Besides living celebrities, the volume includes notices of divines who have died since the completion of the Religious Encyclopædia (1884), and a few others who were inadvertently omitted. Simultaneously with this Supplement will be published a new and revised edition of the Religious Encyclopædia, which will embody the corrections made by the authors of the several articles, as well as the editors. Copies were sent to foreign contributors with the request to correct the translation of their articles, and to bring them down to the latest date, which was done. As to the distribution of labor, the senior editor has procured the material, and written biographical sketches of departed friends (as Drs. Ezra Abbot, Dorner, Lange, Prime, Thiersch), besides aiding in the final revision; while the junior editor has prepared the material for the press, and devoted himself to the work for nearly two years. The editors have aimed at the greatest possible accuracy and completeness, as well as strict impartiality, in the desire to make a useful and reliable book of reference for readers of all denominations and theological schools. PHILIP SCHAFF. NEW YORK, November, 1886. EXPLANATORY NOTE. THE general order of arrangement of the sketches | is this: Name in full (where initials instead of middle names are given, it is to be understood that the persons had no middle names, but had introduced initials to distinguish their names from others); honorary titles, other than M.A., with their sources and dates in parenthesis; denomination (" Methodist" means Methodist-Episcopal Church North; "Episcopalian means Protestant-Episcopal Church of the United States; "Presbyterian" means Presbyterian Church in the United States, Northern Assembly; the other divisions which come under these general names are particularly described, e.g., "Methodist Protestant"); places and dates of study and graduation; positions held in chronological order (except when the person held collegiate and clerical positions simultaneously, in which case it has sometimes seemed better to give each class of positions separately); theological standpoint; publications (the place of publication given with the first book is to be understood as that of all subsequent books until another place is given). The following information respecting abbreviations used in this work, and the various honors, prizes, etc., mentioned, may be acceptable to American readers. CONTRACTIONS. I. A.B. or B.A. laureus). Bachelor of Arts (Artium Bacca A.M. or M.A. Master of Arts (Artium Magister). b. born (followed by place and date). B.D. Bachelor of Divinity. C.I. Order of the Crown of India, member of. C.M.C. Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. d. died (followed by place and date). D.D. Doctor of divinity. F.R.C.S. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society. F.R.S.E. Fellow of the Royal Society, Edinburgh. Lic. Theol. Licentiate of Theology (in Germany, one who has passed the examination for a theological professorship in a university). LL.D. Doctor of laws. Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy. S.T.D. Doctor of sacred theology (Sacræ Theologiæ Doctor). Ven. Venerable; title of an English archdeacon. II. PRIZES AND POSITIONS. Archdeacon. In the English Church, the assistant of the bishop in the government of his diocese. Arnold's Historical Prize (Oxford). Open to compe tition among graduates not older than eight years Battie University Scholarship (Cambridge). Found- by Rev. William Bell, Fellow of Magdalene; com- Berkeley in 1752, for proficiency in Greek lanBerkeley Gold Medals (Dublin). Founded by Bp. guage and literature; they are two in number, and are given to the students ranking first and second in the examination. for by students under twenty-five years old; one Boden Sanscrit Scholarship (Oxford). Competed elected each year; tenable four years; annual value £50. sermons founded by Robert Boyle. See EncycloBoyle Lectures. Course of eight divinity-lecture pædia, p. 315. liam Browne, Kt., M.D., who died in 1774; comBrowne Prize (Cambridge). Founded by Sir Wilpeted for by undergraduates; three prizes, for Greek ode, Latin ode, and Greek and Latin epigrams, respectively. Richard Burney, Esq., M.A. of Christ's College, Burney Prize (Cambridge). Founded in 1845 by by gift of £3,000 in three per cent consols; open to graduates of the university of not more than three years standing from admission to first degree; for on some moral or metaphysbest English essay ical subject, on the existence, nature, and attributes of God, or on the nature and evidences of the Christian religion." 66 Carus Greek Testament Prize (Cambridge). Founded in 1853, in honor of and by Rev. William Carus, M.A., canon of Winchester, and late senior fellow of Trinity College, his friends and he each giving £500 at three per cent; the prizes are two in number, one for undergraduates and one for graduates. tuted by Thomas Hollis, Duke of Westminster, Chancellor Medal (Cambridge). For classics; instiwhen chancellor 1751, and continued by his successors; two gold medals, senior and junior, open to competition by B.A.'s. Class (Oxford). A division according to merit, of Craven Scholarship (Cambridge). John, Lord Craven, 1647; open to competition Donnellan Lectures (Dublin). Founded by Miss Ellerton Theological Essay (Oxford). Open to com V petition among members of the university, value of prize £21. Ephorus (German ecclesiastical dignitary). One who presides over and superintends a number of other clergymen. Evans Prize (Cambridge). Founded in honor of the late Ven. Robert Wilson Evans, B.D., archdeacon of Westmoreland, formerly fellow and tutor of Trinity College; awarded to best student in ecclesiastical history and Greek and Latin Fathers, among the candidates for honors in the second part of the theological tripos. Fellow. A member of a college who is on the foundation, and receives an income from its revenues. Gymnasial Professor. Professor in a German gymnasium (college), where students are prepared for the university. Hall-Houghton Prize (Oxford). Two for work upon the Greek Testament, value £30 and £20 respectively; and two upon the Septuagint, value £25 and £15 respectively. Houghton Syriac Prize (Oxford). Value £15. Hulsean Lecturer (Cambridge). See Encyclopædia, vol. ii. p. 1037. Hulsean Prizeman (Cambridge). See Encyclopædia, vol. ii. p. 1037. Hulsean Professor (Cambridge). See Encyclopædia, vol. ii. p. 1037. Inspector (of a Stift). Head spiritual officer of a building in which theological students live at State expense. See Stift. Jeremie Septuagint Prize (Cambridge). Founded in 1870, by gift of £1,000 from the Very Rev. James Amiraux Jeremie, D.D., dean of Lincoln, formerly regius professor of divinity; two annual prizes; open to all members of the university of not more than three years standing from their first degree. Johnson Theological Scholarship (Oxford). Öpen to B.A.'s; held one year; value £50. Kennicott Hebrew Scholarship (Oxford). Open to B.A.'s; tenable a year. Law (Bishop) Prize (Dublin). Founded by John, lord bishop of Elphin, in 1796, for proficiency in mathematics; open to competition among undergraduates; there are two prizes. Le Bas Prize (Cambridge). Founded by Rev. Charles W. Le Bas, M.A., Fellow of Trinity, 1848; subject of essay, general literature, and occasionally some topic connected with the history and prospects of India. Lloyd Exhibition (Dublin). Founded in memory of Provost Lloyd, by his friends, in 1839; open to competition among undergraduates; subjects, mathematics and physics. Maitland Prize (Cambridge). Founded in 1844, by gift of £1,000 in honor of Lieut.-Gen. Sir Peregrine Maitland, K.C.B., late commander-in-chief of the forces in South India; for English essay on some subject connected with the propagation of the gospel through missionary exertion in India, and other parts of the heathen world; awarded every three years; open to graduates of not more than ten years standing. The successful essay is published. Master of the Charterhouse. Principal of the school of that name. Master of Christ's Hospital. Principal of the school of that name. Master of Marlborough College. Principal of the school of that name. Members' Prize (Cambridge). Given by the repre sentatives of the University in Parliament; one for English essay on some subject connected with British history or literature, and one for Latin essay; each prize open to all members of the university not of sufficient standing to be created M.A. or M.L.; value £31. 10s. each. Moderations (Oxford). The second undergraduate examination. Moderatorship (Dublin). Given at B.A. examina tion to best students in each of five departments (mathematics, classics, logics and ethics, natural and experimental science, and history); value, a gold medal. Newdigate Prize Poem (Oxford). Founded by Sir Roger Newdigate; open to competition among members of the university under four years from matriculation; is in English verse; value £21. Norrisian Prize for Theological Essay (Cambridge). Founded by John Norris in 1777; value £12 (gold medal and books). Oberkirchenrath. Member of the highest Protestant Church Council in Prussia and Baden. Optime (Cambridge). One who stands in the second or third class of final honors in mathematics; called Senior and Junior Optime respectively. Porson Prize (Cambridge). For best translation from any standard English poet into Greek verse, with Latin version of the Greek. Privat-docent. One who has "habilitated himself," i.e., passed the examination for professor in a German university, and delivers lectures like the professors; but receives, usually, no salary from the State, and therefore depends for support upon lecture-fees or other sources. Professor Extraordinary. In a German university, has no seat in the faculty or senate, a smaller salary than the regular or ordinary professor, but is in the line of promotion. Professor Ordinary. In a German university, is a member of the faculty, and salaried by govern ment. Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew Scholarship (Oxford). Tenable a year; value £55. Realschule. A school in which modern languages and the arts and sciences are taught; corresponds to a polytechnic. Repetent. One who in Tübingen and Göttingen conducts weekly examinations in the lectures of the professors, selected from the best graduate students. Scholefield Prize (Cambridge). Founded by gift of £500 in 1856, in honor of Rev. James Scholefield, M.A., regius professor of Greek; in promotion of the critical study of Holy Scripture; given to that candidate for honors, in the second part of the theological tripos who shows the best knowledge of the Greek Testament and the Septuagint version of the Old Testament. Seatonian Prize (Cambridge). Founded by Rev. Thomas Seaton, M.A., fellow of Clare College, who died in 1741; given for best English poem on a sacred subject; open to M.A.'s; value £40. Select Preacher (Oxford). Must be M.A., B.D., D.D., or B.C.L. of Oxford, Cambridge, or Dublin, five chosen yearly, each serves two years; they preach before the university. Stift (Tübingen and elsewhere in Germany). A building in which theological students live together at the expense of the State. Smith's Prize (Cambridge). Founded by Rev. Robert Smith, D.D., master of Trinity College, d. 1768; two annual prizes given to the two commencing B.A.'s who are most proficient in mathematics and natural philosophy; value £23 each. Tripos (Cambridge). One of the honor lists with its three classes, called in mathematics wranglers, senior optimes, junior optimes. Tyrwhitt Hebrew Scholarship (Cambridge). Founded by Rev. Robert Tyrwhitt, M.A., Fellow of Jesus College, died 1817; open to competition among B.A.'s or students in civil law or medicine; tenable three years; six scholarships, worth together £150. Whitehall Preachership (Cambridge). Established by George I. in 1724, tenable two years: filled from Oxford and Cambridge (two from each) by appointment of the Bishop of London. Wrangler (Cambridge). One of the students who pass in the first class of mathematical honors; the first in the list being styled senior wrangler, and the others respectively second wrangler, third wrangler, etc. STATE HISTORICAL SOC. OF WISCONSIN. DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY DIVINES. A. ABBOT, Ezra, S.T.D. (Harvard, 1872), LL.D. | three hundred titles; while Grässe's Bibliotheca (Yale, 1869, Bowdoin, 1878), Unitarian layman; b. at Jackson, Waldo County, Me., April 28, 1819; d. at Cambridge, Mass., March 21, 1884, and was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, near Boston. He was fitted for college at Phillips Academy, at Exeter (N.H.), and graduated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick (Me.), 1840. He then taught school in Maine until 1847, when he removed to Cambridge (Mass.). He taught the high school at Cambridgeport, and also rendered service in the Harvard University and Boston Athenæum libraries. In 1856 he was appointed assistant librarian of Harvard University. His studies had long been given to the Greek New Testament, and in 1872 he became Bussey professor of New-Testament criticism and interpretation in the Harvard Divinity School, and so remained until his death. He was the recipient of many testimonials to his scholarship. In 1852 he was elected a member of the American Oriental Society, and since 1853 was its recording secretary; and in 1861 a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was University lecturer on the textual criticism of the New Testament, in 1871. He was one of the original members of the American New-Testament Revision Company. In 1880 he aided in organizing the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis. He belonged also to the Harvard Biblical Club. He was tendered the degree of D.D. by the University of Edinburgh at its tercentenary (1884), but died shortly before the date of its celebration. Psychologica (1845) contains only ten hundred and twenty-five. He enriched Smith's Bible Dictionary (Am. ed., 1867-70, 4 vols.) with careful bibliographical lists on the most important topics. His most valuable and independent labors, however, were devoted to textual criticism, and are incorporated in Dr. Gregory's Prolegomena to the Ed. viii. critica major of Tischendorf's Greek Testament. He followed the preparation of this work with the deepest interest till his last sickness, but died a few months before the first volume appeared (Leipzig, 1884). The chapter De Versibus (pp. 167-182) is by hiin, and he read the MS. and proof of all the rest. Dr. Gregory lost in him, as he says, "a constant and proven guide, counsellor, and support." Oscar von Gebhardt, the editor of Tischendorf's latest text, declares Abbot's loss to biblical science irreparable. "We all feel it who labor in the same field." His services to the American Bible-Revision Committee were invaluable. He attended the monthly meetings from 1871 to 1881 most punctually, and was always thoroughly prepared. The critical papers which he prepared on disputed passages, at the request of the N. T. Company, and which were forwarded from time to time to the British Company, were uncommonly thorough, and had no small influence in determining the text finally accepted. As a Unitarian, he differed on some points from his fellow-revisers; but he had the most delicate regard for their convictions, never obtruded his own, sought only the truth, and as his friend Dr. Abbot, who bore his name Ezra not in vain, and successor, Dr. Thayer, says in his memorial was a scholar of rare talents and attainments, paper adopted by the Committee, "his Christlike who would have done honor to any nation and temper rendered him a brother beloved, and lends any university. He was the first textual critic of a heavenly lustre to his memory. His defence the Greek Testament in America, and for micro- of the Johannean Authorship of the Fourth Gospel scopic accuracy of biblical scholarship he had no (1880, pp. 104) is an invaluable contribution to the superior in the world. His accuracy was proverb- solution of that great question: it is the best ial among his friends. He would have accom- within the limits of external evidence, and makes plished more if he had been less painstaking in one regret that he did not complete it by the inminute details. Hence he has hardly done him-ternal evidence, which he thought would require self justice in his publications; but the results of two volumes. Godet (in the third ed. of his Com. his labors have gone into other books, to which on the Gospel of St. John, I. 38) says of Abbot's he was willing to contribute without regard to book: "Ce travail me parait épuiser la matière. reward, being satisfied if only the work was done, | Connaissance complète des discussions modernes, no matter by whom. He was the very embodiment of the unselfishness of scholarship. His Literature of the Doctrine of the Future Life, first published as an Appendix to Alger's History of the Doctrine of the Future Life (1864), and afterwards separately, is a model of bibliographical accuracy and completeness, and embraces over fifty étude approfondie des témoignages du II° siècle, mesure et netteté dans le jugement, rien n'y manque." Personally, Dr. Abbot was a kind-hearted, modest, courteous, disinterested, amiable, devout, and conscientious Christian gentleman. From the many testimonials to his worth as a scholar and a man, which are published in a memorial 1 volume by the Alumni of the Harvard Divinity senior optime and senior classic); M.A., 1864; School (Cambridge, 1884), we shall select a few. was fellow of his college; assistant master at King Ex-President Dr. Woolsey, who was associated Edward's School, Birmingham (1862), then at with him for ten years in the Bible-Revision Com- Clifton College, Bristol, and since 1865 head masmittee: "My acquaintance with him during our ter of the City of London School. In 1869, and revision-work gave me profound respect for him twice subsequently, he was select preacher at Camas a man as well as a scholar. He was indeed bridge, and the same at Oxford (1877). In 1876 a most admirable man, and one whom it was a he was Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge. His theogreat privilege to know. His kindness to every-logical position is that of the Broad Church School. body who wanted his help was unsurpassed by He goes "beyond many of them in rejecting the that of anybody I ever met with. He has had my miraculous, but does not go with many of them in full confidence, admiration, and respect beyond most men I ever knew." Dr. Sanday of Oxford: "For clearness, accuracy, and precision of detail, I do not think he can have had a rival on either side of the Atlantic; but it was evident that they were qualities which were moral as well as intellectual. My sense of his loss is compounded of gratitude and admiration, and of the deepest regret that such a career should be closed." Dr. Westcott, Canon of Westminster: "It is the simple truth to say that (as far as I know) no scholar in America was superior to him in exactness of knowledge, breadth of reading, perfection of candor, and devotion to truthfulness of judgment. No eye was keener than his, and no one could be more ready to place all his powers at the service of others with spontaneous generosity." Dr. Abbot's name will ever occupy an honorable place among the few patient and self-denying scholars who have devoted the strength of their lives to the restoration of the pure text of the New Testament of our Lord and Saviour. Of his writings, besides those already spoken of, may be mentioned, A Glimpse of Glory (art. in Christian Register, July 27, 1861); edition of Orme's Memoir of the Controversy respecting the Three Heavenly Witnesses, New York, 1866; work upon G. R. Noyes's (posthumous) Translation of the N. T. from the Greek text of Tischendorf, New York, 1869; work upon C. F. Hudson's Greek and English Concordance of the N. T. (furnished appendix and supplementary collation of Tischendorf's ed. VIII., and perfected subsequent editions till 1882); The Late Professor Tischendorf (art. in Unitarian Review, March, 1875); On the reading "an only begotten God," or "God only begotten," John i. 18 (art. in the Unitarian Review, June, 1875, first privately printed for the American Bible-Revision Committee); On the reading "Church of God," Acts xx. 28 (art. in Bibliotheca Sacra, April, 1876, first privately printed for the American Bible Revision Committee); The New-Testament Text (art. in Sunday-school World, October, 1878, repub. in Anglo-American Bible Revision, New York, 1879); The Gospels in the New Revision (art. in Sundayschool Times, May 28, June 4, June 11, 1881); Bible Text (art. by Tischendorf and von Gebhardt in Herzog, condensed Eng. translation_revised and supplemented for the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia, New York, 1882); Recent Discussions of Romans ix. 5 (an exhaustive art. on the punctuation of this passage in Journal of the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis, June and December, 1883). See Ezra Abbot [edited by Rev. S. J. BARROWS], Cambridge, 1884. rejecting what is generally called dualism,—some kind of a recognition of an Evil contending against the Good." His religious publications include Bible Lessons, London, 1871; Good Voices, a Child's Guide to the Bible, 1872; Parables for Children, 1873; Cambridge Sermons, 1875; Through Nature to Christ, 1877; Oxford Sermons, 1879; (in connection with W. G. Rushbrooke, editor of the Synopticon), The Common Tradition of the Synoptic Gospels in the Text of the Revised Version, 1884. He wrote the article Gospels in the 9th ed. of the Encycl. Brit. (1879), and the anonymous religious fictions, Philochristus, Memoirs of a Disciple of Our Lord, 1878; and Onesimus, Memoirs of a Disciple of St. Paul, 1882. Among his other works are, A Shakespearian Grammar, 1869, 2d ed., 1871; an edition of Bacon's Essays, 1876, 2 vols.; Bacon and Essex, 1877; Hints on Home Teaching, 1883, 2d ed. same year; Flatland, a Romance of Many Dimensions, 1884, 2d ed., 1885, republished, Boston, 1885; Francis Bacon, an Account of his Life and Works, 1885; and several instruction-books in English and Latin. ABBOTT, Lyman, D.D. (New-York University, 1877), Congregationalist; b. at Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 18, 1835; graduated at New-York University, 1853; was for a time partner in his brothers' law-firm, but then studied theology under his uncle, J. S. C. Abbott, and was pastor at Terre Haute, Ind., 1860-65; secretary American Union (Freedmen's) Commission, New York, 1865-68; pastor of the New-England Church, New York, 1866-69; editor of The Illustrated Christian Weekly, 1871-76; and since 1876 of The Christian Union. He is the author of The Results of Emancipation in the United States, New York, 1867; Jesus of Nazareth, 1869, new and illus. ed., 1882; Old-Testament Shadows of New-Testament Truths, 1870; Laicus, or the Experiences of a Layman in a Country Parish, 1872; Commentary upon Matthew and Mark, 1875; Luke, 1877; John, 1879; Acts, 1876; (with J. R. Gilmore), The Gospel History, Complete Life of Christ, 1881; For Family Worship, 1883; Henry Ward Beecher, a Sketch of his Career, 1883. He edited Beecher's Sermons, 1868, 2 vols.; Morning and Evening Exercises (selections from H. W. Beecher), 1871; and (with T. J. Conant) A Dictionary of Religious Knowledge, 1873. ABBOTT, Thomas Kingsmill, Episcopal Church in Ireland; b. in Dublin, March 26, 1829; educated at Trinity College, Dublin; graduated B.A. (senior moderator, large gold medal in mathematics, and senior moderator in ethics and logic), 1851; M.A., 1855; B.D., 1879. He was Lloyd exhibitioner, 1849; Bishop Law's prizeman (first), ABBOTT, Edwin Abbott, D.D. (by Archbishop 1850; elected fellow, 1854. From 1867 to 1872 of Canterbury, 1872), Church of England; b. he was professor of moral philosophy in Trinity in London, Dec. 20, 1838; educated at St. John's College; since 1875 has been professor of Biblical College, Cambridge; graduated B.A., 1861 (7th | Greek; and since 1879 also of Hebrew. In the PHILIP SCHAFF. |