Tongue, 1873, 3d ed. 1883; is author of A History of France down to the Year 1789, 1873-77, 3 vols., 3d ed. 1884; A Memoir of Pope Pius II. (written for the Arundel Society, to accompany their issue of the frescos by Pinturicchio in the library at Siena), 1881.

KNOX.

a criticis Tubingensibus e gnosi Valentiniana deducta, Greifswald, 1853; Exegetisch-kritische Untersuchungen über den zweiten Brief des Paulus an die Gemeinde zu Korinth, Göttingen, 1870; Kommentar über das 2. Sendschreiben des Apostel Paulus an die Gemeinde zu Korinth, Berlin, 1874; Der Brief an die Colosser, 1882.

KITTREDGE, Abbott Eliot, D.D. (Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1878), Presbyterian ;| KLOSTERMANN, (Heinrich) August, Lic. Theol. b. at Roxbury, Mass., July 20, 1834; graduated (Göttingen, 1865), D.D. (Göttingen, 1868), Luat Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1854, theran; b. at Steinhude, Schaumburg-Lippe, May and at Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary, 16, 1837; studied at Erlangen and Berlin, 1855-58; 1859; pastor of Winthrop Congregational Church, became gymnasial and seminary teacher at BückeCharlestown, Mass., 1859-64; Eleventh Presbyte-burg, 1859; privat-docent at Göttingen, 1864; ordirian Church, New-York City, 1865-70; Third Pres-nary professor at Kiel, 1868. He is the author of byterian Church, Chicago, Ill., 1870-86; since of Vindicia Lucana, Göttingen, 1865; Das Markus Madison-ave. Reformed Church, N.Y. City.

Evangelium, 1867; Untersuchungen zur A. T. Theologie, Gotha, 1868; Korrekturen zur bisherigen Erklärung des Römerbriefes, 1881; Probleme im Aposteltexte, neu erörtet, 1883; Ueber deutsche Art bei Martin Luther, Kiel, 1884; Die Gottesfurcht als Hauptstück der Weisheit, 1885.

KLEINERT, (Hugo Wilhelm) Paul, Ph.D. (Halle, 1857), Lic. Theol. (do., 1860), D.D. (hon., Halle, 1874), German Protestant; b. at Vielguth, Silesia, Sept. 25, 1837; studied at Breslau and Halle, 1854-57; became diakonus and teacher of religion in the Oppeln gymnasium, 1861; in the Ber- KNEUCKER, Johann Jakob, Lic. Theol. (Heilin Friedrich Wilhelm gymnasium, 1863; privat- delberg, 1873), D.D. (hon., Bern, 1884), German docent of theology (Old-Testament) in the Berlin Protestant; b. at Wenkheim, Baden, Feb. 12, University, 1864; professor extraordinary, 1868; 1840; studied at Heidelberg; became privat-docent ordinary professor (of Old-Testament and practi- there, 1873; professor extraordinary, 1879; and cal theology), 1877. On Nov. 22, 1873, he be- also, since Oct. 31, 1883, pastor of Eppelheim, came a consistorialrath for Brandenburg; in 1885- near Heidelberg. As the pupil of Ferdinand 86, was rector of the university. As a student he Hitzig and Richard Rothe, he adopts a "streng was influenced by Hupfeld and Julius Müller, later wissenschaftliche Richtung." He is the author of by Oehler and Dorner. In theology he is evangeli- Siloah: Quell, Teich und Thal in Jerusalem, Eine cal, although of the critical school. He contrib- Dissertation, Heidelberg, 1873; Das Buch Baruch, uted the commentaries upon Obadiah-Zephaniah | Geschichte und Kritik, Uebersetzung und Erklärung to Lange's Bibelwerk, Bielefeld, 1869 (English auf Grund des wiederhergestellten hebräischen Urtrans. in American Lange series, New York, 1874); textes, Mit einem Anhang über den pseudepigraphUntersuchungen zur alttestamentlichen Rechts- und ischen Baruch, Leipzig, 1879; Die Anfänge des Ro Literatur-geschichte, Part 1, 1872; Abriss der Ein- mischen Christenthums, Ein Vortrag, Karlsruhe, leitung zum A. T. in Tabellenform, Berlin, 1878. 1881; (edited) Dr. Ferdinand Hitzig's Vorlesungen Since 1862 he has contributed to Studien und über Biblische Theologie und Messianische WeissaKritiken, upon Old-Testament exegesis and the-gungen des Alten Testaments, Mit einer Lebens- und ology, practical theology, and ecclesiastical history (especially of worship) in the seventeenth century, to Herzog2 and to Riehm's Bibl. Handwörterbuch, etc.

Character-Skizze, Karlsruhe, 1880.

became rector of Gethsemane Church, Minneap olis, Minn., 1857; bishop, 1883. He is a High Churchman. He has published occasional sermons and addresses, annual reports, etc.

KNICKERBACKER, Right Rev. David Buel, D.D. (Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1873), Episcopalian, bishop of Indiana; b. at SchaghtiKLIEFOTH, Theodor Friedrich Detlev, D.D., coke, N.Y., Feb. 24, 1833; graduated at Trinity Lutheran; b. at Körchow, Mecklenburg, Jan. 18, College, Hartford, Conn., 1853, and at the Gen1810; was the tutor of Duke Wilhelm of Mecklen-eral Theological Seminary, New-York City, 1856; burg, 1833, and of the Grand Duke Friedrich Franz of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; preacher at Ludwigslust, and superintendent of the diocese of Schwerin, 1840; and since 1850 has been chief ecclesiastical councillor, and member of the ecclesiastical upper court of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. | He is the leader of the strict confessional Lutherans, and has written much upon liturgics and church government, and published many sermons. Among his works may be mentioned, Liturgische Abhandlungen, Schwerin, 1854-61, 8 vols., 2d ed. 1858-69; and commentaries upon Zechariah (1861), Ezekiel (1864-65, 2 parts), Daniel (1868), and Revelation (1874).

KLOEPPER, Albert Heinrich Ernst, Lic. Theol. (Greifswald, 1853), D.D., Protestant theologian; b. at Weitenhagen, near Greifswald, March 20, 1828; studied at Greifswald and Berlin, 1847-51; passed the examination for a teacher of theology at Greifswald, 1858; became curator of the royal library at Königsberg, 1866; professor extraordinary of theology there, 1875. He is the author of De origine epistolarum ad Ephesios et Colossenses,

KNIGHT, George Thomson, Universalist; b. at Windham, Me., Oct. 29, 1850; graduated at Tufts College, College Hill, Mass., 1872, and at Tufts Divinity School (B.D.) 1875; in the latter was instructor in rhetoric and church history from 1875 to 1882, when he became professor of church history.

KNOX, Charles Eugene, D.D. (College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1874), Presbyterian; b. at Knoxboro, N.Y., Dec. 27, 1833; graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., 1856, and at Union Theological Seminary, New-York City, 1859; was tutor in Hamilton College, 1859–60; pastor elect (Reformed Dutch Church), Utica, 1860-62; pastor (Presbyterian), Bloomfield, N.J., 1864-73; president of the German Theological School, Newark, N.J., since 1873. He is the author of A Year with St. Paul, New York, 1863; a series of graded Sunday-school text-books, 186470; Love to the End, 1866; David the King, 1874.

KNOX, Right Rev. Robert Bent, D.D. (Trinity für Gottes Dasein, Freiburg-im-Br., 1870 (HunCollege, Dublin, 1849), lord bishop of Down, garian trans., Calocsa, 1871, 2d ed. Pesth, 1872); Connor, and Dromore, Church of Ireland; b. in Die Bibel und die Sklaverei (Programm der Neisser Ireland, in the year 1808; educated at Trinity Realschule, 1874); Lehrbuch für den katholischen College, Dublin; graduated B.A. 1829, M. A. 1834, Religionsunterricht in den oberen Klassen der GymD.D. 1849; was chancellor of Ardfert, 1834-41; nasien und Realschulen, Freiburg-im-Br., 1879, 4th prebendary of St. Munchin, in Limerick Cathe-ed. 1885; Handbuch für den katholischen Religionsdral, 1841-49; became bishop, 1849; primate, and unterricht in den mittelren Klassen der Gymnasien archbishop of Armagh, 1886. und Realschulen, 1881; articles in the homiletical monthly, St. Hedwigsblatt, Breslau, etc.

KOBER, Franz, Lic. Theol. (Tübingen, 1856), D.D. (Tübingen, 1857), Roman Catholic; b. at Warthausen, near Biberach, Germany, March 6, 1821; studied theology and philosophy at Tübingen; became priest there, 1845; and successively in its university, repetent to the Wilhelmsstift (1846), privat-docent of pedagogics, didactics, and the exegesis of the N. T. Epistles (1851), professor extraordinary (1853), ordinary professor of church law, pedagogics, and the exegesis of the Epistles (1857). He is the author of Der Kirchenbann nach den Grundsätzen des kanonischen Rechts, Tübingen, 1857, 2d ed. 1863; Die Suspension der Kirchendiener, 1862; Die Deposition und Degradation, 1867.

KOENIG, Friedrich Eduard, Ph.D., Lic. Theol. (both Leipzig, 1872 and 1879), German Protestant; b. at Reichenbach, Saxony, Nov. 15, 1846; studied at Leipzig, 1867-71; became privat-docent there, 1879; professor extraordinary of theology, 1885. His theological standpoint is that of a be, liever in revelation. He is the author of GedankeLaut und Accent, als die drei Factoren der Sprachbildung, comparativ und physiologisch am Hebräischen dargestellt, Weimar, 1874; Neue Studien über Schrift, Aussprache und allgemeine Formenlehre des Aethiopischen, Leipzig, 1877; De critica sacræ argumento e linguæ legibus repetito, 1879; Historischkritisches Lehrgebäude der Hebräischen Sprache, I. KOEGEL, Rudolf, D.D., German Protestant Theil, 1881; Der Offenbarungsbegriff des Alten Testheologian; b. at Birnbaum, Posen, Feb. 18, 1829; taments, 1882; Die Hauptprobleme der altisraelitischen pastor at The Hague, 1857-63, and since court Religionsgeschichte, 1884 (English trans., The Repreacher at Berlin; and since 1880 general super-ligious History of Israel, Edinburgh, 1885); Falsche intendent of the Kurmark. He is the author of Extreme in der neueren Kritik des Alten Testaments, commentaries on First Peter (Mainz, 1863, 2d ed. 1885. Berlin, 1872) and Romans (1876, 2d ed. 1883); Aus dem Vorhof ins Heiligthum (sermons), Bremen, 1875-76, 2 vols., 2d ed. 1878-80. Since 1880 he has, with W. Baur and E. Frommel, edited Neue Christoterpe.

*

KOENIG, Joseph, D.D. (Freiburg-im-Br., 1846), Roman Catholic; b. at Hausen-on-the-Aach, Germany, Sept. 7, 1819; studied philosophy and theology at Freiburg-im-Br.; became priest and repetitor in the theological convict there, 1845; and successively in this university, privat-docent (1847), professor extraordinary (1854), ordinary professor of Old-Testament literature (1857). He is the author of Die Theologie der Psalmen, Freiburg-im-Br., 1857; Das alttestamentl. Königthum, 1863; Das Alter u. die Entstehungsweise des Pentateuchs, 1884; Beiträge zur Geschichte der theologischen Facultät in Freiburg am Schlusse des vorigen und im Beginne des jetzigen Jahrhunderts, 1884.

KOESSING, Friedrich, Roman Catholic; b. at

spiritual instructor at Donaueschingen, 1851; in the lyceum at Heidelberg, 1853; professor of moral theology and theological encyclopædia at Freiburg-im-Br., 1863. He is the author of De suprema Christi cana, Heidelberg, 1858; Das christl. Gesetz, 1862.

KOEHLER, August, Ph.D. (Jena, 1856), Lic. Theol. (Erlangen, 1857), D.D. (Erlangen, 1864), Lutheran theologian; b. at Schmalenberg, Rheinpfalz, Germany, Feb. 8, 1835; educated at Bonn, Erlangen, and Utrecht, 1851-55; made a scientific journey in Holland, 1856; became privat-docent at Erlangen, 1857; professor extraordinary of theology, 1862; ordinary professor at Jena 1864, at Bonn 1866, at Erlangen 1868. He is the author of Die niederländische reformirte Kirche, Erlangen, 1856 (Dutch trans., De nederlandsche hervormde | Mimmenhausen, Germany, Feb. 15, 1825; became Kerk, Amsterdam, 1857); Principia doctrinæ de regeneratione in novo testamento obviæ, 1857; Die nachexilischen Propheten erklärt, 1860-65, 4 parts; Commentatio de vi ac pronunciatione sacrosancti Tetragrammatis, 1857; Lehrbuch der biblischen Geschichte alten Testamentes (down to the disruption of the kingdom), 1st vol., 2d vol. 1st pt., 1875-84; KOESTLIN, Julius Theodor, Ph.D., Lic. Theol. Ueber die Grundanschauungen des Buch Koheleth, (both Tübingen, 1855), D.D. (hon., Göttingen, 1885; Ueber die Berichtigung der Luther'schen Bi- 1860), LL.D. (hon., Marburg, 1883); b. at Stuttbelübersetzung, 1886; numerous articles in theo-gart, May 17, 1826; studied in Tübingen 1844logical periodicals, etc. 48, and Berlin 1849-50; became repetent in the KOENIG, Arthur, D.D. (Breslau, Germany, evangelical seminary in Tübingen, 1850; pro1873), Roman Catholic; b at Neisse, Germany, June 4, 1843; studied at Breslau 1861-65, and in the episcopal priests' seminary there 1866-67; became priest, 1867; teacher of religion in the Gross Glogau gymnasium, soon after in the Realschule at Neisse (1868); chief teacher in the latter, 1880; ordinary professor of dogmatics in the university of Breslau, Germany, 1882. He is the author of Das Kalendarium des Breslauer Kreuzstiftes (in the Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte u. Alterthümer Schlesiens, 1866); Die Echtheit der Apostelgeschichte, Breslau, 1867; Das Zeugniss der Natur

fessor extraordinary, especially of New-Testament theology, and university preacher, in Göttingen, 1855; ordinary professor, especially of systematic theology, at Breslau 1860, at Halle 1870; since 1865 consistorial councillor, and since 1877 member of the Magdeburg consistory. His theological standpoint is that of the so-called orthodox new German theology, with critical reference to the biblical revelation and the facts of the moral and religious Christian consciousness, and effort after the union of the Lutheran and Reformed confessions. He studied Presbyterianismn in Scot

KOLDE.

120

KRAWUTZCKY.

land in 1849, and took an active part in organiz- Synesios von Kyrene, Tübingen, 1866; Die Künst ing the new consistorial constitution, which has bei den alten Christen, Frankfurt-a.-M., 1868; BeiPresbyterian features. Since 1873 he has, with träge zur Trierischen Archäologie und Geschichte, I., Professor Riehm, edited the Theologische Studien Trier, 1868; Die Blutampullen der röm. Katacomben, und Kritiken. He is the author of Die schottische Freiburg, 1868; Die christliche Kunst in ihren frühKirche, ihr inneres Leben und ihr Verhältniss zum esten Anfängen, Leipzig, 1872; Das Spotterucifix Staat, Hamburg u. Gotha, 1852; Luthers Lehre von vom Palatin, Freiburg, 1872; Lehrbuch der Kirchender Kirche, Stuttgart, 1853; Das Wesen der Kirche geschichte, Trier, 1872-75, 3 parts, 3d ed. 1886; nach Lehre u. Geschichte d. N.T., 1854, 2d ed. Roma sotterranea, Freiburg, 1873, 2d ed. 1879; Gotha, 1872; Der Glaube, sein Wesen, Grund u. Synchronistische Tabellen zur christlichen KirchenGegenstand, seine Bedeutung für Erkennen, Leben u. geschichte, Trier, 1876; Ueber Begriff, Umfang und Kirche, Gotha, 1859; De miraculorum, quæ Christus Geschichte der christlichen Archäologie, Freiburg, et primi ejus discipuli fecerunt, natura et ratione, 1879; Kunst und Alterthum in Elsass-Lothringen, Breslau, 1860; Luthers Theologie, Stuttgart, 1863, Strassburg, 1876-87, 3 vols.; Gedächtnissrede auf 2 vols.; Martin Luther, sein Leben und seine Joh. Alzog, Freiburg, 1879; Synchronistiche TabelSchriften, Elberfeld, 1875, 2 vols., 3d ed. 1883; len zur christlichen Kunstgeschichte, 1880; RealLuthers Leben, Leipzig, 1882, 3d ed. 1883 (Eng-encyclopädie der christlichen Alterthümer, 1880-86, 2 lish trans., London and New York, 1883, and vols.; Ludwig Spach, Strassburg, 1880; MiniaPhiladelphia, 1883); Martin Luther (Festschrift), turen des Codex Egberts zu Trier, Freiburg, 1884; Halle, 1883, 22d ed. 1884 (English trans., London, Die Wandgemälde in Oberzell auf der Reichenau, 1883). 1884; Die Kunstdenkmäler des Grossherzogthum Baden, Bd I., 1887. He edited the 10th edition of Alzog's Handbuch der Allgemeinen Kirchengeschichte, Mainz, 1882, 2 vols. ; and Lettere di Benedetto XIV., 1884; and has contributed to numerous periodicals.

KÓLDE, Theodor (Hermann Friedrich), Ph.D. (Halle, 1874), Lic. Theol. (Marburg, 1876), D.D. (hon., Marburg, 1881), German Protestant theologian; b. at Friedland, Upper Silesia, May 6, 1850; studied at Breslau 1869-70, and at Leipzig 1871-72; became privat-docent in church history KRAUSS, Alfred (Eduard), Lic. Theol. (Basel, at Marburg, 1876; professor extraordinary, 1879; 1866), D.D. (hon., Basel, 1868), Reformed; b. at ordinary professor of historical theology at Er- Rheineck, Canton St. Gallen, Switzerland, March langen, 1881. He is a pupil of Hermann Reuter's. 19, 1836; studied at Heidelberg (1855-56), Halle He is author of Der Kanzler Brück u. seine Bedeu- (1856-57), and Zürich (1857-58); passed the state tung für die Entwicklung der Reformation, Halle, theological examination at St. Gallen, 1859; be1874 (Prof. Kolde is one of Brück's descendants); came pastor of Stettfurt, Canton Thurgau, SwitzLuthers Stellung zu Conzil und Kirche bis zum erland, 1859; professor extraordinary at Marburg, Wormser Reichstag, Gütersloh, 1876; Walther von 1870; ordinary professor, 1871; at Strassburg, der Vogelweide in seiner Stellung zu Kaiserthum und 1873. He belongs to the school of Schleiermacher. Hierarchie, 1877; Die deutsche Augustiner-Congre- He lectures upon comparative symbolics, dogmatgation und Johann von Staupitz, Gotha, 1879; Fried-ics, ethics, homiletics, catechetics, pastoral theolrich der Weise und die Anfänge der Reformation, ogy, liturgics, practical exegesis, and conducts a Erlangen, 1881; Analecta Lutherana, Briefe und homiletical and catechetical seminar. He is the Actenstücke, Gotha, 1883; Luther und der Reichstag zu Worms, 1883, 2d ed. same year; Martin Luther, eine Biographie, vol. i. 1884; Die Heilsarmee (“The Salvation Army") nach eigener Anschauung und nach ihren Schriften, Erlangen, 1885.

KRAFFT, Wilhelm Ludwig, D.D., Reformed; b. at Cologne, Sept. 8, 1821; studied at Bonn and Berlin, 1839-44; made a scientific journey in the East, 1844; privat-docent at Bonn, 1846; professor extraordinary, 1850; ordinary professor since 1859, and member of the Rhenish Consistory since 1881. Among his publications may be mentioned Die Topographie Jerusalems, Bonn, 1846; Die Kirchengeschichte der germanischen Völker, Berlin, vol. i. 1854; Briefe und Documente aus der Zeit der Reformation, Elberfeld, 1876.

author of Bedeutung des Glaubens für die Schriftauslegung, Frauenfeld, 1862; Theologischer Commentar zu I. Korinther xv., 1864; Die Lehre von der Offenbarung, ein Beitrag zur Philosophie des Christenthums, Gotha, 1868; Predigten für alle Sonn- und Festtage des Jahres, Strassburg, 1874; Das protes tantische Dogma von der unsichtbaren Kirche, Gotha, 1876; Lehrbuch der Homiletik, 1883; various articles upon doctrinal and practical theology in different Swiss and German periodicals.

KRAWUTZCKY, Adam, D.D. (Munich, 1865), Roman Catholic; b. at Neustadt, Upper Silesia, March 2, 1842; studied in the universities of Breslau (1860-62), Tübingen (1863-64), and Munich (1864), and in the priest-seminary in Breslau (1864–65), and was ordained priest in 1865. KRAUS, Franz Xaver, Ph.D., D.D. (both Frei- He became sub-regens in the seminary, and privatburg-im-Br., 1862 and 1865), Roman Catholic; docent in the university of Breslau, 1868; on April b. at Treves, Rhenish Prussia, Sept. 18, 1840; 1, 1885, he was appointed professor extraordinary studied at Freiburg, Paris, and Bonn; was or- of theology. He is the author of Zählung u. dained priest, 1865; held a beneficiary at Pfalzel, Ordnung d. hl. Sacramente in ihrer geschichtl. Entnear Treves, 1865-72; became professor extraor-wickelung, Breslau, 1865 (pp. 66); De visione beatidinary of art, archæology, and history, at Strass- fica in Benedicti XII. constitutionem Benedictus burg, 1872; ordinary professor of church history Deus" commentatio historica, 1868 (pp. 40); Petriat Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1878. He is archducal nische Studien, 1872-73, 2 parts; Des Bellarmin conservator of antiquities. He advocates, in the kleiner Katechismus mit Kommentar, 1873; essays Roman-Catholic Church, religious catholicism in in periodicals, especially Ueber die Bedeutung d. opposition to political ultramontanism. His prin- neutest. Ausdrucks Menschensohn (in Tübinger Theol. cipal writings are Observationes critica in Synesii Quartalschrift, 1869, pp. 600-652); Ueber das altCyrenæi epistulas, Regensburg, 1863; Studien über | kirchliche Unterrichtsbuch "Die zwei Wege" (do.,

1882, pp. 359-445); Ueber die sog. Zwölfapostellehre revised and enlarged, 1885, sqq. (French trans. by (do., 1884, pp. 542-606). Dr. A. Pierson, of the first two volumes, on the KROTEL, Gottlob Frederick, D.D. (University historical and prophetical books, Paris, 1866–79; of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1865), Lutheran English trans. of the first two chapters by Bishop (General Council); b. at Ilsfeld, Würtemberg, J. W. Colenso, in his Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Germany, Feb. 4, 1826; graduated from the critically examined, London, 1865; German trans. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1846; of the 2d ed. by Dr. Th. Weber, Leipzig, 1885, studied theology, was licensed 1848; pastor at Pas- sqq.); De godsdienst van Israël tot den ondergang syunk (Philadelphia), Lebanon, Lancaster (1853- van den Joodschen Staat, Haarlem, 1869-70, 2 vols. 62), Philadelphia (1862-68); professor in Evangel- (English trans. by A. W. May, The Religion of ical Lutheran Theological Seminary there (1864– | İsrael to the Fall of the Jewish State, London, 187468); and since 1868 has been pastor of Holy 75, 3 vols.); De profeten en de profetie onder Israël, Trinity, New-York City. He edited Der Luther- | Leiden, 1875, 2 vols. (English trans. by A. Milische Herold, 1872-75, and The Lutheran, 1881-83. He was president of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania 1866-68, and since 1884; and of that of New York, 1869-76, and of the General Council in 1869. He is the author of translations of Ledderhose's Life of Melanchthon, Philadelphia, 1854, and of Uhlhorn's Luther and the Swiss, 1876; Who are the Blessed? Meditations on the Beatitudes, 1855; (with Rev. Prof. Dr. Mann) Explanation of Luther's Small Catechism, 1863.

KUEBEL, Robert Benjamin, Lic. Theol. (Tübingen, 1867), D.D. (hon., Leipzig, 1879), Lutheran; b. at Kirchheim, Würtemberg, Feb. 12, 1838; studied at Tübingen, 1856-60; became repetent there, 1865; diakonus at Balingen, 1867; professor and director in Herborn preachers' seminary, 1870; city pastor and professor at Ellwangen, 1874; ordinary professor of theology at Tübingen, 1879. His theological standpoint is the positive biblical. He is the author of Bibelkunde, Stuttgart, 1870, 2 vols., 3d ed. 1881; Das christliche Lehrsystem nach der heiligen Schrift, 1873; Umriss der Pastoraltheologie, 1st ed. as Seminarprogramm at Herborn, 1873, 2d ed. Stuttgart, 1873; Predigten und Schriftbetrachtungen, Barmen, 1874; Katechetik, Stuttgart, 1877; Ueber den Unterschied zwischen der positiven u. der liberalen Richtung in der modernen Theologie, Nördlingen, 1881; lectures, etc.; contributed to Grau's Bibelwerk (Bielefeld, 1876-80); to the 2d ed. of Herzog, and Apologetik in Zöckler's Handbuch, Nördlingen, 1884, 2d ed. 1885.

KUENEN, Abraham, D.D. (Leiden, 1851); b. at Haarlem, North Holland, Sept. 16, 1828; studied at the gymnasium of Haarlem, and at the University of Leiden, 1846-51; and since March 12, 1853, has been professor of theology there. He is a member of the Teyler Theological Society of Haarlem, and of the Royal Academy of Sciences and Literature at Amsterdam; secretary of The Hague Society for the Defence of the Christian Religion; and September, 1883, was president of the Sixth International Congress of Orientalists, held at Leiden. In theology he is "liberal," belongs to what is called in Holland "the modern school," advocates the application of historical criticism to the Bible, especially to the Old Testament. Since 1866 he has been one of the editors of the Theologisch Tydschrift. Besides numerous articles he has written Historisch-kritisch Onderzoek naar het onstaan en de verzameling van de boeken des Ouden Verbonds (Historico-critical Investigation into the Origin and Collection of the Books of the Old Testament), Leiden, 1861-65, 3 vols., 2d ed.

roy, Prophets and Prophecy in Israel, 1877); National Religions and Universal Religion (Hibbert Lectures for 1882), London, 1882 (Dutch edition, Volksgodsdienst en Wereldgodsdienst, Leiden, 1882; French trans. by Vernes, Paris, 1883; German trans., Berlin, 1883); minor pamphlets, university orations, etc.

KURTZ, Johann Heinrich, Lic. Theol. (hon., Königsberg, 1844), D.D. (hon., Rostock, 1849), Lutheran (moderately confessional); b. at Montjoie, near Aachen, Prussia, Dec. 13, 1809; studied at Halle 1830, and at Bonn 1831-33; became head master in religion at the Mitau gymnasium, 1835; ordinary professor of theology in Dorpat University, 1850; professor emeritus, 1870. Since 1871 he has lived at Marburg. His books are, Das Mosaische Opfer, Mitau, 1842; Die Astronomie und die Bibel, 1842 (5th ed. under title Bibel und Astronomie, Berlin, 1865; English trans., The Bible and Astronomy, Philadelphia, 1857); Lehrbuch der heiligen Geschichte, Königsberg, 1843, 16th ed. 1884 (English trans., Manual of Sacred History, Philadelphia, 1855); Beiträge zur Verteidigung und Begründung des Pentateuchs, 1844; Christliche Religionslehre, Mitau, 1844, 13th ed. Leipzig, 1883; Die Einheit der Genesis, Berlin, 1846; Biblische Geschichte mit Erläuterungen, 1847, 34th ed. 1882 (English trans. by A. Melville, Bible History, Edinburgh, 1867); Geschichte des Alten Bundes (bis zum Tode Mosis), 1848-55, 2 vols., 3d ed. vol. i. 1864, 2d ed. vol. ii. 1858 (English annotated trans. by Dr. A. Edersheim, History of the Old Covenant, Edinburgh, 1860, 3 vols.); Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Mitau, 1849, 9th ed. Leipzig, 1885, 2 vols. in 4 parts (English trans., Text-book of Church History, Philadelphia, 1860, 2 vols.; new ed. revised, 1875); Leitfaden (now called Abriss) der Kirchengeschichte, Mitau, 1852, 11th ed. Leipzig, 1886; Handbuch der allgemeinen Kirchengeschichte, Mitau, vol. i. 1853-54, 3 parts, 2d ed. 1856-68, vol. ii. 1st part (to the end of the Carolingian age), 1856 (English trans., History of the Christian Church, Edinburgh, 1863); Die Ehen der Söhne Gottes mit den Töchtern der Menschen in 1. Mos. vi. 1-4, Berlin, 1857; Die Söhne Gottes in 1. Mos. vi. 1-4 und die sündigenden Engel in 2. Petri ii. 4, 5 und Judäi, 6, 7, Mitau, 1858; Die Ehe des Propheten Hosea, Dorpat, 1859; Der alttestamentliche Opferkultus nach seiner gesetzlichen Begründung und Anwendung, Mitau, 1862 (English trans., Sacrificial Worship of the Old Testament, Edinburgh, 1863); Zur Theologie der Psalmen, Dorpat, 1865; Der Brief an die Hebräer erklärt, Mitau, 1869.

LADD, George Trumbull, D.D. (Western Re-Scriptorum Græciæ orthod. bibliotheca selecta, 1864serve College, Hudson, O., 1880), Congregational- 66; In decreta concilii Ruthenorum Zamosciensis ist; b. at Painesville, O., Jan. 19, 1842; graduated animadversiones theologico-canonicæ, 1865; Cœlestis at Western Reserve College, Hudson, O., 1864, Urbs Jerusalem, 1866; Meletematum romanorum and at Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary mantissa, 1876; De martyrologio Romano, Parergon 1869; pastor Spring-street Church, Milwaukee, historico-criticum, Regensburg, 1878. Wis., 1871-79; professor of intellectual and moral LAGARDE, Paul Anthony de, Ph.D. (Berlin, philosophy in Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1849), Lic. Theol. (hon., Erlangen, 1851), D.D. 1879-81; and since 1881 has filled the correspond- (hon., Halle, 1868), German Protestant; b. in ing chair in Yale College. He is the author of Berlin, Nov. 2, 1827; studied in Berlin University Principles of Church Polity, New York, 1882; Doc- from Easter, 1844, to Easter, 1846, and in Halle from trine of Sacred Scripture: Critical, Historical, and Easter, 1846, to Easter, 1847; taught in schools in Dogmatic Inquiry into the Origin and Nature of the Berlin from Easter, 1855, to Easter, 1866; and Old and New Testaments, 1883, 2 vols. (the prod- since Easter, 1869, has been professor of Oriental uct of many years of labor and of wide research). languages at Göttingen. "He accepts nothing LAEMMER, Hugo, Ph.D. (Berlin, 1855), Lic. but what is proved, but accepts every thing that Theol. (Berlin, 1856), D.D. (hon., Breslau, 1859), has been proved." He is the author of the followRoman-Catholic convert; b. at Allenstein, East ing works: Didascalia apostolorum syriace, 1854; Prussia, Jan. 25, 1835; studied at Königsberg, Zur urgeschichte der Armenier, 1854; Reliquiæ iuris Leipzig, and Berlin, 1852-56; became privat-docent ecclesiastici antiquissimæ syriace, 1856, græce, 1856; for historical theology at Berlin, 1857; made a Analecta Syriaca, 1858; Appendix arabica, 1858; scientific journey through Italy, and on his return Hippolyti romani quæ feruntur omnia græce, 1858; went formally over to Catholicism at Braunsberg, Titi bostreni contra Manichæos libri quatuor syriace, Nov. 21, 1858. He then entered the clerical semi- 1859; Titi bostreni quæ ex opere contra Manichæos nary there; was ordained a priest 1859; immedi- in cod. hamburgensi servata sunt græce accedunt Iulii ately thereafter went to Rome, and was appointed romani epistulæ et Gregorii Thaumaturgi karà μépos missionarius apostolicus, 1861. On his return to ioris, 1859; Geoponicon in sermonem syriacum Braunsberg that year, he was made sub-regens of versorum quæ supersunt, 1860; Clementis romani the seminary; was called to Rome by the Pope in recognitiones syriace, 1861; Libri V. T. apocryphi 1863, as consultor of the Congregatio de Propaganda syriace, 1861; Constitutiones apostolorum græce, 1862; Fide. In 1864 he became professor of moral the- Anmerkungen zur griechischen übersetzung der Proology at Braunsberg, and later in the year, in spite verbien, 1863; Die vier evangelien arabisch aus der of the protest of the Protestant faculty, professor Wiener handschrift herausgegeben, 1864; Iosephi Scaof dogmatics in the Roman-Catholic theological ligeri poemata omnia ex museio Petri Scriverii, 1864; faculty at Breslau, and soon after Consistorialrath, Clementina, 1865; Gesammelte abhandlungen, 1866; Prosynodalexaminator, and episcopal Pönitentiar. Der pentateuch koptisch, 1867; V. T. ab Origene recenIn 1865 he became honorary member of the Dok-siti fragmenta, Materialien zur geschichte und kritik torencollegium of the Vienna theological faculty. des Pentateuch, I., II., 1867; Genesis græce, 1868; He is the author of Clementis Alexandrini de hoy Hieronymi quæstiones hebraica in libro Geneseos, doctrina, Leipzig, 1855 (an academical prize essay, 1868; Beitrage zur baktrischen lexicographie, 1868; whose preparation gave him his first impulse Onomastica sacra, 1870; Prophetæ chaldaice, 1872; towards Roman Catholicism); De theologia romano- Hagiographa chaldaice, 1874; Psalterium iuxta Hecatholica, quæ reformatorum ætate viguit, antetriden-bræos Hieronymi, 1874; Psalmi 1-19 in usum schotina (another prize essay, Berlin, 1857; translated arum arab., 1875; Psalterii versio memphitica, etc., by him into German under the title, Die vortri-1875; Psalterium Iob Proverbia arabice, 1876; Ardentinisch-katholische Theologie des Reformations-menische studien, 1877; Symmicta, I. 1877, II. 1880; Zeitalters aus den Quellen dargestellt, Berlin, 1858); Semitica, I. 1878, II. 1879; Deutsche Schriften, 1878Papst Nikolaus der Erste u. d. Byzantinische Staats- 86; Prætermissorum libri duo syriace, 1879; Orien Kirche seiner Zeit, 1857 (his habilitationsrede); (ed.) talia, I. 1879, II. 1880; Aus dem deutschen gelehrtEusebii Pamphili hist. eccles. libri x., Schaffhausen, enleben, 1881; Die lateinischen übersetzungen des 1859-62; Analecta Romana. Kirchengeschichtliche Ignatius, 1882; Ankündigung einer neuen ausgabe Forschungen in Römischen Bibliotheken u. Archiven. der griechischen übersetzung des alten testaments, Eine Denkschrift, Schaffhausen, 1860; Misericor- 1882; Ignati antiocheni quæ feruntur græce. Sapi dias Domini, Freiburg-im-Br., 1861 (his autobiog- entii utraque et Psalterium latine. Beschreibung des raphy, in which he relates the history of his con- in Granada üblich gewesen dialekts der arabischen version, and attributes it to his work upon Anselm's sprache. Iohannis Euchaitorum metropolitæ quæ in Cur Deus Homo, which he edited, Berlin, 1857, codice vaticano græco 676 supersunt Iohannes Bollig his study of Hermann von Kappenberg's De con- descripsit, 1882; Iudæ Harizi macama hebraice, versione sun, the reading of Roman-Catholic books, 1883; Ægyptiaca, 1883; Librorum V. T. P.1. græce, a severe illness, and the Jesuit revival meetings 1883; Isaias persica, 1883; Programm für die konin Berlin); Monumenta Vaticana historiam ecclesi-servative Partei Preussens, 1884; Persische Studien, asticam sæculi XVI. illustrantia, 1861; Zur Kirchen- 1884; Mittheilungen, 1884; Probe einer neuen Ausgeschichte des 16. und 17. Jahrh., 1863; (edited) gabe der lateinischen Uebersetzungen des alten Tes