-646, § 50(b), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3605; Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, §7029(b), (d), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4398; Pub. L. 101-650, title III, §321, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5117; Pub. L. 102-572, title IX, §902(b)(1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4516; Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXII, §320604(a), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2118; Pub. L. 104-292, §3, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3460; Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, § 604(b)(39), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3509.)

AMENDMENTS

1996 Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 104-294 struck out "or" after semicolon at end.

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 104-292 added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c).

1994 Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 103-322 added subpar. (D).

1992-Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 102-572 substituted "United States Court of Federal Claims" for "United States Claims Court".

1988 Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 100-690, $7029(b), inserted "a judge of the United States Tax Court, a special trial judge of the Tax Court, a judge of the United States Claims Court," after "bankruptcy judge,".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 100-690, § 7029(d), added par. (6). 1986 Pub. L. 99-646 inserted"; general provision" in section catchline, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), and added subsec. (b).

CHANGE OF NAME

"United States magistrate judge" substituted for "United States magistrate" in subsec. (a)(1)(A) pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101-650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604(d) of Pub. L. 104-294, set out as a note under section 13 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 102-572 effective Oct. 29, 1992, see section 911 of Pub. L. 102-572, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Oct. 12, 1982, see section 9(a) of Pub. L. 97-291, set out as a note under section 1512 of this title.

§ 1516. Obstruction of Federal audit

(a) Whoever, with intent to deceive or defraud the United States, endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede a Federal auditor in the performance of official duties relating to a person receiving in excess of $100,000, directly or indirectly, from the United States in any 1 year period under a contract or subcontract, or relating to any property that is security for a mortgage note that is insured, guaranteed, acquired, or held by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development pursuant to any Act administered by the Secretary, or relating to any property that is security for a loan that is made or guaranteed under title V of the Housing Act of 1949, shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.

(b) For purposes of this section

(1) the term "Federal auditor" means any person employed on a full- or part-time or contractual basis to perform an audit or a quality assurance inspection for or on behalf of the United States; and

(2) the term "in any 1 year period" has the meaning given to the term "in any one-year period" in section 666.

(Added Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, §7078(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4406; amended Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXII, § 320609, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2120; Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, § 604(b)(43), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3509; Pub. L. 105-65, title V, §564, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1420; Pub. L. 106-569, title VII, §709(b), Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3018.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Housing Act of 1949, referred to in subsec. (a), is act July 15, 1949, ch. 338, 63 Stat. 413, as amended. Title V of the Act is classified generally to subchapter III (§ 1471 et seq.) of chapter 8A of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1441 of Title 42 and Tables.

AMENDMENTS

2000 Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106-569 inserted "or relating to any property that is security for a loan that is made or guaranteed under title V of the Housing Act of 1949," before "shall be fined under this title".

1997-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105-65 inserted "or relating to any property that is security for a mortgage note that is insured, guaranteed, acquired, or held by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development pursuant to any Act administered by the Secretary," after "under a contract or subcontract,”.

1996 Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104-294 inserted "and" after semicolon at end.

1994 Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "section-" for "section", inserted "(1)" before "the term",

substituted semicolon for the period at end, and added par. (2).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604(d) of Pub. L. 104-294, set out as a note under section 13 of this title.

§ 1517. Obstructing examination of financial in

stitution

Whoever corruptly obstructs or attempts to obstruct any examination of a financial institution by an agency of the United States with jurisdiction to conduct an examination of such financial institution shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (Added Pub. L. 101-647, title XXV, §2503(a), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4861.)

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in section 3059A of this title; title 12 sections 1785, 1829, 4204, 4224.

§ 1518. Obstruction of criminal investigations of health care offenses

(a) Whoever willfully prevents, obstructs, misleads, delays or attempts to prevent, obstruct, mislead, or delay the communication of information or records relating to a violation of a Federal health care offense to a criminal investigator shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.

(b) As used in this section the term "criminal investigator" means any individual duly authorized by a department, agency, or armed force of the United States to conduct or engage in investigations for prosecutions for violations of health care offenses.

(Added Pub. L. 104-191, title II, § 245(a), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2017.)

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

or verifies any passport or other instrument in the nature of a passport to or for any person whomsoever; or

Whoever, being a consular officer authorized to grant, issue, or verify passports, knowingly and willfully grants, issues, or verifies any such passport to or for any person not owing allegiance, to the United States, whether a citizen or not

Shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 25 years (if the offense was committed to facilitate an act of international terrorism (as defined in section 2331 of this title)), 20 years (if the offense was committed to facilitate a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 929(a) of this title)), 10 years (in the case of the first or second such offense, if the offense was not committed to facility 1 such an act of international terrorism or a drug trafficking crime), or 15 years (in the case of any other offense), or both.

For purposes of this section, the term "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 771; Pub. L. 103-322, title XIII, §130009(a)(1), title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2030, 2147; Pub. L. 104-208, div. C, title II, §211(a)(2), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009-569; Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, § 607(n), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3512.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on section 219 of title 22, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Foreign Relations and Intercourse (R.S. 4078; June 14, 1902, ch. 1088, §3, 32 Stat. 386).

The venue provision, which followed the punishment provisions, was omitted as covered by section 3238 of this title.

Changes were made in phraseology.

AMENDMENTS

1996-Pub. L. 104-294, § 607(n)(1), struck out "or possession" after "or a State" in first par.

Pub. L. 104-294, §607(n)(2), added last par. defining "State" for purposes of this section.

Pub. L. 104-208 substituted "imprisoned not more than 25 years (if the offense was committed to facilitate an act of international terrorism (as defined in section 2331 of this title)), 20 years (if the offense was committed to facilitate a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 929(a) of this title)), 10 years (in the case of the first or second such offense, if the offense was not committed to facility such an act of international terrorism or a drug trafficking crime), or 15 years (in the case of any other offense)" for "imprisoned not more than 10 years" in third par.

1994-Pub. L. 103-322, § 330016(1)(G), which directed the amendment of this section by substituting "under this title" for "not more than $500", could not be executed because the words "not more than $500" did not appear in text subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 103–322, $130009(a)(1). See below.

Pub. L. 103-322, § 130009(a)(1), substituted "under this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years" for "not more than $500 or imprisoned not more than one year" in last par.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-208 applicable with respect to offenses occurring on or after Sept. 30, 1996, see section 211(c) of Pub. L. 104-208, set out as a note under section 1028 of this title.

1 So in original. Probably should be "facilitate”.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 982, 2516, 3291 of this title.

§ 1542. False statement in application and use of passport

Whoever willfully and knowingly makes any false statement in an application for passport with intent to induce or secure the issuance of a passport under the authority of the United States, either for his own use or the use of another, contrary to the laws regulating the issuance of passports or the rules prescribed pursuant to such laws; or

Whoever willfully and knowingly uses or attempts to use, or furnishes to another for use any passport the issue of which was secured in any way by reason of any false statement

Shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 25 years (if the offense was committed to facilitate an act of international terrorism (as defined in section 2331 of this title)), 20 years (if the offense was committed to facilitate a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 929(a) of this title)), 10 years (in the case of the first or second such offense, if the offense was not committed to facility1 such an act of international terrorism or a drug trafficking crime), or 15 years (in the case of any other offense), or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 771; Pub. L. 103-322, title XIII, §130009(a)(2), title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(I), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2030, 2147; Pub. L. 104-208, div. C, title II, §211(a)(2), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009-569.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on section 220 of title 22, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Foreign Relations and Intercourse (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title IX, §2, 40 Stat. 227; Mar. 1940, ch. 72, §7, 54 Stat. 80).

Mandatory-punishment provision was rephrased in

the alternative.

Punishment of five years' imprisonment was substituted for "ten years" to conform with other sections embracing offenses of comparable gravity. Minor changes were made in phraseology.

AMENDMENTS

1996-Pub. L. 104-208 substituted "imprisoned not more than 25 years (if the offense was committed to facilitate an act of international terrorism (as defined in section 2331 of this title)), 20 years (if the offense was committed to facilitate a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 929(a) of this title)), 10 years (in the case of the first or second such offense, if the offense was not committed to facility such an act of international terrorism or a drug trafficking crime), or 15 years (in the case of any other offense)" for "imprisoned not more than 10 years" in last par.

1994-Pub. L. 103-322, §330016(1)(I), which directed the amendment of this section by substituting "under this title" for "not more than $2,000", could not be executed because the words "not more than $2,000" did not appear in text subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 103-322, §130009(a)(2). See below.

Pub. L. 103-322, §130009(a)(2), substituted "under this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years" for "not more than $2,000 or imprisoned not more than five years" in last par.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-208 applicable with respect to offenses occurring on or after Sept. 30, 1996, see

1 So in original. Probably should be "facilitate".

section 211(c) of Pub. L. 104-208, set out as a note under section 1028 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 14, 982, 1717, 1961, 2516, 3291 of this title.

§ 1543. Forgery or false use of passport

Whoever falsely makes, forges, counterfeits, mutilates, or alters any passport or instrument purporting to be a passport, with intent that the same may be used; or

Whoever willfully and knowingly uses, or attempts to use, or furnishes to another for use any such false, forged, counterfeited, mutilated, or altered passport or instrument purporting to be a passport, or any passport validly issued which has become void by the occurrence of any condition therein prescribed invalidating the

same

Shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 25 years (if the offense was committed to facilitate an act of international terrorism (as defined in section 2331 of this title)), 20 years (if the offense was committed to facilitate a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 929(a) of this title)), 10 years (in the case of the first or second such offense, if the offense was not committed to facility1 such an act of international terrorism or a drug trafficking crime), or 15 years (in the case of any other offense), or both.

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on section 222 of title 22, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Foreign Relations and Intercourse (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title IX, §4, 40 Stat. 227; Mar. 28, 1940, ch. 72, §7, 54 Stat. 80).

Reference to persons causing or procuring was omitted as unnecessary in view of definition of "principal" in section 2 of this title.

Mandatory-punishment provision with authorization for added fine in discretion of court was rephrased in the alternative.

Punishment of five years' imprisonment was substituted for "ten years" to conform with other sections embracing offenses of comparable gravity. Minor changes were made in phraseology.

AMENDMENTS

1994-Pub. L. 103-322, § 330016(1)(I), which directed the amendment of this section by substituting "under this title" for "not more than $2,000", could not be executed because the words "not more than $2,000" did not appear in text subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 103-322, §130009(a)(2). See below.

1 So in original. Probably should be "facilitate".

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