MOUNT HOPE. Narragansets charged their misfortunes to the ambition of Philip, and they deserted him. Some of the tribes surrendered to avoid starvation; others went to Canada, while Captain Church, one of the most famous of the English leaders, went out to hunt and destroy the fugitives. Philip was chased from one hidingplace to another. He retired to Mount Hope discouraged, and was there killed. Philippi. One of the earliest contests in the Civil War occurred June 3, 1861, at Philippi, Va., on Tygart Valley River, about 16 miles southward from Grafton. Ohio and Indiana volunteers gathered at Grafton (on the Baltimore & Ohio Rail ter provisions had been gathered. Before road), and loyal armed Virginians who that feeble palisade the English stood on had assembled there were divided into a stormy day (Dec. 19). They began a two columns, one commanded by Col. siege, and in a few hours 500 wigwams, Benjamin F. Kelley, and the other by with the provisions, were in flames. Hun- Col. E. Dumont, of Indiana. Colonel dreds of men, women, and children perish- Porterfield, with 1,500 Virginians, oneed in the fire. Fully 1,000 warriors were third of them mounted, was at Philippi. slain or wounded, and several hundred The two Union columns marched against were made prisoners. The English lost him, by different routes, to make a simul86 killed and 150 wounded. Canonchet taneous attack. In darkness and a drenchwas slain, but Philip escaped and took ing rain the columns moved over the refuge again with the Nipmucks. During rugged hills, through hot valleys, and the winter (1675-76) he vainly asked the across swollen streams. Kelley was misMohawks to join him, but tribes eastward led by a treacherous guide, and Dumont of Massachusetts became his allies. In approached Philippi first. His troops the spring of 1676 the work of destruction were discovered by a woman, who fired a began. In the course of a few weeks the pistol at Colonel Lander, and sent her boy war extended over a space of almost 300 to alarm Porterfield. The lad was caught miles. Weymouth, Groton, Medfield, Lan- and detained, but Porterfield's camp was caster, and Marlborough, in Massachusetts, put in commotion by the pistol. Dumont were laid in ashes. Warwick and Provi- took position on the heights, with cannon dence, in Rhode Island, were burned, and commanding a bridge, the village, and the isolated dwellings of settlers were every insurgent camp. Colonel Lander had where laid waste. About 600 inhabitants taken command of the artillery, and, withof New England were killed in battle or out waiting for the arrival of Kelley, he murdered; twelve or thirteen towns were opened heavy guns upon the Confederates. destroyed entirely, and about 600 build- At the same time Dumont's infantry swept ings, chiefly dwelling-houses, were burned. down to the bridge, where the Confederates The colonists had contracted an enormous had gathered to dispute their passage. debt for that period. Quarrels at length The latter were panic-stricken, and fled. weakened the Indians. The Nipmucks and Kelley, approaching rapidly, struck the PHILIPPINE ISLANDS flank of the flying force, which was driven some of his soldiers. For a long time his in wild confusion through the village and recovery was doubtful, but, under the up the Beverly Road. The two columns watchful care of a devoted daughter, he pursued them about 2 miles, when the finally recovered, and was commissioned a fugitives, abandoning their baggage-train, brigadier-general. Colonel Dumont asescaped. Colonel Kelley was severely sumed the command of the combined wounded by a pistol-shot that passed columns. Lacking transportation, the through his right breast, and, fainting Indiana troops were recalled to Grafton by from loss of blood, fell into the arms of the chief-commander, T. A. Morris. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Philippine Islands, an archipelago between the Pacific Ocean and the China Sea; formerly belonging to Spain, and ceded to the United States for $20,000,000 by the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain in 1898. The following Memoranda by Maj.-Gen. Francis V. Greene, U. S. V., forming Senate Document No. 62, of the 55th Congress, 3d session, gives a succinct statement of the islands, their people, productions, and commerce, when they came into our possession. Area and Population.-These islands, including the Ladrones, Carolines, and Palaos, which are all under the government of Manila, are variously estimated at from 1,200 to 1,800 in number. The greater portion are smali and are of no more value than the islands off the coast of Alaska. The important islands are less than a dozen in number, and 90 per cent. of the Christian population live on Luzon and the five principal islands of the Visayas group. The total population is somewhere be tween 7,000,000 and 9,000,000. This includes the wild tribes of the mountains of Luzon and of the islands in the extreme south. The last census taken by the Spanish government was on Dec. 31, 1887, and this stated the Christian population to be 6,000,000 (in round numbers). This is distributed as follows: The density of population in the six first islands named is nearly 50 per cent. greater than in Illinois and Indiana (census of 1890), greater than in Spain, about one-half as great as in France, and onethird as great as in Japan and China. Various smaller islands, including the Carolines, Ladrones, and Palaos, carry the total area and Christian population to: Area, 140,000; population, 6,000,000; per square mile, 43. This is considerably greater than the density of population in the States east of the Rocky Mountains. Owing to the existence of mountain ranges in all the islands and lack of communication in the interior, only a small part of the surface is inhabited. In many provinces the density of population exceeds 200 per square mile. The total area of the Philippines is about the same as that of Japan. In addition to the Christian population, it is estimated (in the Official Guide) that the islands contain the following: Chinese (principally in Manila)... Moors or Mohammedans in Paragan and Jolo.. Moors or Mohammedans in Min- Heathens in the Philippines. Palaos Total 75,000 100,000 209,000 830,000 50,000 1,264,000 The Official Guide gives a list of more than thirty different races, each speaking a different dialect, but five-sixths of the Christian population are either Tagalos or Visayas. All the races are of the Malay type. Around Manila there has been some mixture of Chinese and Spanish blood with that of the natives, resulting in the Mestizos, or half-breeds, but the number of these is not very great. As seen in the provinces of Cavité and said to number 4,500 volumes, the greater part of which has been written by Spanish priests and missionaries. Manila, the natives (Tagalos) are of small stature, averaging probably 5 feet 4 inches in height and 120 pounds in weight for the women. Their skin is coppery brown, Climate. The climate is one of the best somewhat darker than that of a mulatto. known in the tropics. The thermometer They seem to be industrious and hard- during July and August rarely went beworking, although less so than the Chinese. low 79° or above 85°. The extreme By the Spaniards they are considered ranges in a year are said to be 61° and indolent, crafty, untruthful, treacherous, 97°. There are three well-marked seacowardly, and cruel; but the hatred be- sons-temperate and dry from November May, and temperate and wet from June to October. The rainy season reaches its maximum in July and August, when the rains are constant and very heavy. The total rainfall has been as high as 114 inches in one year. tween the Spaniards and the native races to February, hot and dry from March to is so intense and bitter that the Spanish opinion of the natives is of little or no value. To us they seemed industrious and docile, but there were occasional evidences of deceit and untruthfulness in their dealings with us. The bulk of the population is engaged in agriculture, and there were hardly any evidences of manufactures, arts, or mining. The greater number seemed to be able to read and write, but I have been unable to obtain any exact figures on this subject. They are all devout Roman Catholics, although they hate the monastic orders. Yellow fever appears to be unknown. The diseases most fatal among the natives are cholera and small-pox, both of which are brought from China. Mineral Wealth.-Very little is known concerning the mineral wealth of the islands. It is stated that there are deposits of coal, petroleum, iron, lead, sulphur, In Manila (and doubtless also in Zebu copper, and gold in the various islands, and Iloilo) are many thousands of edu- but little or nothing has been done to cated natives, who are merchants, lawyers, develop them. A few concessions have doctors, and priests. They are well-in- been granted for working mines, but the formed and have accumulated property. output is not large. The gold is reported The bibliography of the Philippines is on Luzon, coal and petroleum on Zebu and |