PENN county, Va., May 17, 1741; studied law with Edmund Pendleton; was an eloquent and effective speaker; and possessed a high order of talent. In 1774 he settled in Greenville county, N. C., and was a delegate in the Continental Congress from there in 1775-76 and 1778-80. Mr. Penn was placed in charge of public affairs in North Carolina when Cornwallis invaded the State in 1781. He died in North Carolina in September, 1788. Penn, JOHN, the American Penn," born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 29, 1700; son of William Penn by his second wife; was the only male descendant of the founder who remained a Quaker. He died in England in October, 1746. onciled them, and the youth was sent to France, with the hope that gay society in Paris might redeem him from his almost morbid soberness. It failed to do so, and, on his return, in 1664, in compliance with the wishes of his father, he became a student of law. The great fire in London, in 1665, drove him from the city and deepened his serious convictions. Then he was sent to the management of his father's estates, near Cork, Ireland, where he again fell in with Thomas Loe, and became a Quaker in all but garb. On returning to England, his father tried to persuade him to conform to the customs of polite society, but he steadily refused. He soon became a Quaker Penn, WILLIAM, founder of Pennsyl- preacher and a powerful controversial vania; born in London, England, Oct. 14, writer, producing several notable pam1644. His father was Admiral Sir William Penn, of the royal navy, and his mother was an excellent Dutchwoman of Rotterdam. He received very strong relig ious impressions while he was yet a child. At the age of fifteen years he entered Christ Church College, Oxford, where, through the preaching of Thomas Loe, he became a convert to the doctrine of the Quakers. He, with two or three others, refused to conform to the worship of the Established Church, or to wear the surplice, or gown, of the student. He and his companions even went so far as to strip some of the students of their robes, for which he was expelled from the college. For this phlets. He attacked the generally received offence his father beat him and turned doctrines of the Trinity, but afterwards him out of the house. The mother rec- partially retracted, when it had produced great excitement in the religious society conformity. He travelled in Holland and of England. He was confined in the Germany to propagate the doctrines of Tower nine months, during which he wrote Friends, and there interceded in behalf his principal work, entitled No Cross, no of his persecuted brethren. In 1672 Penn married a daughter of Sir William Springett, and, the next few years, devoted his time to preaching writing. and and Byllinge, both Quakers, concerning their property rights in New Jersey. Penn decided in favor of Byllinge, and afterwards bought the domain from him. Penn at once became zealously engaged in the work of colonization, and, desiring to have a safe asylum from persecution for his brethren, he obtained a grant of a large domain in America from Charles II., in 1681, in payment of a debt of a bout $80,000 due to his father from the crown. The charter vested the perpetual proprietorship of the vast region (with Delaware, which was then annexed to it), containing 45,000 square miles, in him and his heirs, in the fealty of an annual payment of two beaver-skins. Penn wished to call the domain New Wales, and afterwards, on account of extensive forests, he suggested Sylvania. The King ordered it to be called Penn Sylvania, because he had great admiration for Penn's father. Penn tried to get the sec DEPARTURE OF THE WELCOME. Crown. The Duke of York, under whom Admiral Penn had served, procured his release. Penn was arrested for preaching in the streets in London, charged with creating a tumult and disturbing the peace. His trial took place in the mayor's court. The jury declared him not guilty, but the court determined to convict him, and ordered the jury to bring in a verdict of guilty. They refused, and were fined and sent to Newgate Prison. Afterwards he suffered much persecution for his non PENN, WILLIAM retary to change the name, but could not, and it was called Pennsylvania in the charter. Indians, and that the person of an Indian should be held as sacred as that of a white man. Penn advertised his land at 40s. When he had secured his charter Penn an acre, and servants could hold 50 acres issued an advertisement which contained in fee-simple. Penn was so well known inducements for persons to emigrate to in his own country and on the Continent the new province, and a scheme of admin- that perfect confidence was placed in his istration of justice suited to the disposi- declarations. English Friends, in large tion of the Quakers. He declared that his numbers, proposed to come over, and a object was to establish a just and right- German company, led by PASTORIUS (q. v.), eous government in the province, that bought 15,000 acres. This was the comwould be an example for others. He as- mencement of German emigration to sumed that government is a part of re- Pennsylvania. The colony flourished. The ligion itself, as sacred in its institution motto on Penn's seal-" Mercy and Jusand end; that any government is free to the people under it, whatever be its frame, where the laws rule and the people are a party to the laws. He declared that governments depend upon men, not men upon governments; and he guaranteed liberty of conscience. He declared that none should be molested or prejudiced in matters of faith and worship, and that nobody should be compelled, at any time, to frequent or maintain any religious place of worship or ministry whatsoever. He said that prisons must be converted into schools of reformation and education; that litigation ought to give way to arbitration; that an oath was a superfluity, and made LANDING OF PENN AT PHILADELPHIA. lying punishable as a crime. Trial by tice"-expressed prominent traits of his jury was established, and, in all cases character. where an Indian was involved, the jury Penn, with others, purchased east Jershould consist of six white men and six sey, which was already a flourishing colony. In September, 1682, he embarked we have more information. Penn was for America on the ship Welcome, and, at the end of six weeks, landed (Oct. 28, O. S.) near the site of New Castle, Del., where he was joyfully received by the settlers. After conferring with Indian chiefs and making some unimportant treaties, he went up the Delaware to the site of a portion of Philadelphia, and there made a famous treaty. It was to be an everlasting covenant of peace and friendship between the two races. "We meet," said Penn, "on the broad pathway of good faith and good-will; no advantage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be openness and love. I will not call you children, for parents sometimes chide their children too severely; nor brothers only, for brothers differ. The friendship between me and you I will not compare to a chain, for that the rains might rust, or a falling tree might break. We are the same as if one man's body was to be divided into two parts; we are all one flesh and blood." Then Penn gave the chiefs presents, and they, in turn, handed him a belt of wampum, a pledge of their fidelity. Delighted with his words, and with implicit faith in his promises, they said: "We will live in love with William Penn and his children as long as the sun and moon shall endure." This promise was kept; not a drop of the blood of a Quaker was ever shed by an Indian. Penn had achieved a mighty victory by the power of justice and love. There is no written record of that treaty extant; it seemed an ineradicable tradition among both races. Of the personal character of the European actors in it The then thirty-eight years of age. Most of his companions-the deputy-governor and a few others were younger than he, and were dressed in the garb of Friends-the fashion of the more simple Puritans during the protectorate of Cromwell. Indians were partly clad in the skins of beasts, for it was on the verge of winter (Nov. 4, 1682), and they had brought their wives and children to the council, as was their habit. The scene must have been a most interesting one-Europeans and Indians mingling around a great fire, kindled under the high branches of the elm, and the contracting parties smoking the calumet. That tree was blown down in 1810; it was estimated to be 233 years old. Upon its site the Penn Society, of Philadelphia, erected a commemorative monument. It stands near the intersection of Beach and Hanover streets. After visiting New York and New Jersey, and meeting a general assembly, PENN, WILLIAM charge was renewed, in 1691, by a man who was afterwards branded by the House of Commons as a cheat, a rogue, and a false accuser. This was followed by a proclamation of of the King's Bench, and acquitted. The the King (April, 1867), declaring liberty of conscience to all, and removing tests and penalties. Meanwhile Penn had made a tour on the Continent, and, by order of James, had a conference with the In the mean time Pennsylvania had been monarch's son-in-law, William of Orange, much disturbed by civil and religious quarand tried to persuade him to adopt the rels, and, in 1692, the monarchs deprived principles of universal toleration. Be- Penn of his authority as governor of the cause Penn had been personally intimate province, and directed Governor Fletcher, with James, soon after the Revolution of New York, to assume the adminis(1688) he was summoned before the tration. Powerful friends interceded in privy council to answer a charge of trea- Penn's behalf, and he was honorably acson. No evidence appearing against him, quitted (November, 1693) by the King and he was discharged. Not long afterwards, council. Three months later his wife, a letter from the exiled monarch to Penn, Gulielma Maria, died, and, within two asking him to come to France, having been years, he married Hannah Callowhill, a intercepted, he was again brought before Quaker lady of great excellence. His the council, in presence of King William. proprietary rights having been fully rePenn declared his friendship for James, stored to him (August, 1694), he sailed but did not approve his policy, and he was for Pennsylvania with his wife and again discharged. In 1690 he was a third daughter in September, 1699. He was time accused, and was arrested on a soon recalled by tidings that the House charge of conspiracy, tried by the court of Lords was considering a measure for |