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OBSERVATORY-O'CONOR

States. He died in Washington, D. C., teen years of age, and remained there Feb. 14, 1824. four years. Teaching school awhile at Observatory, a building with appa- Lebanon, he removed to Montauk, L. I., ratus for observing natural, especially where he taught and preached. Sent to astronomical, phenomena. The first is England (1766) as an agent for Wheesaid to have been the top of the temple of lock's Indian school, he attracted great Belus, at Babylon. On the tomb of Ozi- attention, for he was the first Indian mandyas, in Egypt, was another, with a preacher who had visited that country. golden circle 200 feet in diameter; that at Occum was employed in missionary labors Benares was at least as ancient as these. among the Indians, and acquired much The first in authentic history was at influence over them. He died in New Alexandria, about 300 B.C., erected by Stockbridge, N. Y., July 14, 1792. Ptolemy Soter. The first observatory in Oconastoto, INDIAN CHIEF, elected head Europe was erected at Nuremberg, 1472. chief of the Cherokees in 1738. In the by Walthers. The two most celebrated of French and Indian War he sided at first the sixteenth century were the one erect- with the English, but in consequence of a ed by Landgrave William IV. at Cassel, dispute between the Indians and some Eng1561, and Tycho Brahe's at Uranienburg, lish settlers, he made a general attack on 1567. The first attempt in the United the frontier settlements of the Carolinas. States was at the University of North At the head of 10,000 Creeks and CheroCarolina, 1824; and the first permanent one at Williams College, 1836.

O'Callaghan, EDMUND BAILEY, historian; born in County Cork, Ireland, Feb. 29, 1797. After residing two years in Paris, he went to Quebec in 1823, where he began the practice of medicine in 1827. For three years (1834-37) he edited the Montreal Witness, and was a member of the Parliament of Lower Canada in 1836. The next year he came to the United States, and was for many years (184870) keeper of the historical manuscripts in the office of the secretary of state of New York. He translated the Dutch records obtained from Holland by Mr. Brodhead, contained in several published volumes. O'Callaghan wrote and edited very valuable works, such as the Documentary History of New York (4 volumes); Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York (11 volumes); Journals of the Legislative Councils of New York (2 volumes); Historical Manuscripts relating to the War of the Revolution; Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland (2 volumes, 1638-74). In 1845-48 he prepared and published a History of New Netherland (2 volumes). At the time of his death, May 27, 1880, he was engaged in translating the Dutch records of the city of New York.

Occom, SAMSON, Indian preacher; born in Mohegan, New London co., Conn., about 1723; entered the Indian school of Mr. Wheelock at Lebanon when he was nine

kees he forced the garrison of Fort Loudon to surrender, and in violation of his promise, treacherously killed all his prisoners, over 200 in number. Three men only escaped-Capt. John Stuart, and two soldiers. Stuart's life was saved by one of the chiefs, who assisted him in returning to Virginia. As a result of the massacre the colonists burned the Cherokee towns, and forced Oconastoto into an alliance which lasted until the war of the Revolution, when Captain Stuart, who had been made British Indian agent, induced Oconastoto to head an attack on the colonists with 20,000 Indians. JOHN SEVIER (q. v.) after a five years' struggle succeeded in permanently crushing the power of the allied Indians. Oconastoto was reported alive in 1809 by Return J. Meigs, United States Indian agent, although eighty years previously (1730) he had reached manhood and had represented the Cherokee nation in a delegation sent to England.

O’Conor, CHARLES, lawyer; born in New York City, Jan. 22, 1804; admitted to the bar in 1824. He was connected with many of the most prominent legal cases, the most famous of which were the suits against the Tammany ring in 1871, in which William M. Evarts, James Emmot, and Wheeler H. Peckham were associated with him. In 1872 Mr. O'Conor was nominated for Vice-President by that portion of the Democratic party which was opposed to the election

of Horace Greeley. Mr. O'Conor was one and widely known as the superintendent of the counsel of Samuel J. Tilden be- of the Sunday school of Sands Street fore the electoral commission in 1876. He Church. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., June died in Nantucket, Mass., May 12, 1884. 13, 1866.

Odd-fellows, a name adopted by members of a social institution having signs of recognition, initiatory rites and ceremonies, grades of dignity and honor; object purely social and benevolent, confined to members. The independent order of odd-fellows was formed in Manchester, England, in 1813. Odd-fellowship was in troduced into the United States from Manchester in 1819; and the grand lodge of Maryland and the United States was constituted Feb. 22, 1821. In 1842 the American branch severed its connection with the Manchester unity. In 1843 it issued a dispensation for opening the Prince of Wales Lodge No. 1, at Montreal, Canada. American odd fellowship has its headquarters at Baltimore and branches in nearly all parts of the world, the supreme body being the sovereign grand lodge of the world. In 1901 its membership was 862,723; total relief paid, over $3,695,488.

Odell, BENJAMIN B., JR., governor; born in Newburg, N. Y., Jan. 14, 1854; member of Congress in 1895-99; elected governor of the State of New York in 1900.

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army as captain under his brother Matthias, and fought at Brandywine. He was brigade-major under Lee at Monmouth, and assistant aide-de-camp to Lord Stir

O'Dell, JONATHAN, clergyman; born in Newark, N. J., Sept. 25, 1737; graduated at the College of New Jersey ling; aid to General Maxwell in Sullivan's in 1754; took holy orders in 1767, and became pastor of the Episcopal Church in Burlington, N. J. During the Revolution he was in frequent conflict with the patriots in his parish, and at the close of the war he went to England, but returned to America and settled in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia. He died in Fredericton, N. B., Nov. 25, 1818.

Odell, MOSES FOWLER, statesman; born in Tarrytown, N. Y., Feb. 24, 1818; elected to Congress in 1861 as a fusion Democrat from a district in Brooklyn, and in 1863 as a war Democrat, although the district was overwhelmingly Republican. In 1865 he was appointed naval officer of the port of New York, and subsequently was of fered the post of collector of the port, which he declined on account of failing health. Mr. Odell was a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church,

expedition; was at the battle of Springfield (June, 1780); and in 1781 was with Lafayette in Virginia. He led infantry to the storming of a redoubt at Yorktown, and received the commendation of Washington. After the war he practised law, and held civil offices of trust in his State. He was United States Senator from 1801 to 1803, and governor of New Jersey from 1812 to 1813. In the War of 1812-15 he commanded the militia of New Jersey. At the time of his death, in Jersey City, N. J., April 19, 1839, he was presidentgeneral of the Society of the Cincinnati.

Ogden, DAVID, jurist; born in Newark, N. J., in 1707; graduated at Yale in 1728; appointed judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey in 1772, but was obliged to resign at the beginning of the War of the Revolution. He was in England the greater portion of the time until 1789, acting as

OGDEN OGDENSBURG

agent for the loyalists who had claims on Great Britain, and he secured a compensation of $100,000 for his own losses. He settled in Whitestone, N. Y., in 1789, and died there in June, 1800.

of northern New York from that quarter caused Gen. Jacob Brown to be sent to Ogdensburg to garrison old Fort Presentation, or Oswegatchie, at the mouth of the Oswegatchie River. Brown arrived on Oct. Ogden, HERBERT GOUVERNEUR, topog- 1, and the next day a British flotilla, comrapher; born in New York, April 4, posed of two gunboats and twenty-five 1846; served in the Civil War; connected bateaux, bearing about 750 armed men, with the United States coast survey; left Prescott to attack Ogdensburg. At took part in the Nicaragua expedition, the latter place Brown had about 1,200 1865; exploration of the Isthmus of effective men, regulars and militia, and Darien, 1870; Alaskan boundary expedition, 1893, etc.

a party of riflemen, under Captain Forsyth, were encamped near Fort Presentation, on the margin of the river. The latter were drawn up in battle order to dispute the landing of the invaders. Brown had two field-pieces, and when the British were nearly in mid-channel these were opened upon them with such effect that the enemy were made to retreat precipitately and in great confusion. This repulse gave Brown much credit, and he The pres was soon regarded as one of the ablest men in the service.

Ogden, MATTHIAS, military officer; born in Elizabethtown, N. J., Oct. 22, 1754; joined the army at Cambridge in 1775, accompanied Arnold in his expedition to QUEBEC (q. v.), and commanded the 1st New Jersey Regiment from 1776 until the close of the war, when he was brevetted brigadier-general. He died in Elizabethtown, N. J., March 31, 1791. Ogdensburg, BATTLES AT.

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ent city of Ogdensburg, N. Y., was a little partially sheltered by the ruins of the village in 1812, at the mouth of the fort. Waiting until the column landed, Oswegatchie River. The British village the Americans attacked them with great of Prescott was on the opposite side of energy with rifle-shot and cannon-balls the St. Lawrence. A threatened invasion from two small field-pieces. The invaders

syth, seeing his peril, gave orders for a retreat to Black Lake, 8 or 9 miles distant. There he wrote to the War Department, giving an account of the affair, and saying, "If you can send me 300 men, all

were repulsed with considerable loss, and fled in confusion over the frozen bosom of the St. Lawrence. Meanwhile the left column, 500 strong, had marched into the town and captured a 12-pounder cannon and its custodians without resistance. shall be retaken, and Prescott too, or I

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town, in possession of the enemy, was plundered by Indians and camp-followers of both sexes, who came over from Canada, and by resident miscreants. Every house in the village but three was entered, and the public property carried over to Canada. Two armed schooners, fast in the ice, were burned, and the barracks near the river were laid in ashes. Fifty-two prisoners were taken to Prescott. The Americans lost in the affair, besides the prisoners, five killed and fifteen wounded; the British loss was six killed and forty-eight wounded. They immediately evacuated the place, and the fugitive citizens returned.

They then expected an easy conquest of will lose my life in the attempt." The the town, but were soon confronted by cannon under Captain Kellogg and Sheriff York. The gun of the former became disabled, and he and his men fled across the Oswegatchie and joined Forsyth, leaving the indomitable York to maintain the fight alone, until he and his band were made prisoners. The village was now in complete possession of the British, and McDonell proceeded to dislodge Forsyth and his party at the fort. He sent a message to that commander to surrender, saying, "If you surrender, it shall be well; if not, every man shall be put to the bayonet." "Tell Colonel McDonell," said Forsyth to the messenger, "there must be more fighting done first." Then the two cannon near the ruins of the fort gave heavy discharges of grape and canister shot, which threw the invaders into confusion. It was only momentary. An overwhelming party of the British were preparing to make an assault, when For

Ogilvie, JOHN, clergyman; born in New York City in 1722; graduated at Yale in 1748; missionary to the Indians in 1749: chaplain to the Royal American Regiment during the French and Indian War; assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York City, in 1764. He died in New York City, Nov. 26, 1774.

OGLESBY-OGLETHORPE

Yamacraw Bluff. A satisfactory conference with the surrounding Indians, with MARY MUSGROVE (q. v.) as interpreter, resulted in a treaty which secured sovereignty to the English over a large territory. Oglethorpe went to England in 1734, leaving the colony in care of others, and taking natives with him. He did not return to Georgia until 1736, when he took with him several cannon and about 150 Scotch Highlanders skilled in the military art. This was the first British army in Georgia. With him also came REV. JOHN WESLEY (q. v.) and his brother Charles, for the purpose of giving

Oglesby, RICHARD JAMES, military officer; born in Oldham county, Ky., July 25, 1824; settled in Decatur, Ill., in 1836. When the Mexican War broke out he entered the army as lieutenant in the 8th Illinois Infantry and participated in the siege of Vera Cruz and in the action at Cerro Gordo. Resigning in 1847 he studied law, and began practice in 1851. He was elected to the State Senate in 1860, but when the Civil War began resigned his seat and became colonel of the 8th Illinois Volunteers; won distinction in the battles of Pittsburg Landing and Corinth; and was promoted major-general in 1862. He was elected governor of Il- spiritual instruction to the colonists. linois in 1864 and 1872, but in his second term served a few days only when he was elected United States Senator. In 1878 he was again elected governor. He died in Elkhart, Ill., April 24, 1899.

Oglethorpe, JAMES EDWARD, "father" of Georgia; born in London, England, Dec. 21, 1698. Early in 1714 he was commissioned one of Queen Anne's guards, and was one of Prince Eugene's aids in the campaign against the Turks in 1716-17. At the siege and capture of Belgrade he was very active, and he attained the rank of colonel in the British army. In 1722 he was elected to a seat in Parliament, which he held thirty-two years. In that body he made a successful effort to relieve the distresses of prisoners for debt, who crowded the jails of England, and projected the plan of a colony in America to serve as an asylum for the persecuted Protestants in Germany and other Continental countries, and "for those persons at home who had become so desperate in circumstances that they could not rise and hope again without changing the scene and making trial of a different country." Thomson, alluding to this project of transporting and expatriating the prisoners for debt to America, wrote this half-warning line, "O great design! if executed well." It was proposed to found the colony in the country between South Carolina and Florida. King George II. granted a charter for the purpose in June, 1732. which incorporated twenty-one trustees for founding the colony of Georgia.

Oglethorpe accompanied the first company of emigrants thither, and early in 1733 founded the town of Savannah on

The elements of prosperity were now with the colonists, who numbered more than 500 souls; but the unwise restrictions of the trustees were a serious bar to advancement. Many Germans, also, now settled in Georgia, among them a band of Moravians; and the Wesleys were followed by GEORGE WHITEFIELD (q. v.), a

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zealous young clergyman burning with zeal for the good of men, and who worked lovingly with the Moravians in Georgia.

With his great guns and his Highlanders, Oglethorpe was prepared to defend his colony from intruders; and they soon proved to be useful, for the Spaniards at St. Augustine, jealous of the growth of With his the new colony, menaced them. martial Scotchmen, Oglethorpe went on an expedition among the islands off the coast of Georgia, and on St. Simon's he founded Frederica and built a fort. At Darien, where a few Scotch people had

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