PRINCETON-PRINCETON UNIVERSITY treat. His force (the 70th Regiment) name of the College of New Jersey. It fled across the snow-covered fields, leaving was founded under the auspices of the The Presbyterian Synod of New York, which behind them. cannon two brass A charter was obtained in 1746, 55th Regiment, which had attempted to then included New Jersey in its jurisdicreinforce them, were pressed by the New tion. England troops, under Stark, Poor, Pat- and it was opened for students in May, terson, Reed, and others, and were joined 1747, at Elizabethtown, N. J. The same in their flight towards New Brunswick year it was removed to Newark, and in by the 40th, who had not taken part in 1757 it was transferred to Princeton, where A British regiment in the a new college edifice, named Nassau Hall, "of the the action. strong stone-built Nassau Hall, of the had just been completed. That name was illustrious house of Nassau." The college College of New Jersey, was cannonaded, given in honor of William III., and soon surrendered. itself was often called "Nassau Hall." It suffered much during the Revolution, being occupied as barracks and hospital by both armies. The president, Dr. Witherspoon, and two of the alumni, Benjamin Rush and Richard Stockton, were signers of the Declaration of Independence; and several of the leading patriots during the war, and statesmen afterwards, were graduates of the College of New Jersey. General Washington and the Continental ConOther buildings were gress were present at the ment" in 1783. In this short but sharp battle the British lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, The American loss was about 430 men. about 100, including Colonels Haslet and Potter, Major Morris, and Captains ShipMercer died pen, Fleming, and Neal. When Cornnine days after the battle. wallis arrived at Princeton, Washington and his little army and prisoners were far on their way towards the Millstone River, in hot pursuit of the 40th and 55th regiments. Washington relinquished the chase because of the great fatigue of his soldiers; and moving on to MORRISTOWN (q. v.), in east Jersey, there established the winter-quarters of the army. He was universally applauded. It is said that Frederick the Great, of Prussia, declared that the achievements of Washington and his little band of patriots, between Dec. 25, 1776, and Jan. 4, 1777, were the most brilliant of any recorded in military history. 66 commence SEAL OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. Princeton, THE. On Feb. 28, 1845, President Tyler lost two of his most trusted cabinet ministers by an accident. The President and all his cabinet, many members of Congress, and other distinguished citizens, with several ladies, were on board the United States steam ship of war erected, and it had steady prosperity unThe Civil War rePrinceton, on a trial-trip down the Po- til the breaking out of the Civil War in tomac from Washington. When they were 1861. Nassau Hall was burned in 1855, opposite Mount Vernon one of the largest and speedily rebuilt. guns of the Princeton, in firing a salute, duced the number of its students, but it In 1868 Rev. James McCosh, from burst, scattering its deadly fragments regained them, and more, when peace around. The Secretary of State, Abel came. P. Upshur, and Secretary of the Navy, Belfast, Ireland, was called to the presiT. W. Gilmer, and David Gardiner, of dency of the college-a man of great ention many fine buildings were added to New York, were killed. No one else was ergy and activity. During his administraseriously injured. the institution, and more than $1,000,000 was given to the college. John C. Green 297 gave $750,000 to endow a scientific school, Princeton University, one of the higher institutions of learning established in the English-American colonies, under the erect a library, and a building for lect- ing-offices in Europe. The second press ures and recitations. A theological semi- was set up in Lima, Peru, in 1586, and nary connected with the university was the third was erected in Cambridge, Mass., founded in 1812. The sesquicentennial of in 1639. In 1638 Rev. Jesse Glover started the institution was observed in October, for Massachusetts with his family, having 1896, during which it was formally de- in his care a printing-press given to the clared a university, and in honor of the event friends of the institution made special gifts of about $1,500,000. At the end of 1899 the university had 88 professors and instructors, 1,302 students, 146,000 volumes in the library, and over 4,600 living graduates. The theological seminary had 11 professors and instructors, 170 students, 64,500 volumes in the library, and 2,882 living graduates. Rev. Francis L. Patton, D.D., LL.D., was president of the university, and the Rev. William M. Paxton, D.D., LL.D., president of the theological seminary. He Its first pro colony by some friends in Holland. was accompanied by Stephen Day, a practical printer. Mr. Glover died on the voyage, and, under the direction of the authorities in Boston, Day set up the press at Cambridge, and began printing there in January, 1639. duction was The Freeman's Oath, and the first literary work issued by it was a new metrical version of the psalms, a revision of those of Sternhold and Hopkins. This was the beginning of book-printing in the United States. It was forty years before another printing-press was set up in this Printing. The first printing in Amer- country. The first printing-press at work ica was done in the city of Mexico, in west of the Alleghany Mountains was in 1539. There were then about 200 print- Cincinnati, in 1793, and the first west PRINTING-PRESS of the Mississippi was in St. Louis, in 1808. In reply to questions of the plantation committee, Governor Berkeley, in 1671, reported: We have forty-eight parishes, and our ministers are well paid, and by my consent should be better if they would pray oftener and preach less. But as of all other commodities, so of this-the worst are sent out to us; and there are few that we can boast of, since the persecution in Cromwell's tyranny drove divers worthy men from hither. But I thank God there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have them these hundred years; for learning has brought disobedience and heresy and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them, and libels against the WASHINGTON PRESS, ONE OF THE EARLIEST USED IN THE best government. God keep us from both!" The authorities in Virginia continued to hold this view after Berkeley had left. In 1680 John Buckner, having brought a printing-press to Virginia, printed the laws of that session for a while. Governor Culpeper and his council called him to account and compelled him to give bonds that he would print no more until his Majesty's pleasure should be known. Royal instructions came positively forbid ding any printing in the colony. Printing-press, THE. Wonderful improvements were made in the construc FRANKLIN'S PRESS. UNITED STATES. 66 tion of printing-presses in the United An im been overcome, and now the press used for Washington refused to send back an equal a great daily newspaper will print the paper on both sides and fold, ready for delivery, at the rate of 96,000 four-page or 48,000 eight-page sheets per hour. Printing was introduced into the thirteen original States of the United States by the following named persons at the time and place noted: Virginia......... ...Williamsburg 1639 1709 Williain Parks.... Massachusetts.....Cambridge.... .....Stephen Day........ Georgia...........Savannah ...James Parker....... 1751 James Davis.... 1761 1762 The first book published in America was issued in 1536 in the city of Mexico. Prison Pens. See CONFEDERATE PRISONS. number of healthy British and Hessian prisoners. Besides, those who came back were persons whose terms of service generally had expired, and would be lost to the Continental army; while every person sent to the British army was a healthy recruit. For this reason Congress was in no haste to exchange. At the beginning of the Civil War many prisoners were taken on both sides. The 165 question soon occurred to the government, Can we exchange prisoners with rebels 1726 against the national authority without ..James Franklin..... 1739 thereby acknowledging the Confederate government, so-called, as a government in 1756 fact? They could not; but humanity took precedence of policy, and an arrangement was made for an exchange of prisoners. Col. W. H. Ludlow was chosen for the service by the national government; Robert Ould was chosen by the Confederates. The former commissioner had his headPrisoners, EXCHANGE OF. Late in 1776 quarters at Fort Monroe; the latter at an arrangement was made for an ex- Richmond. Prisoners were sent in boats change of prisoners between the Americans and British. The latter held about 5,000, many of whom had suffered terribly in the prisons in and around New York. The Americans held about 3,000. At first the British refused to exchange, on the ground that the Americans were rebels; but after Howe's arrival at New York he had opened negotiations on the subject. A good deal of obstruction had occurred on account of the refusal of Congress to fulfil the stipulations made by Arnold at the Cedars (see CEDARS, AFFAIR AT THE). But finally a cartel was arranged, and a partial exchange was effected early in 1777. As the Americans had no prisoner of equal rank with Gen. Charles Lee, they offered in exchange for him six Hessian field-officers captured at Trenton. Lee was claimed by Howe as a deserter from the British army, and the exchange was at first refused. Howe had received The national government felt morally orders to send Lee to England; but the bound to afford equal protection to all its fear of retaliation upon British prisoners, citizen soldiers of whatever hue. When and some important revelations made by Davis, in a message to the Confederate Lee, caused him to be kept in America, Congress (Jan. 12, 1863), announced his and finally exchanged for Gen. Robert determination to deliver all white officers Prescott. There were other reasons for commanding negro troops, who might be delay in the exchange of prisoners. The captured, to State authorities to be hung, prisoners in the hands of the British were and to treat those troops as rebels against returned half-starved and disabled, and their masters, the national Congress took to and from each place. This business went regularly on until it was interrupted by Jefferson Davis near the close of 1862. Because the government chose to use the loyal negroes as soldiers, Davis's anger was kindled. On Dec. 23 he issued a most extraordinary proclamation, the tone of which more than anything else doubtless caused foreign governments to hesitate about introducing the Confederacy into the family of nations. In it he outlawed a major-general of the Union army (see BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN), and he directed in that proclamation that all negro soldiers who might be taken prisoners, and all commissioned officers serving in company with them who should be captured, should be handed over to State governments for execution, the negroes as insurgent slaves, the white officers as inciters of servile insurrection. PRISONERS-PRISONERS FOR DEBT the matter up. Davis's proclamation and God that Richmond is at last rid of old message were followed by his instructions Winder! God have mercy upon those to to Robert Ould not to consider captive whom he has been sent." negro soldiers as prisoners of war. After Meanwhile the Confederate prisoners of that no quarter was given, in many in- war had been well fed and humanely stances, where colored troops were employ- treated. This the Confederate authorities ed, and the black flag was carried against well knew; and when, in all the Confedofficers commanding them. The govern erate prisons, the Union captives were no ment felt compelled to refuse any more better, as soldiers, than dead men-an exchanges until the Confederates should army of 40,000 skeletons-Mr. Ould protreat all prisoners alike. In August, 1863, posed, in a letter to General Butler (Aug. when the national commissioner of prison- 10, 1864), a resumption of exchange, man ers demanded that negro captives should for man. And when such resumption bebe treated as prisoners of war and ex- gan, the difference between Union skeletons changed, Commissioner Ould replied: and vigorous Confederate soldiers was "We will die in the last ditch before acknowledged by Ould, who wrote exultinggiving up the right to send slaves back to slavery." ly from City Point to General Winder: "The arrangement I have made works largely in our favor. We get rid of a set of miserable wretches, and receive some of the best material I ever saw." At the middle of autumn (1864) arrangements for special exchanges were made, and vessels to Savannah to receive and take to Annapolis 12,000 Union prisoners from Andersonville and elsewhere. The records of the War Department show that during the war 220,000 Confederate soldiers were captured, of whom 26,436 died of wounds or diseases during their captivity; while, of 126,940 Union soldiers captured, nearly 22,576 died while prisoners-or a little more than 11 per cent. of the Confederates, and more than 17 per cent. of the Unionists. The Confederate government thus effectually shut the door of exchange, and fearfully increased the number and terrible sufferings of the Union prisoners in their hands. These sufferings have been detailed in official reports, personal nar- Lieutenant-Colonel Mulford went with ratives, and otherwise; and there seems to be conclusive testimony to show that the order of President Davis concerning negro prisoners was to deliberately stop exchanges and enable the Confederates to destroy or permanently disable Union prisoners by the slow process of physical exhaustion, by means of starvation or unwholesome food. General Meredith, commissioner of prisoners at Fort Monroe, said in a letter: "On the 25th of November I offered to send immediately to City Point 12,000 or more Confederate prisoners, to be exchanged for National soldiers confined in the South. This proposition was distinctly and unequivocally refused by Mr. Ould. And why? Because the damnable plans of the rebel government in relation to our poor captured soldiers had not been fully carried out." The testimony seems clear that the Union prisoners at Richmond, Danville, Salisbury, and Andersonville were subjected to cruelties and poisonous food for the double purpose of crippling and reducing the National force and of striking terror into the Northern population, in order to prevent enlistments. When Gen. John Winder, Davis's general commissary of prisoners, went from Richmond to take charge of the Union prisoners at Andersonville, the Examiner of that city exclaimed: " Thank Prisoners for Debt. The suffering of prisoners for debt, which impelled General Oglethorpe to propose colonizing a region in America with them, was terrible in the extreme. The writings of Howard and the pencil of Hogarth have vividly depicted them; yet these do not convey an adequate idea of the old debtors' prisons of England. The merchant, unfortunate in his business, was often plunged from affluence and social honor and usefulness to the dreadful dens of filth and misery called prisons. Oglethorpe had stood before one of the victims of the cruel law. He had been a distinguished London alderman, a thrifty merchant, and highly esteemed for his integrity and benevolence. As a "merchant prince," he had been a commercial leader. Great losses made him a bankrupt. His creditors sent him to prison. In a moment he was compelled to leave a |