University) we used distilled water for control animals, and fluoridated water, containing 10 parts per million, 5 parts per million, and 1 part per million, sodium fluoride on the experimental batch. Results showed more rapid growth of neoplasm (cancer) in the rats which drank the fluoridated water in all dilutions; with metastasis more generalized. Testicular cancer grew most rapidly, the intraperitoneal-x growth was not as fast. Cancerous growth developed faster and larger than in the control rats which drank distilled water. Some of the rats which drank fluoridated water died after 2 months; others developed marked emaciation until death.

Conclusion:

Experiment I. Onset of arteriosclerosis was hastened by ingestion of sodium fluoride; blood-clotting time was prolonged.

Experiment II. Cancer growth was accelerated by ingestion of sodium fluoride.

COMMENTS ON FLUORIDATION BY PROPONENTS OF FLUORIDATION

Francis Heyroth, M. D., December 1952, Journal APHA :

Toxicological evidence in the fluoridation of public water supplies: "Any toxic hazard that may be associated with fluoridation could be only that of the cumulative action of small amounts taken daily over a long period of time. Variations in susceptibility would make hazardous any attempt to predict the maximum safe human intake. Like other biological functions, the ability to store or excrete fluorides may be expected to vary from individual to individual.

M. F. Schafer, M. D., public health officer, Colorado Springs, Colo.: In order to prevent dental fluorosis we are advising that our water be diluted 50 percent with nonfluodidated water which is available at our dairies. (January 14, 1952, communication.)

Geo. S. Bratton, impact of municipal water fluoridation on foods and beverages, April 1953:

It is the responsibility of the nutritionist to help build good teeth; it is the responsibility of the dentist to help prevent dental decay, but it is definitely not the duty of the water companies to practice preventive medicine or dentistry, or nutrition. Water containing 1 part per million, after boiling may contain as much as 35 parts per million or more of fluorides.

Fred S. McKay, D. D. S., Colorado Springs:

The study of mottled enamel-summary and conclusions: The structure of the enamel is determined only during the period of calcification and not thereafter (up to about age 8 years). Fish is one of the richest sources of natural fluoride. It is, therefore, a matter of good nutrition and preventive dentistry and medicine to include fish in the diets of all children up to 8 or 10 years of age. Fluorine is present in a great many foods, but fish and tea contain the largest amount. The usual foods eaten daily supply about 0.3 to 0.9 milligrams fluoride (McClure).

(Fluoridation has never been determined as a necessary element in human nutrition.)

H. Trendley Dean (private communication):

Reliable evidence must be available that the proposed fluoridating agent will not be injurious to health even when ingested as part of the daily diet over a period of many years. With chemical additives to food on the increase, the importance of that criterion cannot be overemphasized. (Journal ADA, February 1952.)

Zoller Dental Clinic, University of Chicago:

Article deals with germ-free technique. There is no dental decay in the absence of microbic life

in other words, a clean mouth is the answer to prevention of dental decay.

Practicing dentists' viewpoint on fluoridation:

Many dentists regard fluoridation with skepticism, opposition, and indifference. Dietary and nutritional habits, proper use of toothbrush, reduction in intake of refined starches and sugars have been demonstrated to be good preventive methods which can be recommended to patients. These are in the same category as fluoridation of municipal water supplies.

F. A. Bull, D. D. S., Madison, Wis. :

Fluoridation of communal water supply does not solve the problem of dental decay; nothing could be further from the truth. It will take 14 years before dental caries reduction is brought about in children, and even after fluoridation has been carried on for a long time, one-third of dental caries (dental decay) will still exist. It is by no means a complete answer to the dental health problem.

Cost of fluoridation of the Hartford Metropolitan District Water Commission will be about a quarter-million dollars. In the fourth annual conference, Dental and Public Health, Washington, D. C., "Cost is about $50 per capita." Hazard to operator: He must wear mask, goggles, breathing apparatus, dust collector, air filter, rubber gloves, rubber apron, and so forth. No insurance company will give coverage. Nobody will take responsibility for personal injury or death. Health department says, "We only recommend it." The water company says, "We are only acting as agents, instructed to add the fluoride chemical."

Report of ad hoc committee on fluoridation of water supplies, National Research Council, Washington, D. C. An impartial report presented for professional, governmental, and civil groups who must make decisions for their communities:

Summary and conclusions:

The most sensitive indication in interference with normal calcification of teeth, and is esthetically undesirable. The level of fluoride concentration in drinking water which causes this varies with the individual susceptibility and with the amount of water consumed. How much reduction in dental decay will vary with local conditions.

About one-half of the population of the United States lives in small villages and rural areas and have no communal water.

Harold Hodges-Rochester:

Other ways to use fluorides for dental caries: Topical applications to teeth, tooth pastes, and powders, mouthwash, fluoride chewing gum, vitamins with fluorine. A possible future danger of mottled teeth lies in overenthusiasm to prevent dental caries-people will take fluoride tablets, and they will eat foods which have a high natural fluoride content, such as fish and tea. Conclusions: Persons drinking communal water supplies containing about 1 part per million of fluorine and by eating foods which contain fluorine may bring about a fluorine level, sufficient to cause mottled teeth.

H. V. Smith, Arizona:

Evidence strongly indicates that any water with a fluorine content of 0.9 parts per million or over is dangerous from the standpoint of probable damage to teeth. Dr. Badger, New Mexico:

Mottled enamel in children drinking water containing 0.9 parts per million fluorine. To cover up mottled teeth, a dentist can make porcelain jackets, crowns, or even full dentures may be required.

In St. David, Ariz., most natives at age 24 years wear full dentures. Natural fluoride in water contains less than 1 part per million fluoride. American Medical Association: Testimony under oath, congressional investigation, 1952:

American Medical Association does not urge or recommend fluoridation of public water supplies.

Newburgh, N. Y., experiment station, Dr. David Ast, dental

surgeon:

Final conclusions cannot be made at this time. It will require an additional 10 years of study to determine cumulative effects of fluorides in the body. Grand Rapids, Mich. :

A report from the United States Public Health Service, Bureau of Vital Statistics: After 4 years fluoridation of public water supplies, deaths increased from heart disease, almost 100 percent, deaths increased from kidney disease, 50 percent, deaths increased from brain diseases 50 percent.

The population increased 8 percent. Does this sound like a recommendation for fluoridation?

J. C. Muhler and W. G. Schafer, department of chemistry and School of Dentistry, Indiana University:

Decreased thyroid activity is related to increased caries susceptibility in the rat. Dessicated thyroid reduces the incidence of dental caries to the same degree as sodium fluoride alone.

FLUOROSED TEETH EXHIBIT

Gentlemen, I would like to submit this exhibit for your inspection. These teeth came from natives from Aurora, Ill., where they have a natural fluoride concentration of 1 to 2 parts per million, which is considered as an ideal about of fluoride. Proponents of fluoridation state that when water contains fluoride especially in the concentration of 1 part per million, children will not have cavities in their teeththat only about 10 percent of children will have mottled teeth and this is only a pearly whiteness, or perhaps a little yellowish coloring—and, of course, this is prominent discoloration.

Gentlemen, these teeth, I must reiterate, came from natives of an area where the so-called ideal fluoride concentration is naturally present in their water. You see cavities of many and varied sizes, some large enough for a caterpillar to crawl into; you see also teeth which are crushed and broken off-many filled-and as for mottling, and discoloration, it ranges from a yellowish brown, which resembles nicotine stains, to a dark mahogany, red brown color.

This is the usual thing for those who cannot afford to buy bottled spring water.

Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, I have here a letter from Dr. L. D. Parnell, Wichita Falls, Tex. He says:

operate a clinical laboratory where we run a great number of blood tests for syphilis.

We found that we could not use the city water even after it had been distilled three times in connection with these tests.

We received an opinion from a technician formerly with the State health department, advising us that it was probably due to the sodium fluoride in the city water.

I immediately procured rainwater, and the tests came out perfectly.

Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee:

1. In my animal experiments with fluoridation of drinking water at the College of Physicians and Surgeons we found marked pathology in the internal organs of the animals. There were hardening of blood vessels, cancer-experimental animals developed cancer growth more rapidly and blood clotting time was prolonged.

2. Human experiments with fluoridated water at Brantford, Ontario, after a few years, shows twice as much dental decay as at the beginning of the experiment. The United States Bureau of Vital Statistics shows: in Grand Rapids, Mich., after 4 years of fluoridation there was almost 100 percent increase in death from heart disease, 50 percent increase in death from kidney disease, and 50 percent increase in death from intracranial disease (brain disease). The population increased only 8 percent.

3. In fluoridation experiments at Newburgh, N. Y., premature births showed 3 times as much fluoride in the placentas as in adjacent areas which have not fluoridation.

4. There are a large number of premature births in the Southwest areas (which have natural fluorine), as for example, in New Mexico, per 100,000 population there are 55.9 premature births as compared with the entire New England area which has only 2.4, and has no natural fluoride in the water (this report is from the Bureau of Vital Statistics, 1948). Drs. H. V. and C. Smith, fluoride in the blood stream interferes with calcification of unerupted teeth. Tappeiner shows cases on record that ingestion of small amounts of fluoride is fatal to man and other animals. In the 6 months experiment with rats, fluoride in small amounts caused enlargement of thyroid glands. 5. In the Southwest areas most people drink bottled spring water at the advice of doctors, dentists, and health officers.

6. About 300 communities have voted against fluoridation. The following communities have thrown it out after using fluoridation for from 4 months to 2 years: Plymouth, Shewano, and Stevens Point, Wis. Mount Dora, Fla., and over 300 others.

7. The following organizations have not given unqualified approval of fluoridation of public water supplies: the American Dental Association, the American Medical Association, and the Hartford County Medical Society. They endorsed fluoridation "in principle only" ("in principle," means that it may have some value for laboratory experimental work but not in practice, for use in public water supplies). Congressional Record, March 1952, Dr. Lull, secretary and general manager of the AMA, testifies under oath that they did not urge nor recommend that fluoridation be used in any public water supply.

8. Fluoride mixing machines have frequent breakdowns so that when more than 1 part per million fluoride is delivered there is no taste nor odor to warn us of the error. This has happened at New Britain, Southbury Training School, Northampton, Mass., and it was reported in the American City Magazine of November 1951 which describes continual disruption of service due to the corrosive nature of fluorides.

9. There is no such thing as a "safe" amount of fluoride, due to the individual's biological variations. Some children show dental fluorosis with as little as 2 tenths of 1 part per million of fluoride. The fluoridation program urges using five times that amount.

The chemical sodium fluoride cannot be either assimilated or eliminated, but it is stored in the body. Fluoride attacks the kidneys causing backaches. Fluoride combines with calcium of the bone and is found as crystals stored in the hollow portion where the bone marrow is normally present. The best teeth are found where there is no fluoride in the water. Dental fluorosis is an external manifestation of pathological changes in other parts of the body. The so-called. benefits in Southwest areas are not due to the fluoride in water but to the increased mineral content of the soil. Artificial fluoridation is not necessary, as practically all foods we eat contain some natural fluorine which is easily assimilated by the body.

10. Prolonged or repeated ingestion of any drug, in unknown quantities, without proper medical supervision and without due regard to the physical condition of each individual, is extremely dangerous. Fluoride, in particular, being a deadly poison, proven by medical and chemical research, is potentially productive of dire results on the human body.

At the present stage of the fluoride experimentation, it is proven that safer and better methods can accomplish such benefits as are claimed for children's teeth. It is mass medication, human experimentation, enfringement of constitutional rights, and an entering wedge to socialized medicine.

11. Chlorination and fluoridation can in no way be compared, as chlorination treats water to make it safe from harmful bacteria, while fluoridation treats the body, making it mass medication. Boiling chlorinated water removes the chlorine but boiling fluoridated water increases the potency of the fluoride chemical.

12. Mass medication is socialized dentistry, forcing dental care upon each and every human being, whether we have teeth or not, or whether we need or want dental care or not, we would be compelled to drink a solution of fluoride, the most powerful, the most dangerous element known to man, for which there is no known remedy.

13. Fluoridation interferes with home medication.

14. Artificial fluoridation can be accomplished for those who want it by the addition of tablets or drops, by topical application and by using bottled fluoridated water which any health department would be glad to furnish free of charge to homes and schools, for those parents who want it for their children.

15. Fluoridation at best might possibly benefit some, not all children up to age 8. Many of these children would gain no benefits whatsoever; some will suffer harmful effects, while a small minority of these children would not be affected either way if they enjoy very excellent nutrition. The only true benefit to be derived from fluoridation is its antiseptic quality as a mouth wash which can so well be obtained by rinsing the mouth with any other antiseptic solution. Those over age 8 would derive no benefit at all.

16. Governor Dewey of New York vetoed fluoridation. The Hastings Law Journal, spring 1952, proves fluoridation to be illegal. It is a violation of our Federal Constitution, article I and amendments 1 and 14 thereto.

17. Fluoridation deprives us of our personal liberties, and violates freedom of personal care of one's own body.