Harbor to prevent marine scouts from slip- returned to Sackett's Harbor. The St. Lawping out and hovering near Wilkinson's rence sailed in October with more than flotilla on the St. Lawrence.

1,000 men, accompanied by other vessels A British squadron on the lake hovered of war; and with this big ship Sir James along its southern shores in the summer was really lord of the lake. The Amerof 1813 and seriously interfered with sup- icans determined to match the St. Lawplies on their way to the American camp rence, and at Sackett's Harbor the keels on the Niagara. They captured (June 12, of two first-class frigates were laid. One 1813) two vessels laden with hospital of them was partly finished when peace stores at Eighteen-mile Creek, eastward was proclaimed, early in 1815. Chaunof the Niagara River. They made a de- cey expected that Yeo would attack scent upon the village of Charlotte, situ- his squadron in the harbor, but he did ated at the mouth of the Genesee River, not; and when the lake was closed by on the 15th, and carried off a large quan- ice the war had ended on the northern tity of stores. On the 18th they appeared frontier. off Sodus Bay, and the next evening an armed party, 100 strong, landed at Sodus Foint for the purpose of destroying American stores known to have been deposited there. These had been removed to a place of concealment a little back of the village. The invaders threatened to destroy the village if the hiding-place of the stores was not revealed. The women and children fled from their homes in alarm. A negro, compelled by threats, gave the desired information; and they were marching in the direction of the stores when they were confronted at a bridge over a ravine by forty men under Captain Turner. A sharp skirmish ensued. The British were foiled, and as they returned to their vessels they burned the public storehouses, five dwellings, and a hotel. The property destroyed at Sodus was valued at $25,000. The marauders then sailed eastward, and looked into Oswego Harbor, but Sir James Yeo, their cautious commander, did not venture to go in.

Chauncey was unable to accomplish much with his squadron during 1814. Early in the season he was taken sick, and in July his squadron was blockaded at Sackett's Harbor, and it was the last of that month before it was ready for sea. On the 31st Chauncey was carried, in a convalescent state, on board the Superior (his flag-ship), and the squadron sailed on a cruise. It blockaded the harbor of Kingston, and Chauncey vainly tried to draw out Sir James Yeo for combat. At the close of September Chauncey was in formed that the St. Lawrence, pierced for 112 guns, which had been built at Kingston, was ready for sea, when the commodore prudently raised the blockade and

Opechancanough, brother of Powhatan, was King of Pamunkey " when the English first landed in Virginia. He was born about 1552, and died in 1644. He first became known to the English as the captor of John Smith in the forest. Opechancanough would have killed him immediately, but for Smith's presence of mind. He drew from his pocket a compass, and explained to the savage as well as he could its wonderful nature; told him of the form of the earth and the stars-how the sun chased the night around the earth continually. Opechancanough regarded him as a superior being, and women and children stared at him as he passed from village to village to the Indian's capital, until he was placed in the custody of Powhatan. Opechancanough attended the marriage of his niece, Pocahontas, at Jamestown. After the death of his brother (1619) he was lord of the empire, and immediately formed plans for driving the English out of his country.

Gov. Sir Francis Wyatt brought the constitution with him, and there was evidence of great prosperity and peace everywhere. But just at that time a fearful cloud of trouble was brooding. Opechancanough could command about 1,500 warriors. He hated the English bitterly, and inspired his people with the same feeling, yet he feigned friendship for them until a plot for their destruction was perfected.

Believing the English intended to seize his domains, his patriotism impelled him to strike a blow. In an affray with a settler, an Indian leader was shot, and the wily emperor made it the occasion for inflaming the resentment of his people

OPECHANCANOUGH-OPEN DOOR

against the English. He visited the governor in war costume, bearing in his belt a glittering hatchet, and demanded some concessions for his incensed people. It was refused, and, forgetting himself for a moment, he snatched the hatchet from his belt and struck its keen blade into a log of the cabin, uttering a curse upon the English. Instantly recovering himself, he smiled, and said: "Pardon me, governor; I was thinking of that wicked Englishman (see ARGALL, SAMUEL) who stole my niece and struck me with his sword. I love the English who are the friends of Powhatan. Sooner will the skies fall than that my bond of friendship with the English shall be dissolved." Sir Francis warned the people that treachery was abroad. They did not believe it. They so trusted the Indians that they had taught them to hunt with fire-arms.

A tempest suddenly burst upon them. On April 1 (March 22, O. S.), 1622, the Indians rushed from the forests upon all the remote settlements, at a preconcerted time, and in the space of an hour 350 men, women, and children were slain. At Henrico, the devoted Thorpe, who had been like a father to the children and the sick of the savages, was slain. Six members of the council and several of the wealthier inhabitants were made victims of the treachery.

at its close there were, probably, not 1,000 within the territory of 8,000 square miles. The colony, too, was sadly injured in number and strength. A deadly hostility between the races continued for more than twenty years. Opechancanough lived, and had been nursing his wrath all that time, prudence alone restraining him from war. His malice remained keen, and his thirst for vengeance was terrible.

When, in 1643, Thomas Rolfe, son of his niece Pocahontas, came from England, and with Cleopatra, his mother's sister, visited the aged emperor, and told him of the civil war between the English factions, the old emperor concluded it was a favorable time for him to strike another blow for his country. He was then past ninety years of age, and feeble in body. He sent runners through his empire. A confederation of the tribes for the extermination of the English was formed, and the day fixed to begin the work in the interior and carry it on to the sea. Early in April, 1644, they began the horrid work. The old emperor was carried on a litter borne by his warriors. In the space of two days they slew more than 300 of the settlers, sparing none who fell in their way. The region between the Pamunkey and York rivers was almost depopulated. Governor Berkeley met the savages with a competent armed force, and drove them back On the very morning of the massacre with great slaughter. Opechancanough the Indians ate at the tables of those was made a prisoner, and carried in whom they intended to murder at noon. triumph to Jamestown. He was so much The people of Jamestown were saved by exhausted that he could not raise his eyeChanco, a Christian Indian, who gave lids, and in that condition he was fatally them timely warning, and enabled them to wounded by a bullet from the gun of an prepare for the attack. Those on remote English soldier who guarded him, and who plantations who survived beat back the had suffered great bereavements at the savages and fled to Jamestown. In the hands of the savages. The people, curious, course of a few days eighty of the in- gathered around the dying emperor. habited plantations were reduced to eight. Hearing the hum of a multitude, he asked A large part of the colony were saved, and an attendant to raise his eyelids. When these waged an exterminating war. They he saw the crowd he haughtily demanded struck such fearful retaliating blows that a visit from the governor. Berkeley came, the Indians were beaten back into the when the old man said, as fiery indignaforest, and death and desolation were tion gave strength to his voice, " 'Had spread over the peninsula between the it been my fortune to have taken Sir York and James rivers. The emperor fled William Berkeley prisoner, I would not to the land of the Pamunkeys, and by a meanly have exposed him as a show to my show of cowardice lost much of his influ- people." He then stretched himself upon ence. The power of the confederacy was the earth and died. broken. Before the war there were 6,000 Open Door. See CHINA AND THE Indians within 60 miles of Jamestown: Powers.

Orange, FORT, a defensive work at employed in coast-survey duty, when he Albany, N. Y. In 1614 Captain Chris- was sent to California. He took part in tiansen, who, in the interest of trade, expeditions against the Indians, and, in went up the Hudson River to the head of September, 1861, was made brigadier-gennavigation, built a fortified trading-house eral of volunteers, commanding a brigade on an island just below the site of Albany, of the Pennsylvania Reserves near the which he called Castle Island. The spring Potomac. In May, 1862, he was made floods made the place untenable, and in major-general of volunteers, and ordered 1617 a new fort was built at the mouth to the Army of the Mississippi, where he of the Tawasentha ("place of many did good service while in command at dead"), or Norman's Kill, on the west Corinth. He commanded the 13th Army side of the river. There a treaty of Corps at the siege and capture of Jackson friendship and alliance was made with the and Vicksburg. In the campaign against Five Nations, the first ever made between Richmond, in 1864, he commanded the the Indians and Hollanders. The situa- 18th Corps from July to September, when tion of the new fort proving to be in- he was severely wounded in the assault on convenient, a more permanent fortification Fort Harrison. He commanded the Dewas built a few miles farther north, and partment of Virginia from January to called Fort Orange, in compliment to the June, 1865, and was a participant in the Stadtholder, or chief magistrate, of Hol- capture of Lee's army in April. General land. Some of the Walloons settled there, Ord was brevetted major-general in the and held the most friendly relations with United States army, and commissioned the Indians. Near the fort Kilian Van a brigadier-general, July 26, 1866; and Rensselaer, a wealthy pearl merchant of was retired Dec. 6, 1880. He died in Amsterdam, purchased from the Indians a Havana, Cuba, July 22, 1883. large tract of land in 1630, sent over a colony to settle upon it, and formed the "Colonie of Rensselaerswyck." A settlement soon grew around Fort Orange, and so the foundations of ALBANY (q. v.) were laid. Ord, EDWARD OTHO CRESAP, military officer; born in Cumberland, Md., Oct.

18, 1818; graduated at West Point in 1839, entering the 3d Artillery. He was in the Seminole War, and in 1845-46 was

Orders in Council. On Nov. 6, 1793, a British Order in Council was issued, but was not made public until the end of the year, directing British cruisers to stop, detain, and bring in for legal adjudication all ships laden with goods the production of any French colony, or carrying provisions or other supplies for the use of such colony. The order, which was calculated to destroy all neutral trade with the French colonies, even that which had been allowed in times of peace, was issued simultaneously with the despatch of a great expedition for the conquest of the French West Indies. Martinique, Guadaloupe, and St. Lucia all fell into the hands of the English. The news of the British order produced great excitement at Philadelphia, where Congress was in session, and public feeling against Great Britain ran high. It was manifested in and out of Congress by debates and discussions, and while these were in progress the feeling against the British was intensified by the publication in New York papers of what purported to be a speech of Lord Dorchester to a certain Indian deputation from a late general council at the Maumee Rapids, in which he suggested the probability of a speedy rupture between the United States and Great Britain.

ORDERS IN COUNCIL-ORDINANCE OF 1787

settlement of existing difficulties, but failed. The British minister (Lord Castlereagh) declined to make any stipulation, formal or informal, concerning impressments. The war finally proceeded on the matter of impressments alone. See BERLIN DECREE; EMBARGO ACTS.

Ordinance of 1787. The title of this important act of Congress is "An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio," and the text is as follows:

The British order and Dorchester's States government, after due notice, should speech caused resolutions to be introduced still persist in its non-importation and by Sedgwick, March 12, 1794, into the other hostile acts. Efforts were immeHouse of Representatives for raising diately made by both governments for a fifteen regiments of 1,000 men each, for two years, and the passage of a joint resolution, March 26, laying an embargo for thirty days, afterwards extended thirty days longer, having in view the obstructing of the supply of provisions to the British fleet and army in the West Indies. Sedgwick's resolutions were rejected, but a substitute was passed suggesting a draft of militia. It was proposed to detach from this body 80,000 minute-men, enlist a regiment of artillery, and raise a standing force of 25,000 men. While debates were going on, news came that a second Order in Council had been issued, Jan. 8, 1794, superseding that of Nov. 6, restricting the capture of French produce in neutral vessels to cases in which the produce belonged to Frenchmen, or the vessel was bound for France; also, that no confiscations were to take place under the first order. This allayed the bitterness of feeling in the United States against Great Britain.

In 1807 and 1810 Orders in Council were issued to meet the effects of the French decrees (Berlin and Milan). These remained in force, and bore heavily upon American commerce until after the declaration of war in 1812. Joel Barlow, who had been appointed American ambassador to France in 1811, had urged the French government to revoke the decrees as to the Americans. This was done, April 28, 1811, and a decree was issued directing that, in consideration of the resistance of the United States to the Orders in Council, the Berlin and Milan decrees were to be considered as not having existed, as to American vessels, since Nov. 1, 1810. Barlow forwarded this decree to Russell, American minister at the British Court. It arrived there just in time to second the efforts of the British manufacturers, who were pressing the government for a revocation of the Orders in Council. A new ministry, lately seated, being in danger of the desertion of a portion of their supporters, yielded, and on June 23, 1812, they revoked the orders of 1807 and 1810, with a proviso, however, for their renewal in case the United

Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, that the said territory, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district, subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future circumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it 'expedient.

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, that the estates, both of resident and non-resident proprietors in the said territory, dying intestate, shall descend to, and be distributed among, their children, and the descendants of a deceased child, in equal parts; the descendants of a deceased child or grandchild to take the share of their deceased parent in equal parts among them: And where there shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next of kin in equal degree; and, among collaterals, the children of a deceased brother or sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts among them, their deceased parents' share; and there shall, in no case, be a distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood; saving, in all cases, to the widow of the intestate her third part of the real estate for life, and one-third part of the personal estate; and this law, relative to descents and dower, shall remain in full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And, until the governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and sealed by him or her, in whom the estate may be (being of full age), and attested by three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed,

sealed, and delivered by the person, being in force in the district until the organi

zation of the General Assembly therein, unless disapproved of by Congress; but, afterwards, the legislature shall have authority to alter them as they shall think fit.

of full age, in whom the estate may be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be recorded within one year after proper magistrates, The governor, for the time being, shall courts, and registers shall be appointed be commander-in-chief of the militia, apfor that purpose; and personal property point and commission all officers in the may be transferred by delivery; saving, however, to the French and Canadian inhabitants, and other settlers of the Kaskaskias, St. Vincents, and the neighboring villages who have heretofore professed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them, relative to the descent and conveyance of property.

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, that there shall be appointed, from time to time, by Congress, a governor, whose commission shall continue in force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Congress; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 1,000 acres of land, while in the exercise of his office.

There shall be appointed, from time to time, by Congress, a secretary, whose commission shall continue in force for four years unless sooner revoked; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 500 acres of land, while in the exercise of his office; it shall be his duty to keep and preserve the acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public records of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his executive department; and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings, every six months, to the secretary of Congress: There shall also be appointed a court to consist of three judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a commonlaw jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and have each therein a freehold estate in 500 acres of land while in the exercise of their offices: and their commissions shall continue in force during good behavior.

same below the rank of general officers; all general officers shall be appointed and commissioned by Congress.

Previous to the organization of the General Assembly, the governor shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers, in each county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and good order in the same: After the General Assembly shall be organized, the powers and duties of the magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the said Assembly; but all magistrates and other civil officers, not herein otherwise directed, shall, during the continuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the governor.

For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or made shall have force in all parts of the district, and for the execution of process, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions thereof; and he shall proceed, from time to time, as circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the legislature.

So soon as there shall be 5,000 free male inhabitants of full age in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the governor, they shall receive authority, with time and place, to elect representatives from their counties or townships to represent them in the General Assembly: Provided, that for every 500 free male inhabitants, there shall be one representative, and so on progressively with the The governor and judges, or a majority number of free male inhabitants, shall the of them, shall adopt and publish in the right of representation increase, until the district such laws of the original States, number of representatives shall amount to criminal and civil, as may be necessary twenty-five; after which the number and and best suited to the circumstances of proportion of representatives shall be reguthe district, and report them to Congress lated by the legislature: Provided. that from time to time: which laws shall be no person shall be eligible or qualified to