PULLMAN.

174

estantismus, Jena, 1885 (pp. 23); and founder and editor of the Theologischer Jahresbericht, Leipzig, 1882-85 (now conducted by Professor R. L. Lipsius).

QUINTARD.

York City (dedicated 1874), was built. His theological standpoint is "the ethical interpretation of Christianity, as opposed to the magical interpretation; belief in the perfectibility of man (no evil is remediless); the inexorableness of the Divine love; the complete success of Jesus Christ (here and elsewhere), and the final moral harmony of the universe (evil completely eradicated and overcome)." His publications are sermons, lectures, pamphlets, and review articles.

PULLMAN, James Minton, D.D. (St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y., 1879), Universalist; b. at Portland, Chautauqua County, N.Y., Aug. 21, 1836; graduated at St. Lawrence Divinity School, Canton, N.Y., 1860; was pastor First Universalist Church, Troy, N.Y., 1861-68; of Sixth Universalist Church (Our Saviour), New-York City, PUREY-CUST, Very Rev. Arthur Perceval, D.D. 1868-85; since 1885 of First Universalist Church, (Oxford, 1880), dean of York, Church of England; Lynn, Mass. He organized and was first presi- b. in England, in the month of February, 1828. dent of the Young Men's Universalist Association educated at Brasenose College, Oxford; graduated of New-York City, 1869; was secretary of the B.A. 1850, M.A. (All Souls' College) 1854, B.D. Universalist General Convention, 1868-77, and 1880; ordained deacon 1851, priest 1852; was chairman of the publication board of the New- fellow of All Souls' College, 1850-54; curate of York State Convention, 1869-74; trustee of St. Northchurch, 1851-53; rector of Cheddington, Lawrence University, Canton, N.Y., 1870-85; 1853-62; rural dean of Mursley, 1858-62; vicar president "Children's Country Week," 1883-85; of St. Mary, and rural dean of Reading, 1862-75; president of the Alumni Association of St. Law-vicar of Aylesbury, 1875-76; archdeacon of Buck. rence University, 1885-86; since 1885, trustee of ingham, 1875-80; since 1874 he has been honNew-England Conservatory of Music, and presi- orary canon of Christ Church, Oxford; and since dent of the Associated Charities of Lynn, Mass. | 1880, dean of York. Under him the new Church of Our Saviour, New

Q.

QUINTARD, Right Rev. Charles Todd, M.D. | 1851; ordained deacon 1854, priest 1855; became (University of the City of New York, 1846), S.T.D. (Columbia College, New-York City, 1866), LL.D. (Cambridge, Eng., 1867), Episcopalian, bishop of Tennessee; b. at Stamford, Conn., Dec. 22, 1824; appointed physician in New-York Dispensary, 1847; professor of physiology and pathological anatomy in the Medical College, Memphis, Tenn.,

rector of the Church of the Advent, Nashville, Tenn., 1858; was chaplain in the Confederate army during the civil war; consecrated bishop, 1865; was vice-chancellor of the University of the South, 1866-72. He is the author of occasional sermons, charges, tracts, and letters, and of Preparation for Confirmation, New York, 187-.

RADSTOCK.

175

RANKE.

R.

lished separately, 18-), Nashville, Tenn., 1871, 3d ed. 1875 (the book in its first form was translated into Norwegian, 1858, in its enlarged form into Chinese, 1886); (under pseudonym, "Eureka") Ecce Unitas; or, A Plea for Christian Unity, Cincinnati, O., 1875; Bible Truths, Nashville, Tenn., 1884.

RADSTOCK, Granville A. W. Waldegrave, lord, Irish peer, lay evangelist, Church of England; b. in England in the year 1833; succeeded to his title in 1857. After graduating from Oxford (Balliol College), he planned a political career for himself; but, being converted, he consecrated his talents and his property to gospel work, and for the past quarter of a century has RAND, William Wilberforce, D.D. (University been a lay evangelist at home and abroad. He of the City of New York, 1883), Reformed (Dutch); carried on an important work among the Russian b. at Gorham, Me., Dec. 8, 1816; graduated at nobility until his expulsion from the country. Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1837, and at He has also labored in Scandinavia. A volume Bangor Theological Seminary, Me., 1840; licensed of his addresses was published, London, 1872. by Waldo Congregational Association, Me., 1840; RAEBIGER, Julius Ferdinand, German Prot- pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church of Canasestant; b. at Lohsa, April 20, 1811; studied at tota, N.Y., 1841-44; editor of the American Tract Leipzig and Breslau, 1829-34; became privat- Society, New-York City, 1848-72; publishing secdocent at Breslau, 1838; professor extraordinary, retary of the same since 1872. He is the author 1847; ordinary professor, 1859. Among his pub- of Songs of Zion, New York, 1851 (88,000 copies lications may be mentioned, Ethice librorum apo- printed), revised and enlarged, 1865 (86,000 copies cryphorum V. T., Breslau, 1838; Kritische Unter-printed); Dictionary of the Bible for General Use, suchungen über den Inhalt der korinther Briefe, 1860 (206,000 copies have been printed), en1847; De christologia Paulina contra Baurium com- larged and largely re-written, 1886; other smaller mentatio, 1852; Theologik oder Encyklopädie der books. Theologie, Leipzig, 1880 (English trans., Encyclopædia of Theology, Edinburgh, 1885, 2 vols.).

tions.

RANDOLPH, Right Rev. Alfred Magill, D.D. (William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va., RAINY, Robert, D.D. (Glasgow, 18-, Edin- 1875), Episcopalian, assistant bishop of Virginia; burgh, 18-), Free Church of Scotland; b. in b. at Winchester, Frederick County, Va., Aug. 31, Glasgow, Jan. 1, 1826; graduated at its univer- 1836; graduated at William and Mary College, sity, 1843; and studied theology at New College, Williamsburg, Va., 1855, and at the Theological Edinburgh, completing the course in 1848; be- Seminary of Virginia, 1858; became rector of St. came minister of the Free Church at Huntly, 1851; George's, Fredericksburg, Va., 1860; of Emmanof the Free High Church, Edinburgh, 1854; pro- uel Church, Baltimore, Md., 1867; bishop, 1875. fessor of church history in New College, Edin- RANKE, Ernst, D.D. (hon., Marburg, 1851), Ph.D. burgh, 1862; principal, 1874. He is the author (Erlangen, 1846), Evangelical German theologian; of Three Lectures on the Church of Scotland, Edin- b. at Wiehe, Thuringia, Sept. 10, 1814; studied at burgh, 1872, 5th ed. 1884; The Delivery and De-Leipzig (1834), Berlin (1835-36), and Bonn (1836velopment of Christian Doctrine (Cunningham Lec-37); was private tutor in his brother's family, 1837tures), 1874; The Bible and Criticism, London, 39; pastor at Buchau, 1840-50; and professor of 1878; various pamphlets, and occasional publica- theology at Marburg, 1850 to date. He is a Lutheran, but favors the union of the Lutheran and RALSTON, Thomas Neely, D.D. (Wesleyan Reformed churches. He is consistorialrath. He is University, Florence, Ala., 1857), Methodist the author of Das kirchliche Perikopensystem_aus Church South; b. in Bourbon County, Ky., March den ältesten Urkunden der römischen Liturgie, Ber21, 1806; studied at the Baptist College of George-lin, 1847; Das Buch Tobias metrisch übersetzt, Baytown, Ky., but did not graduate; was received reuth, 1847; Kritische Zusammenstellung der into the Kentucky Conference in 1827; was a neuen Pericopenkreise, 1850; Der Fortbestand d. member of the General Conference of the Meth-herköm. Pericopenkreises, Gotha, 1859; and editor odist-Episcopal Church at Baltimore in 1840, of Fragmenta versionis Latina antihieronymianæ before the division; member of the Convention Prophetarum Hosea, Amosi, Michæ, aliorum e cod. at Louisville, Ky., in 1845, which organized the mscr. eruit. atque adnotat. crit. instruxit, Marburg, Methodist-Episcopal Church South, and of the 1856-58, 2 parts; Marburger Gesangbuch von 1549 general conferences of that church at Petersburg, mit verwandten Liederdnecken hrsg. u. historischVa., in 1846 (was secretary), at St. Louis, Mo., kritisch erläutert, 1862; Codex Fuldensis. N. T. lat. in 1850, and at Columbus, Ga., in 1854. . prolegomenis introduxit, commentariis adornachairman of the committee to revise the Discipline vit, 1868; Par palimpsestorum Wirceburgensium, of the Methodist-Episcopal Church South; was Vienna, 1871; Fragmenta antiq. ev. Lucani ver. principal of the Methodist Female Collegiate High Lat., 1874; Chorgesänge zum Preis der h. ElizaSchool at Lexington, Ky., 1843-47. He edited beth, aus mittelalterl. Antiphonarien hrsg., Leipzig, The Methodist Monthly (Lexington, Ky.), for 1851. 1883–84, 2 parts. He has also written poems: He is the author of Elements of Divinity, Louis- Gedichte, Erlangen, 1848; Zuruf au das deutsche ville, Ky., 1847, several later editions, republished, Volk, 1849; Carmina academica, Marburg, 1866; revised and enlarged by addition of Evidences, Lieder aus grosser Zeit, 1870, 2d ed. 1875; Hora Morals, and Institutions of Christianity (also pub- Lyricæ, Vienna, 1874; Die Schlacht im Teutoburger

He was

Wald, Marburg, 1876; Rhythmica, Vienna, 1881; De Laude Nivis (a Latin poem), Marburg, 1886. RANKE, Leopold von, b. at Wiehe, Thuringia, Dec. 21, 1795; d. in Berlin, Sunday, May 23, 1886; studied at Leipzig; was appointed head teacher in the Frankfort (on the Oder) gymnasium in 1818; and since 1825 has been professor of history at the University of Berlin. In 1827 he was sent by the Prussian government to Vienna, Venice, and Rome, to conduct historical researches. In 1841 he was appointed historiographer of Prussia; in 1848, elected a member of the Frankfort National Assembly; and in 1866, ennobled. He was an historian of the first rank, and continued his labors till his ninety-first year. Of those more immediately relating to theological study, which have been translated, may be mentioned, The History of the Roman and Germanic Peoples, from 1494 to 1585; The Popes of Rome, their Church and their State, especially of the Conflict with Protestantism in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century, 3 vols.; German History in the Times of the Reformation; A History of England, principatly in the Seventeenth Century; French History; Universal History, vol. 1, trans. 1884 (the sixth part of the Weltgeschichte, extending to the death of Otto the Great, appeared in 1885).

*

REDFORD.

priest 1842; was fellow of Exeter College, 184046; tutor, 1842-46; sub-rector, 1844-45; curate of Merton, Oxfordshire, 1846-47; classical moderator at Oxford, 1852-54; public examiner, 185557, 1868-79, 1875-79; Bampton lecturer, 1859. Since 1861 he has been Camden professor of ancient history to the university; since 1872, a canon of Canterbury; since 1873, proctor in convocation. Canon Rawlinson is a moderate High Churchman, but anxious in no way to narrow the liberty of opinion which has historically been claimed and allowed within the Anglican communion. In politics he is a moderate (or Conservative) Liberal. He supported Mr. Gladstone in all his Oxford contests, and received his canonry from the Crown on the recommendation of Mr. Gladstone as prime minister. In the elections of 1885, however, he found himself unable to support the (advanced) Liberal candidates. He is well known as a speaker in the Convocation of Canterbury, at church congresses, and elsewhere. Besides numerous articles in reviews and magazines (Contemporary, Princeton, etc.), in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, Cassell's Bible Educator, and in ninth edition Encyclopædia Britannica, commentaries on Kings, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther in The Bible (Speaker's) Commentary (1872-73), on Exodus in Bishop Ellicott's Commentary (1882), and on Exodus, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther in The Pulpit Commentary (1880-82), he is the author of The History of Herodotus, a new English version with copious notes (in conjunction with Sir Henry Rawlinson and Sir Gardner Wilkinson), London, 1858–60,

RAUSCHENBUSCH, Augustus, Baptist; b. at Altena, Southern Westphalia, Germany, Feb. 13, 1816; studied at Berlin and Bonn; in 1841 was installed pastor of the Lutheran Church at Altena; in 1850 joined the Baptists in America, and was assistant secretary (for the Germans) of the American Tract Society; then pastor of a Ger-4 vols., 5th ed. 1881; The Historical Evidences of man Baptist Church in Gasconade County, Mo.; and in 1858 professor of the German department of the Rochester Theological Seminary. From 1848 to 1866 he was editor of the German monthly paper and the German Almanac of the American Tract Society, and prepared numerous German books and tracts for the society. Since he has largely contributed to the German Baptist weekly paper, Der Sendbote, and to several other Baptist periodicals.

RAUWENHOFF, Lodewijk Willem Ernst, D.D. (Leiden, 1852), Dutch theologian; b. at Amsterdam, July 27, 1828; studied theology at Amsterdam and Leiden, 1846-52; became pastor at Mydrecht (Utrecht) 1852, Dordrecht 1856, Leiden 1859; professor in the University of Leiden, 1860; of church history, history of doctrine, and patristics, 1860-81; of theological encyclopædia and philosophy of religion, 1881 to date. With A. Kuenen and A. D. Loman he has, since 1867, edited the Theologisch Tijdschrift, Leiden, 1867 sqq. He is the author of De loco Paulino qui est de Aikaiwoet (his D.D. dissertation), Leiden, 1852; and in Dutch of "Christian Independence," Dordrecht, 1857; "The Heroes of History," 1862; "History of Protestantism," 1865-71, 3 vols.; "The Old Faith and the New" (against Strauss), 1873 (German trans. by F. Nippold, Leipzig, 1873); "State and Church," 1875; and numerous articles in different periodicals.

RAWLINSON, George, Church of England; b. at Chadlington, Oxfordshire, Eng., Nov. 23, 1815; entered Trinity College, Oxford; wrote the Denyer theological prize essay in 1842 and 1843; graduated B.A. (first-class in classics) 1838, M.A. (Exeter College) 1841; ordained deacon 1841,

the Truth of the Scripture Records (Bampton lectures), 1859, 2d ed. 1860; The Contrasts of Christianity with Heathen and Jewish Systems (in nine sermons), 1861; The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, 1862-67, 4 vols., 2d ed. 1870; A Manual of Ancient History, Oxford, 1870, 2d ed. 1880; Historical Illustrations of the Old Testament, London, 1871; The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy (Parthia), 1873; The Seventh (the Sassanians), 1876; St. Paul in Damascus and Arabia, 1877; The Origin of Nations, 1878; A History of Egypt, 1881, 2 vols.; The Religions of the Ancient World, 1882; Egypt and Babylon from Scripture and Profane Sources, 1884.

RAYMOND, Miner, D.D. (Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., 1854), LL.D. (North-western University, Evanston, Ill., 1884), Methodist; b. in New-York City, Aug. 29, 1811; educated at the Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham, Mass.; became teacher in the same, 1834; received honorary M. A. from Wesleyan University, 1840; pastor in Massachusetts (Worcester, Boston, and Westfield), 1841; principal of the Wesleyan Academy, 1848; professor of systematic theology in Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, Ill., 1864. He has been a member of six general conferences. He published a Systematic Theology, Cincinnati, O., 1877, 3 vols.

REDFORD, Robert Ainslie, Congregationalist; b. at Worcester, Eng., March 21, 1828; studied at Glasgow University, Spring Hill College, Birmingham; and graduated at London University, M.A. 1852, LL.B. 1862; was pastor of Congrega tional Church at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1853-55; Hull, 1855-73; Streatham Hill, London, 1873-76; since 1876, of Union Church, Putney, London;

since 1873 he has been professor of systematic York, 1879, 2 vols.; (editor of) Doomed Religions, theology and apologetics in New College, London. 1884; multitudinous tracts, magazine and other He is the author of Sermons, London, 1869; The articles. Christian's Plea against Modern Unbelief, a Handbook of Christian Evidence, 1881, 2d ed. 1882; Prophecy, its Nature and Evidence, 1882; The Authority of Scripture, 1883; Studies in the Book of Jonah, 1883; Primer of Christian Evidence, 1884; Four Centuries of Silence, or from Malachi to Christ, 1885; has contributed to commentaries upon Genesis, Leviticus, Nehemiah, and Acts, in Pulpit Commentary, 1881 sqq.

REED, Villeroy Dibble, D.D. (Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1858), Presbyterian; b. at Granville, Washington County, N.Y., April 27, 1815; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1835; studied at Auburn (N.Y.) and Princeton (N.J.) Theological Seminaries, 1835-36; was pastor at Stillwater, N.Y., 1839-44; Lansingburgh, N.Y., 1844-58; president of Alexander College, Dubuque, Io., 1858; stated supply at Buffalo, N.Y., 1858-60; Cohoes, N.Y., 1860-61; pastor at Camden, N.J., 1861-84. He was appointed in 1866 one of the Old School Assembly's Committee of fifteen on Re-union, and was its secretary. He has been president of the Presbyterian Board of Ministerial Relief from its organization in 1876. He has published only occasional sermons.

REID, William James, D.D. (Monmouth College, Ill., 1874), United Presbyterian; b. at South Argyle, Washington County, N.Y., Aug. 17, 1834; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., 1855, and at Allegheny (U.P.) Theological Seminary, Penn., 1862; has been pastor of the First United Presbyterian Church, Pittsburg, Penn., since 1862; principal clerk of the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church since 1875; was corresponding secretary of the United Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, 1868-72. He is the author of Lectures on the Revelation, Pittsburg, Penn., 1878; United Presbyterianism, 1881, 2d ed. 1883; various sermons and pamphlets.

REIMENSNYDER, Junius Benjamin, D.D. (Newberry College, Newberry, S.C., 1880), Lutheran (General Synod); b. at Staunton, Va., Feb. 24, 1842; graduated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Penn., 1861, and at the Gettysburg Theological Seminary, 1865; became pastor at Lewistown, Penn., 1865; Philadelphia (St. Luke's), 1867; Savannah, Ga. (Ascension), 1874; New-York City (St. James), 1881. He was delegate to General Council of the Lutheran Church, Jamestown, N. Y., 1874; to General Synod (South), Staunton, Va., 1876, and Newberry, S.C., 1878; to General Council (North) from General Synod (South), bearing fraternal greetings, Bethlehem, Penn., 1876; to General Synod (North), Springfield, O., 1883, and Harrisburg, Penn., 1885. He is the author of Heavenward, or the Race for the Crown of Life, Philadelphia, 1874, 4th ed. 1877; Christian Unity (sermon), Savannah, Ga., 1875; Duelling (sermon), 1878; Doom Eternal, the Bible and Church Doctrine of Everlasting Punishment, Philadelphia, 1880; Spiritualism (sermon), New York, 1882; Lutheran Literature, Distinctive Traits and Excellencies, 1883; Luther, Work and Personality of, Biographical Sketch, 1883; Usefulness after Death (sermon), New York, 1885; Six Days of Creation, Lectures on the Mosaic Account of the Creation, Fall, and Deluge, Phila

REICHEL, Right Rev. Charles Parsons, D.D. (Trinity College, Dublin, 1858), lord bishop of Meath, Church of Ireland; b. at Fulnec, near Leeds, Yorkshire, Eng., in the year 1816; was scholar of Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, 1841; graduated B.A. (senior moderator classics) 1843, divinity testimonium (first-class) 1844, M.A. 1847, B.D. 1853; was ordained deacon and priest, 1846; was professor of Latin, Queen's College, Belfast, 1850-64; Donellan lecturer at Trinity College, Dublin, 1854; vicar of Mullingar, 1864-75; rector of Trim, and archdeacon of Meath, 1875-85; select preacher at Cambridge, Eng., 1876 and 1883, and at Oxford 1880-82; professor of ecclesiastical history, Trinity College, Dublin, 1878; prebendary of Tipper, and canon of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin; dean of Clonmacnois, 1882-85; conse-delphia, 1886. crated bishop, 1885. He is a member of the Senate of Trinity College, Dublin. He is the author of The Nature and Offices of the Church (Donellan Lectures), London, 1856; Sermons on the Lord's Prayer; Lectures on the Prayer-book; Sermons on Modern Infidelity, London, 1864; The Resurrection, God or Baal (two sermons), 1878; Origins of Christianity, etc., Sermons before the Universities of Oxford and Dublin, 1882; Short Treatises on the Ordinal; and a number of occasional discourses.

REINKENS, Joseph Hubert, D.D. (Munich, 1850), Old-Catholic bishop; b. at Burtscheid, near Aachen, Prussia, March 1, 1821; became priest, 1848; privat-docent at Breslau, 1850; professor extraordinary, 1853; ordinary professor, 1857. He joined Döllinger in the Nuremburg declaration (Aug. 26, 27, 1870) against the infallibility dogma; and on Aug. 11, 1873, was ordained an Old-Catho lic bishop, with his residence at Bonn. He is the author of De Clemente presbytero Alexandrino, Breslau, 1851; Hilarius von Poitiers, Schaffhausen, REID, John Morrison, D.D. (University of the 1864; Martin von Tours, 1866; Die GeschichtsphiCity of New York, 1858), LL.D. (Syracuse Uni-losophie des h. Augustinus, 1866; Papst und Papstversity, N.Y., 1883), Methodist; b. in New-York thum, Münster, 1870; Die päpstlichen Dekrete vom City, May 30, 1820; graduated at the University of the City of New York, 1839; became principal of Mechanics Institute School of the city, 183944; Methodist pastor, 1844; president of Genesee College, Lima, N.Y., 1858; editor of Western Christian Advocate, Cincinnati, O., 1864; of Northwestern Christian Advocate, Chicago, 1868; corresponding secretary of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, New-York City, 1872. He is the author of Missions and Missionary Societies of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, New

18 Juli, 1870, 1871; Revolution und Kirche, Bonn, 1876 (3 editions); Ueber Einheit der katholischen Kirche, Würzburg, 1877; Melchior von Diepenbrock, Leipzig, 1881; Lessing über Toleranz, 1883.

REISCHLE, Max Wilhelm Theodor, German Protestant; b. in Vienna, June 18, 1858; educated at the theological seminary ("Stift") at Tübingen, 1876-80, and at Berlin and Göttingen, 1882-83; was vicar at Gmünd, 1881-82; repetent at Tübingen since 1883. He belongs to the school of Ritschl.

at Bonn, 1854; professor extraordinary of theology there, 1858; ordinary professor, 1861. He was suspended, then excommunicated (March, 1872), by the archbishop of Cologne for refusing acceptance to the Vatican Decrees (1871). He played a prominent part in the organization of the OldCatholic movement, 1871. He was rector of the Bonn University in 1873. From 1866 to 1877 he edited the Theologische Litteraturblatt. He is the author of_Erklärung des Buches Baruch, Freiburg, 1853; Das Buch Tobias, 1857; Liber Sapientiæ græce secundum exemplar Vaticanum, 1858; Lehrbuch der Einleitung in das Alte Testament, 1859, 4th ed. 1870; Observationes critica in Librum Sapientiæ, 1861; Bibel und Natur, 1862, 4th ed. 1876 (English trans., Nature and the Bible, Edinburgh, 1886, 2 vols.); Libellus Tobit e Codice Sinaitico editus et recensitus, Bonn, 1870; Luis de Leon und die spanische Inquisition, 1873; Berichte über die Unions-Conferenzen zu Bonn, 1874, 1875; Predigten, 1876; Gebetbuch, 1877; Die biblische Schöpfungsgeschichte, 1877; Die deutschen Bischöfe und der Aberglaube, 1879; Der Process Galilei's und die Jesuiten, 1879; Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, 1883-85, 2 vols.; minor writings, articles in periodicals, etc.

RENAN, Joseph Ernst, b. at Tréguier, Côtes the theological "convictorium," and privat-docent du Nord, Feb. 27, 1823; was educated at the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris, where he studied with avidity Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac, but abandoned the intention of becoming a priest. In 1845 his Étude de la langue grecque au moyen âge, was crowned by the institute. In 1848 he gained the Volney prize for a memoir upon the Shemitic languages by his Histoire générale et systèmes comparés des langues Sémitiques, 1855, 2d ed. 1858, 2 vols. In 1848 he was sent by the Académie des Inscriptions to Italy; in 1856, elected a member; in 1860, sent on a mission to Syria; in 1862, appointed professor of Hebrew at the College of France; in 1863, published his Life of Jesus; was in consequence dismissed from his professorship, and not re-instated until 1870. In 1860 he was appointed to the Legion of Honor; in July, 1884, made a commander. In 1878 he was elected a member of the French Academy; in April, 1881, director; in June, 1883, vice-rector (manager) of the College of France. Of his works may be mentioned, translations of Job (1859), Song of Songs (1800), Ecclesiastes (1882); essays, Essais de morale et de critique, 1853, 3d ed. 1867; Études d'histoire religieuse, 1857, 7th ed. 1864 (English trans. by O. B. Frothingham, Studies of Religious History and Criticism, New York, 1864); his col- REUSS, Eduard (Wilhelm Eugen), Lic. Theol. laboration on vol. xxiv. of Histoire littéraire de la (Strassburg, 1829), D.D. (hon., Jena, 1843), Ph.D. France, Orientalia, Mission en Phenice, 1865-74, (hon., Halle, 1875), LL.D. (Georgetown College, Rapport sur les progrès de la littérature orientale et Georgetown, Ky.), Protestant theologian; b. at sur les ouvrages relatifs à l'Orient, 1868; Corpus Strassburg, July 18, 1804 (29 Messidor XII.); inscriptionum semiticarum, 1881 sqq. Of more gen- studied at Strassburg, first philology 1819-22, eral interest are his Averroes et l'averroïsme, 1852, then theology there and at Göttingen and Halle 2d ed. 1860; Les dialogues philosophiques, 1876; 1822-26, and Oriental literature at Paris under Caliban, 1878; and especially the remarkable De Sacy 1827-28; became privat-docent in the theseries upon the "Histoire des origines du chris-ological faculty at Strassburg, 1828; professor tianisme," Vie de Jésus (1863), Les Apôtres (1866), extraordinary, 1834; ordinary professor, 1836, Saint Paul et sa mission (1869), L'Antechrist (1871), and so remains. Of his numerous works may be Les évangiles et la seconde génération chrétienne mentioned, De statu literarum theologicarum per (1877), L'Église chrétienne (1879), Marc Aurèle et sæcula VII. et VIII., Strassburg, 1825; De libris la fin du monde antique (1881); the Hibbert lec- Veteris Testamenti apocryphis plebi non negandis, tures for 1880: The Influence of the Institutions, 1829; Ideen zur Einleitung in das Evangelium Thought, and Culture of Rome on Christianity and Johannis, 1840; Geschichte der heiligen Schriften, the Development of the Catholic Church (English Neues Testament, Halle, 1842, 5th ed. Brauntrans., London, 1880, 3d ed. 1885); and his semi-schweig, 1874 (Eng. trans. by Edward L. Houghautobiography, Souvenirs d'Enfance et de jeunesse, ton, Boston, 1884, 2 vols.); Altes Testament, 1883 (English trans., Recollections of my Youth, London and New York, 1883).

Braunschweig, 1881; Die johanneische Theologie, Jena, 1847; Fragments littéraires et critiques relaRENOUF, Peter Le Page, Roman-Catholic lay- tifs à l'histoire de la bible française I.-VIII., Strassman; b. in the isle of Guernsey, 1824; educated burg, 1851-67; Histoire de la théologie chrétienne at Pembroke College, Oxford; entered the Church au siècle apostolique, 1852, 2 vols., 3d ed. 1864 of Rome, 1842; became professor of ancient his- (trans. into Dutch, Haarlem, 1854; Swedish, Stocktory and Eastern languages on the opening of the holm, 1866; English, London, 1872); Die deutsche Catholic University of Ireland, 1855, but in 1864 Historienbibel vor Erfindung d. Bücherdrucks, Jena, one of her Majesty's inspectors of schools. He is 1859; L'Epitre aux Hébreux, Strassburg, 1860; the author of several works in Egyptology, and of Ruth, 1861; Les Sibylles chrétiennes, 1861; Histoire The Condemnation of Pope Honorius, London, 1868 du canon des saintes Écritures dans l'Église chré("furiously attacked by the Roman-Catholic press, tienne, 1862, 2d ed. 1863 (English trans., Edinand placed on the Index "); The Case of Honorius burgh, 1884); Das Buch Hiob, 1869; Bibliotheca reconsidered with Reference to Recent Apologies, N. T. græci, Braunschweig, 1872; La Bible, Tra1869; Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Re-duction nouvelle avec commentaire, Paris, 1874-80, ligion as illustrated by the Religion of Ancient Egypt (Hibbert lectures for 1879), 1880, 2d ed. 1885. * REUSCH, Franz Heinrich, Lic. Theol. (Münster, 1849), D.D. (Münster, 1859), Old Catholic; b. at Brilon in Westphalia, Germany, Dec. 4, 1825; student at Bonn, Tübingen, and Munich, 1843-47; consecrated priest at Cologne, 1849; chaplain in Cologne, 1849-53; became repetent in

13 parts in 17 vols.; Reden an Theologie-Studirende, Leipzig, 1878, 2d ed. Braunschweig, 1879. With Professors Baum and Cunitz, he edited the first twenty volumes of the monumental edition of Calvin's Opera, Braunschweig, 1863 sqq. (since alone), but he furnished throughout the Prolegomena. It is to be completed in about forty-five volumes (vol. xxxi., 1886).