RED JACKET sions for which were made in international convention at Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 22, 1864, and since signed by nearly all civilized nations, including the United States, which gave its adhesion by act of Congress March 1, 1882; ratified by the Congress of Berne, June 9, 1882; proclaimed by President Arthur July 26, 1882; headquarters, Washington, D. C. The officers of the American organization are: Board of Consultation-The President of the United States and members of the cabinet. In 1900 the executive officers were: Clara Barton, president; Brainard H. Warren, first vice-president; Stephen E. Barton, second vice-president; Ellen S. Mussey, third vice-president; Walter P. Phillips, general secretary; William J. Flather, treasurer. The board of control consists of fifteen members, whose names are, in addition to the above officers: Mr. Samuel M. Jarvis, Dr. Joseph Gardner, Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, Mr. H. B. F. MacFarland, Mr. Abraham C. Kaufman, Gen. Daniel Hastings, Mrs. James Tanner, Col. W. H. Michel. See BARTON, CLARA. Red Jacket (SAGOYEWATHA), Seneca Indian, chief of the Wolf tribe; born near Geneva, N. Y., in 1751. He was swiftfooted, fluent-tongued, and always held great influence over his people. During the Revolutionary War he fought for the British King with his eloquence in arousing his people, but seems not to have been very active as a soldier on the war-path. Brant spoke of him as a coward and not of Christianity, and he was the most inveterate enemy of the missionaries sent to his nation. It was under his leadership that the Senecas became the allies of the Americans against the British in the War of 1812-15, and in the battle of Chippewa he behaved well as a soldier. For many years he was the head of the Seneca nation. He became so intemperate late in life that he was deposed by an act, in writing, signed by twenty-six of the leading men among the Senecas. He died in Seneca Vil- Ark., was ordered to co-operate with the lage, N. Y., Jan. 30, 1830. The name expedition. Banks's column, led by Genof Red Jacket was given him from the eral Franklin, moved from Brashear City, circumstance that towards the close of La. (March 13), by way of Opelousas, and the Revolution a British officer gave reached Alexandria, on the Red River, on the young chief a richly embroidered the 26th. Detachments from Sherman's scarlet jacket, which he wore with satisfaction. In 1792 President Washington, on the conclusion of a treaty of peace and amity between the United States and the Six Nations, gave Red Jacket a medal of solid silver, with a heavy rim, the form of which, with the devices, is seen in the engraving. The medal is seven inches in length and five inches in breadth. Red Legs. See JAYHAWKERS. army, under Gen. A. J. Smith, had already gone up the Red River on transports, captured Fort de Russy on the way, and taken possession of Alexandria (March 10). They were followed by Porter's fleet of gunboats. From that point Banks moved forward with his whole force, and on April 3 was at Natchitoches, near the river, 80 miles above Alexandria, by land. At that point Porter's vessels were em Red River Expedition. At the be barrassed by low water, and his larger ards Shreveport, 100 miles beyond Natchitoches, and Porter's lighter vessels proceeded up the river with a body of troops under Gen. Thomas K. Smith. At that time the Confederates from Texas and Arkansas under Generals Taylor, Price, Green, and others were gathering in front of the Nationals to the number of about 25,000, with more than seventy cannon. So outnumbered, Banks would have been justified in proceeding no farther, but he and Smith, anxious to secure the object of the expedition, pressed forward. The Confederates fell back until they reached Sabine Cross Roads, 54 miles from Grand Ecore, were they made a stand. It was now evident that the further advance of the Nationals was to be obstinately contested. The Trans-Mississippi army, under Gen. E. Kirby Smith, was there 20,000 strong. A fierce battle occurred (April 8), which resulted in disaster to the Nationals. The shattered columns of Franklin's advance fell back 3 miles, to Pleasant Grove, where they were received by the fine corps of General Emory, who was advancing, and who now formed a battle line to oppose the pursuers. There another severe battle was fought, which ended in victory for the Nationals (see PLEASANT GROVE, BATTLE AT). Although victorious, Banks thought it prudent to continue his retreat to Pleasant Hill, 15 miles farther in the rear, for the Confederates were within reach of reinforcements, while he was not certain that Smith, then moving forward, would arrive in time to aid him. He did arrive on the evening of the 8th. The Confederates, in strong force, had followed Banks, and another heavy battle was fought (April 9) at Pleasant Hill, which resulted in a complete victory for the Nationals (see PLEASANT HILL, BATTLE AT). Then. strengthened in numbers and encour during the day, General Birge, with a force of Nationals, drove the Confederates from the ferry, and the National army crossed. Its retreat to Alexandria was covered by the troops under Gen. Thomas K. Smith, who skirmished at several points on the way-severely at Clouterville, on the Cane River, for about three hours. The whole army arrived at Alexandria on April 27. At that place the water was so low that the gunboats could not pass down the rapids. aged by victory, Banks gave orders for an the stream, and after a severe struggle advance on Shreveport; but this was countermanded. In the meanwhile the gunboats, with Gen. Thomas K. Smith's troops, had proceeded as far as Loggy Bayou, when they were ordered back to Grand Ecore. In that descent they were exposed to the murderous fire of sharpshooters on the banks. With these the Nationals continually fought on the way. There was a very sharp engagement at Pleasant Hill Landing on the evening of the 12th. The Confederates were repulsed, and Gen. Thomas Green, the Confederate commander, was killed. Meantime, Banks and all the land troops had returned to Grand Ecore, for a council of officers had decided that it was more prudent to retreat than to advance. The army was now again upon the Red River. The water was falling. With difficulty the fleet passed the bar at Grand Ecore (April 17). From that point the army moved on the 21st, and encountered 8,000 Confederates, on the 22d, with sixteen guns, under General Bee, strongly posted on Monet's Bluff, at Cane River Ferry. On the morning of the 23d the van of the Nationals drove the Confederates across It had been determined to abandon the expedition against Shreveport and return to the Mississippi. To get the fleet below the rapids was now urgent business. It was proposed to dam the river above and send the fleet through a sluice in the manner of "running" logs by lumbermen. Porter did not believe in the feasibility of the project; but LIEUT.-COL. JOSEPH BAILEY (q. v.) performed the service successfully. The whole expedition then proceeded towards the Mississippi, where Porter resumed the service of patrolling that stream. The forces of Banks were placed under the charge of Gen. E. R. S. Canby, on the Atchafalaya, and Gen. A. J. Smith's REDEMPTIONERS-REED troops returned to Mississippi. A strong confronting force of Confederates had kept Steele from co-operating with the expedition. He had moved from Little Rock with 8,000 men, pushed back the Confederates, and on April 15 had captured the important post at Camden, on the Wachita River; but after a severe battle at Jenkinson's Ferry, on the Sabine River, he had abandoned Camden and returned to Little Rock. So ended the disastrous Red River campaign. Redemptioners. From the beginning of the English colonies in America the importation of indentured white servants was carried on. Sometimes immigrants came as such, and were sold, for a term of years, to pay the expenses of their transportation. This arrangement was voluntarily entered into by the parties and was legitimate. The limits of the time of servitude was fixed, seldom exceeding seven years, except in cases of very young persons. In all the colonies were rigorous laws to prevent them from running away, and the statutes put them on the level with the slave for the time. This class of servants came to be known as "redemptioners," in distinction from slaves; and at the end of their terms of service they were merged into the mass of the white population without any special taint of servitude. Even as late as within the nineteenth century a law still remained in force in Connecticut by which debtors, unable to meet claims against them, might be sold into temporary servitude for the benefit of their creditors. Redfield, WILLIAM, C., meteorologist; born near Middletown, Conn., March 26, 1789. Engaging in steamboat navigation, he removed to New York in 1825. He thoroughly investigated the whole range of the subject of steam navigation, its adaptation to national defence, and methods of safety in its uses. He was the originator of the "safety barges," or "tow-boats," on the Hudson River, and first suggested (1828) the importance of a railway system between the Hudson River and the Mississippi. He was a ski ful meteorologist, and first put forth the circular theory of storms. He published sixty-two pamphlets, of which forty were on the subject of meteorology. He died in New York City, Feb. 12, 1857. Redpath, JAMES, abolitionist; born in Scotland, Aug. 24, 1833; was connected with the New York Tribune as editor in 1852; took an active part in the KANSAS (q. v.) troubles. After the war he established a lecture bureau which for a time was very successful. The New York Tribune sent him to Ireland in 1881 to investigate the conditions in the famine district, and on his return to the United States he founded a newspaper called Redpath's Weekly. Among his works are Hand-Book to Kansas; Echoes of Harper's Ferry; Life of John Brown; Southern Notes, etc. Reed, JAMES, military officer; born in Woburn, Mass., in 1724; served in the French and Indian War under Abercrombie and Amherst. In 1765 he settled in New Hampshire and was an original proprietor and founder of the town of Fitzwilliam. He commanded the 2d New Hampshire Regiment at Cambridge in May, 1775, and fought with it at Bunker (Breed's) Hill. Early in 1776 he joined the army in Canada, where he suffered from small-pox, by which he ultimately lost his sight. In August, 1776, he was made a Irigadier-general, but was incapacitated for further service. He died in Fitchburg, Mass., Feb. 13, 1807. Reed, JOSEPH, statesman; born in Trenton, N. J., Aug. 27, 1741; graduated at Princeton in 1757; studied law in London; began practice in Trenton in 1765, and became Secretary of the Province of New Jersey in 1767. He was an active patriot. a member of the committee of correspondence, and, having settled in Philadelphia in 1770, was made president of the first Pennsylvania Convention in January, 1775. He was a delegate to the Second Congress (May, 1775), and went with Washington to Cambridge, in July, as his secretary and aide-de-camp. He was adjutant-general during the campaign of 1776, and was appointed chief-justice of Pennsylvania and also a brigadier-general, in 1777, but declined both offices. Reed was a volunteer in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, and in 1778, as a member of Congress, signed the Articles of Confederation. He was president of Pennsylvania from 1778 to 1781, and was chiefly instrumental in the detection of the ill-practices of General Arnold and in |