capacity seems doubtful and -is is the regular ending of masculine -o- stems in Oscan, so that it may well be simply derived from the numeral, like triarius, etc. It will be noticed that except eikvasia all the words in Umbrian denote measurement and these are just the class of words which we find most frequently borrowed. A strong confirmation of this view is the word ezariaf (Büch. 'escas') IV 28 not denoting measurement, which may very plausibly be regarded as shewing the genuine Umbrian form of the suffix, as in Latin. Stolz considers -āsius and -arius as distinct in origin and -arius may of course in some cases arise independently, but since in some, e.g. nefūsius, we know it did not, there seems no reason for denying the connexion so long as it can be phonetically justified, as in the way I have attempted. The fact that ezariaf occurs on the same document as sestentasiaru surely indicates that one of them is borrowed. Mommsen' calls it 'a Sabine ending.' Bréal', comparing the frequent Oscan endings of names, -asia (Taurasia) -usium (Canusium, Venusia), supposed the loss of an original n as in Lat. formosus, etc. This is possible but perhaps unnecessary. Aequasius and Equasius occur as gentile names on Roman inscriptions3. Apparent exceptions are ander vacose VI b. 47 (= anter vacaze in Ib. 8) ponisiater vi b. 50 (cf. puniçate 1b. 15) and the name of the R. Aprusa in Umbria, Plin. 3. 20, with which De Vit compares Gens Aprusia, also spelt Aprucia, which indicates that here also s was originally a guttural. The names Intercisa, Petra Pertusa are clearly Roman and of course have original ss. 23. The examples of r between vowels not after the first syllable representing original s are as follows. It will be seen that they correspond exactly with z in Oscan (infr. § 29, p. 38). r between vowels representing original s not after the first syllable. 1. Gen. plur. fem. hapinaru I a. 34 and generally. 1 U. I. D. Sabine glossary, s. v. Lebasius Vespasia. 2 Also Corssen, who derived them from -ntia. 3 De Vit gives the reference Mommsen 6769' but this does not appear to denote any volume in the University Library. 2. In verbal forms: staheren Ib. 19 benurent V a. 26 prusikurent v a. 27 pepurkurent v b. 5 eiscurent v b. 10 3. Finals before final rhotacism): funtlere 1b. 24 tuvere II a. 33 fesnere I b. 11. furent va. 22 by 'Systemschwang' procanurent via. 15 a postposition (before the period of ererek III 32, etc. erarunt IV 1, etc. 4. In -es- stems tuderor pass. in VI and VII tuderato VI a. 9 Tutere I. U. M. 7. Perhaps kateramu (caterva) 1 b. 20 and atero VII a. 11, 27. The name Cameria in Umbria as well as Camerinum in Latium is probably to be connected with Cameses a mythical king of Italy mentioned with Janus in Macr. Sat. I. 7. 19. Ameria is doubtful. Nuceria (Osc. Novkrinom) has an original r. 24. I add for convenience all words in which r occurs between vowels at the end of the first syllable. List of words Where they have any obvious cognate with ori ginal r it is added in a bracket. B. indicates that this is done with Bücheler's authority. with r be tween vowels after the first syllable. berus berua passim (Lat. veru B., cf. 'venio': 'benuso'). (1) erar, erahunt pron. pass. erietu II a. 6 (arietem B.). (2) ero(m) gen. pl. pron. vi b. 62. (3) eru erom v a. 27, vII b. 2 ' esse.' erus pass. 'quod dis datur peractis sacris' (Umbr. herio B.). (4) euront vi b. 63 nom. pl. 'iidem.' ferest, etc. pass. (Lat. fero B.). ferime III 17 'gestatorium' (Lat. fero B.). ferine pass. (Lat. fero B., Lat. ferio al.). furu 1 b. 42 (Lat. forum B.). heris heries cet. pass. (also in Osc. herentas, etc. B.). karu v a. 25 (Osc. karo B.). (5) kuraia v a. 5, kuratu v a. 25. maronato I. U. M. 2 (Lat. Maro, Mercurius Marunus B.). naratu naraklum pass. (Lat. narrare B.). nerus vib. 62 (Osc. ner, ȧvǹp B.). nirum II b. 16 (výpιov B.). orer VI a. 37, uru Ib. 14 pron. (Lat. olle B.). per-acne II a. 10, peretom VI a. 27, alia (Lat. per- B.). pure passim, ‘igne,' and vepuratu II a. 42 (πûρ B.). v (6) pure V a. 5, 25, nom. pl. rel. = qui. pora vi b. 65, VII a. 1=quã (=po-ora as Osc. pollad Cipp. Ab. 8 po-ollad, poizad (Tab. Bant.) = poeizad1 B.). = seritu, etc. pass. (Lat. servare B.). (7) surur sururont pass. in VI and VII. turuf 1 b. 1 (Lat. taurus B.). veiro VI a. 30 (Lat. vir, Osc. vereiai B.). veres pass. (Lat. fores B.). Kureties 1 b. 4, Kureiate II b. 3, Coredier VI b. 45 (Sab. Kures). Ner I. U. M. 1 (Nero B.). Peraznane II b. 7 (probably per-). Varie I. U. M. 2 (Lat. Varius B.). R. Nar in Umbria, the town Narnia, not Nasnia. 25. The only words in which r in this position represents an original s are those marked with numerals, namely kuraia, the two nominative plurals euront and pure, the genitive plural erom, and the pronoun ere, pronominal adverb surur and the infinitive erom. Except the first three which do not present any great difficulty, these are just such exceptions as best exemplify the rule. To deal with them in detail: kuraia only occurs in the latest of all the tables va (cf. supr. § 15, p. 19), and it belongs to just the same 1 Cf. Fr. quelle. class of official words as kuestretie uhtretie (kuestr- uhtr-) dequrier all of which would be most naturally borrowed from Latin, as occurring most constantly in the official formulae of the Roman administration. It is extremely improbable that the process of narrowing which has been carried so far in the signification of auctor, quaestor should have gone on independently in two separate dialects, especially in the case of quaestor where the change of meaning connotes a series of constitutional changes in the republic. euront nom. pl. masc. which only occurs in vib. 63 side by side with eam (vib. 16, 24) eo (=eof vI a. 20) eaƒ (vII a. 52) (cf. also iepru (II a. 32) iepi (11 21) eu II a. 2, II b. 9) is the only form in this case which occurs from any pronoun in the Tables except puri pure (v a. b) and porse (VI and VII). The masculine form corresponding to the neuter eu would clearly be *eus which in the later stage of Umbrian would be eur. We might suppose that -(h)ont was simply added to this, but we have the forms erarunt in IV 1 before final rhotacism had begun (no example occurring in III, IV though final s is frequent) and pisi v a. 3, pisher vi b. 41 after it had set in, which shew that as a rule these affixes were regarded as inseparable. The r therefore may be merely due to the engraver under the influence of the uncompounded form *eur as well as of *eruront the nom. pl. properly corresponding to the ablative eriront vib. 48. But we might regard it as an analogy form in real use with no great stretch of probability; it would be an example of 'recomposition,' and arbitrary, as such forms are, by the side of pisi pisher, though we have no such example of the simple pis surviving (except in the compound sopir) as we have of eu eaf cet. pure v a. 25 similarly is either a mis-writing for *pu-rse (as arveitu for *arsveitu, tertu for *terstu, armor for *arsmor) and in 5 similarly mis-written for *pude-a scarcely probable coincidence-or more easily an analogy form for *pusi under the influence of *pur (Osc. pus Cipp. Ab. 8). Corresponding uncompounded forms we have in nom. sing. poe poi VI a. 5 etc. and they must be contained in the nom. plur. masc. porse VI a. 15 (for *por-de or *pos-de1). Some explanation by analogy of this sort is clearly required since it occurs in the same inscription (va) as the form pisi; that the difference between these two is purely phonetic, credat Judaeus. 26. In the Umbrian pronoun or pronouns corresponding to the Latin is ea id, besides forms derived from the eso and ere. stems - and e(i)o- e(i)a- we appear to have double forms with s and r almost throughout. The forms are given in full by Bücheler, Umbrica, p. 192–3. Dative, common to both, esmei esme esmi-k Genitive, Masc. er (?) erer irer ererek Fem. erar, eraront The genitive plural erom (from the stem i-) may either be due to the analogy of the genitive plural of feminine nouns, or be explained as the other forms in r. In ere eso- may we not see an example of a doublet due to sentence accent in pro-ethnic Italic, eso-, accented, as a deictic pronoun, sinking to *ezo-, unaccented, when it was merely anaphoric, which became ere in Umbrian and eizo- (ei in Latin characters =(4) in the Oscan alphabet) in Oscan? There are many illustrations of this kind of differentiation in pronouns, Eng. 1 This de appears to have spread by analogy from the neuter forms, the d originally being the final of the relative. Perhaps also from the old form of the ablative in -d, which was lost except before this suffix (pu-equo is not ablative but instrumental). Cf. Thurneysen's explanation of Lat. idem. |