swear allegiance to the King. Finally, on May 24, the committee of inspection of the city of Philadelphia addressed a memorial to the Congress, setting forth that the Assembly did not possess the confidence of the people, nor truly represent the sentiments of the province; and that The Assembly, influenced by the pro- in not requiring newly elected members to prietary government and office-holders in its own body, as well as by timid patriots, hoping, like John Dickinson, for peace and reconciliation, steadily opposed the idea of independence. Finally, a townmeeting of 4,000 people, held in Statehouse Yard, in Philadelphia (May 24, 1776), selected for its president Daniel measures had been taken for assembling Roberdeau. The meeting voted that the a popular convention. The Assembly beinstruction of the Assembly for forming came nervous. It felt that its dissolution a new government (in accordance with was nigh. In the first days of June no John Adams's proposition) was illegal governor appeared. The members showed and an attempt at usurpation; and the signs of yielding to the popular pressure; committee of the City and Liberties of but on the 7th, the very day when RichPhiladelphia were directed to summon a ard Henry Lee offered his famous resoluconference of the committees of every tion for independence in Congress, John county in the province to make arrange- Dickinson, in a speech in the Assembly, ments for a constituent convention to be pledged his word to the proprietary chiefchosen by the people. Then was prepara- justice (Allen), and to the whole House, tion made for the fall of the proprietary that he and a majority of the Pennsylcharter of Pennsylvania. Dickinson and vania delegates in the Congress would his friends persisted in opposition to in- continue to vote against independence. dependence. Concessions were made to Only once again (after June 9, 1776) did the Continental Congress by the Assembly a quorum of members of the Pennsylvania Assembly appear. ernment had expired. The proprietary gov- made such violent opposition to this measurement that those engaged in it were compelled to desist. Warrants were issued for the arrest of opposers of the law; and in the village of Bethlehem the marshal, having about thirty prisoners, was set upon by a party of fifty horsemen, headed by a man named Fries. The President sent troops to maintain the law. No opposition was made to them, and Fries and about thirty others were arrested and taken to Philadelphia, where their leader was indicted for treason, tried twice, each Several others were tried for the same offence. While these trials were going on, Duane, editor of the Aurora (Bache had died of yellow fever), abused the officers and troops, who, finding no law to touch him, sent a deputation of their own number to chastise him, which they did on his own premises. The gloomy outlook after the fall of Fort Washington and the flight of Washington and his melting army across New Jersey in 1776 caused many persons of influence in Pennsylvania, as well as in New Jersey, to waver and fall away from the patriot cause. The most conspicuous of these in Pennsylvania were Joseph Galloway, who had been a member of the first Continental Congress, and Andrew Allen, also a member of that Congress, and two of his brothers. The brothers time found guilty, but finally pardoned. Howe having issued a new proclamation of pardon and amnesty to all who should within sixty days promise not to take up arms against the King, these men availed themselves of it, not doubting their speedy restoration to their former fortunes and political importance. They went over to Howe; so did Samuel Tucker, a leader in the movements against British oppression in New Jersey, and a host of Jerseymen, who signed a pledge of fidelity to the British crown. Even John Dickinson, whose fidelity as a patriot may not be questioned, was so thoroughly convinced of the folly of the Declaration of Independence and the probability of a return to the British fold that he discredited the Continental bills of credit, and refused to accept an appointment from Delaware as a delegate in Congress. The State of Maryland also showed a willingness at this juncture to renounce the Declaration of Independence for the sake of peace. Amid this falling away of civilians and the rapid melting of his army, Washington's faith and courage never faltered. From Newark, when he was flying with his shattered and rapidly diminishing forces towards the Delaware River before pursuing Cornwallis, he applied to the patriotic and energetic William Livingston, governor of New Jersey, for aid. To expressions of sympathy from the governor he replied (Nov. 30, 1776), "I will not despair." Early in 1799 an insurrection broke out due to a singular cause. A direct tax had been levied, among other things, on houses, arranged in classes. A means for making that classification was by measuring windows. The German inhabitants of Northampton, Bucks, and Montgomery counties Pennsylvania was governed by a code framed by William Penn, and several times amended, until Sept. 28, 1776, when a State constitution was adopted, and Pennsylvania took her place in the Union. In 1790 a new constitution was adopted, which has since been several times amended. In 1838 provision was made for electing, instead of appointing, county officers; the right of voting was limited to white persons, and the term of judicial offices was reduced from life to ten and fifteen years. In 1850 the judiciary was made elective by the people; subscriptions to internal improvements by municipal authorities was prohibited, and in 1864 the right of suffrage was guaranteed to soldiers in the field. An amended constitution went into force on Jan. 1, 1874. Lancaster was the seat of the State government from 1799 till 1812, when Harrisburg became the State capital. In 1808 a case which had been in existence since the Revolution brought the State of Pennsylvania into collision with the Supreme Court of the United States. During the disputes in the case alluded to-about prize-money -David Rittenhouse, as State treasurer of Pennsylvania, had received certain certificates of national debt. Rittenhouse settled his accounts as treasurer in 1788 and resigned his office, but still retained these certificates, having given his bond to the judge of the State court to hold him PENNSYLVANIA, STATE OF (1864) the Confederates penetrated to town by fire. At the beginning of the Civil War Pennsylvania raised a large body of reserve troops, and during the war furnished to the National army 387,284 troops. harmless as to other claimants. The certificates were held by Rittenhouse to in- Chambersburg, and nearly destroyed the demnify him against the bond he had given. When the public debt was funded he caused these certificates to be funded in his own name, but for the benefit of whom it might concern. Rittenhouse died in 1801, leaving his three daughters execu- This State has the honor of having sent tors of his estate. They were called upon the first troops to the national capital by the State treasurer to deliver the cer- for its defence, in April, 1861. The tificates to him and pay over the accrued troops comprised five companies from the interest. They refused to do so, on ac- interior of the state-namely, Washingcount of a pending suit in the State court ton Artillery and National Light Infantry, by a claimant for the amount. The State of Pottsville; the Ringgold Light Artilcourt finally declined to interfere, on the lery, of Reading; the Logan Guards, of technical ground that it was an admiralty Lewistown; and the Allen Infantry, of matter and was not cognizable in a court Allentown. On the call of the President, of common law. The claimant then ap- the commanders of these companies teleplied to the United States district court graphed to Governor Curtin that their for an order to compel the executors of ranks were full and ready for service. Rittenhouse to pay over to him the certif- They were assembled at Harrisburg on icates and accumulated interest, then the evening of April 17. Accompanied by amounting to about $15,000. Such a de- forty regular soldiers destined for Fort cree was made in 1803, when the legis McHenry, they went by rail to Baltimore lature of Pennsylvania passed a law to the next morning, and while passing from compel the executors to pay the funds into one railway station to another were subthe State treasury, pledging the faith of jected to gross insults and attacked with the State to hold them harmless. Finally missiles by a mob. They were without the Supreme Court of the United States arms, for their expected new muskets issued a mandamus for the judge of the were not ready when they got to Harrisdistrict court to carry the decree into ex- burg. They found Maryland a hostile ecution, despite the State law. It was territory to pass through, but they reachdone (March 12, 1809); but the marshal, ed the capital in safety early in the evenwhen he went to serve the process of at- ing of April 18. They were received by tachment, found the houses of the re- the government and loyal people there spondents protected by an armed guard, with heartfelt joy, for rumors that the who resisted his entrance by bayonets. minute-men of Maryland and Virginia These guards were State militia, under General Bright, with the sanction of the governor. The legislature and the governor now receded somewhat. The former made an appropriation of $18,000 to meet any contingency; and finally, after a show of resistance, which, to some, threatened a sort of civil war in the streets of Philadelphia, the governor paid over the sum to the marshal out of the appropriation. This was a blow to the doctrine of State supremacy, which still held a large place in the political creed of the people of all the States. The supremacy of the national judiciary was fully vindicated. were about to seize Washington, D. C., had been prevalent all day. The Pennsylvanians were hailed as deliverers. They were marched to the Capitol grounds, greeted by cheer after cheer, and assigned to quarters in the hall of the House of Representatives. The startling rumor soon spread over the city that 2,000 National troops had arrived, well armed with Minié rifles. The real number was 530. The disunionists and their sympathizers were overawed just in time to save the capital from seizure. GEN. ROBERT PATTERSON (q. v.), then commander of the Department of PennsylIn the Civil War Pennsylvania was in- vania, comprehended the wants of governvaded by the Confederates, and on its ment, and, while the capital was cut off soil the decisive battle of the war oc- from communication with the loyal peocurred, at Gettysburg. The next year ple of the State, he took the responsibil Thomas Lloyd.. PENNSYLVANIA-PENNYMITE AND YANKEE WAR The ity of officially requesting (April 25, 1861) the governor of Pennsylvania to direct the organization of twenty-five regiments of volunteers. It was done. These were in addition to the sixteen regiments called for by the Secretary of War. legislature took the twenty-five regiments into the service of the State, the Secretary of War first declining to receive them. This was the origin of the fine body of soldiers known as the Pennsylvania Reserves, who were gladly accepted by the Secretary after the battle of Bull Run. See UNITED STATES, PENNSYLVANIA, in vol. ix. COLONIAL GOVERNORS OF PENNSYLVANIA. [Under the proprietary government, when there was no deputy governor the president of the council acted as such.] William Penn.... ..Proprietor and Governor.... 1682 1684 23d William Markham.. William Penn... Simon Cameron. James Cooper. Richard Brodhead. 29th " 31st 18341845 18391851 1845 1849 1849 1855 1851 1857 John Evans. . Deputy Governor.. 1704 William Bigler.. Simon Cameron... David Wilmot.. Edgar Cowan.. Charles R. Buckalew.. 1738 Simon Cameron. 1747 John Scott.. James Hamilton...... .Deputy Governor... 1748 William A. Wallace... 44th "47th 55th 1875" 1881 18771897 Matthew S. Quay.. Boies Penrose. Matthew S. Quay.. James Hamilton.... .Governor. 50th "56th 1887 "1899 1897 " 1901 " In Pennymite and Yankee War. Trouble began in Wyoming Valley between Connecticut settlers under the auspices of the Susquehanna Company and the Pennsylvanians in 1769, when the former made a second attempt to clear the way 1778 for planting a colony in that region. 1782 1768 the proprietary of Pennsylvania 1785 purchased of the Six Nations the whole 1799 Wyoming Valley, and leased it for seven 1808 years to three Pennsylvanians, who built 1817 a fortified trading-house there. In Febru1823 ary, 1769, forty pioneers of the Susquehan1829 na Company entered the Wyoming Valley 1839 and invested the block-house, garrisoned 1845 by ten men, who gave Governor Penn no1852 tice of the situation. Three of the Connecticut men were lured into the block1861 house under pretence of making an adjustment of difficulties, and were seized by the sheriff and taken to jail at Easton. Other immigrants flocked in from Con 1820 1837 1849 1855 1858 1867 From 1790, under the new State constitution, the executive has been termed governor instead of president. PENNYMITE AND YANKEE WAR-PENOBSCOT rest. necticut, and the sheriff called upon the posse of the county to assist in their arThe Connecticut people also had built a block-house, which they named Forty Fort. The sheriff broke down its doors, arrested thirty of the inmates, and sent them to Easton jail. When admitted to bail, they returned with about 200 men from Connecticut, who built Fort Durkee, just below Wilkesbarre, so named in honor of their commander, John Durkee. Then the sheriff reported to the governor that the whole power of the county was insufficient to oppose the "Yankees." the valley. In January following they returned in force, when Stewart, perceiving that he could not long resist them, fled from the valley, leaving a garrison of twelve men in the fort, who were made prisoners and sent to Easton. Peace reigned there until near midsummer, when Capt. Zebulon Butler, with seventy armed men from Connecticut and a party under Stewart. suddenly descended from the mountains and menaced a new fort which Ogden had built. The besieged, within strong works, were well supplied with provisions, and defied their assailants. Ogden managed to escape, went to Philadelphia, and induced the governor (Hamilton) to send a detachment of 100 men to Wyoming. The expedition was unsuccessful. The besiegers kept them at bay, and the siege, during which several persons were killed, was ended Aug. 11. By the terms of capitulation, the Pennsylvanians were to leave the valley. So ended the contest for 1771. Meanwhile the company had sent commissioners to Philadelphia to confer upon a compromise. The governor (Penn) refused to receive them, and sent an armed force, under Colonel Francis, into the valley. The sheriff joined Francis with a strong armed party, with a 6-pounder cannon. Colonel Durkee and several of the inhabitants were captured, and the fort was surrendered upon conditions which were immediately violated. The The Yankees held the coveted domain, next year Colonel Durkee, released, took and, under the advice of the Connecticut command of the Connecticut people, and Assembly, they organized civil government captured the sheriff's cannon; also one there upon a democratic system. The of the leading Pennsylvanians (Amos Og- government was well administered, the den), who had fortified his house. Imi- colony rapidly increased, and the people tating the bad faith of their opponents, were prosperous and happy. The settlethe Yankees seized his property and burn- ment was incorporated with the colony ed his house. Governor Penn now (1770) of Connecticut, after a judicial decision called upon General Gage, in command in England. The territory was called of the British troops at New York, for a Westmoreland, and attached to Litchfield detachment "to restore order in Wy- county, Conn., and its representatives oming." He refused. In the autumn Og- were admitted into the General Assembly. den marched by the Lehigh route, with Wilkesbarre was laid out, and for four 140 men, to surprise the settlers in Wy- years peace smiled upon the beautiful eming. From the mountain-tops he saw valley. Suddenly, in the autumn of 1775, the farmers in the valley pursuing their the Pennsylvanians, encouraged by Govavocations without suspicion of danger. ernor Penn, renewed the civil war, killing He swooped down upon the settlement in and imprisoning the inhabitants. The the night, and assailed Fort Durkee, then Continental Congress interfered in vain; filled with women and children. The fort but when the proprietary government was and the houses of the settlement were abolished, in the progress of the conplundered, and many of the chief inhab- test for independence, this Pennymite and itants were sent to Easton jail. The Yankee War was suddenly ended. See Yankees left the valley, and the Penny- SUSQUEHANNA COMPANY. 66 mites," as the Pennsylvanians were called, took possession again. Penobscot. The " Company of New France," which had purchased Sir W. On the night of Dec. 18 the Connecticut Alexander's rights to territory in Nova people, led by Lazarus Stewart, returned, Scotia through Stephen, Lord of La Tour, and, attacking Fort Durkee, with the in 1630, conveyed the territory on the shout of "Huzza for King George!" capt- banks of the river St. John to this nobleured it and drove the Pennymites out of man in 1635. Rossellon, commander of a |