"Paris Salon, 1895." Corrado Ricci's "Antonio man. Works of kindred topics are: "The Allegri da Correggio" is a richly illustrated Cause of Hard Times," by Uriel H. Crocker, history of the life and times of this great"Wealth and Waste," by Alphonso A. Hoppainter, taken from the Italian by Florence kins, "Railways and Their Employees," by Simmonds. Ossian D. Ashley, and "Anarchy or Government," by W. Mackintire Salter. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE. " The numerous issues of the American AcadThe works under this classification are al- emy of Political and Social Science, the Amerimost exclusively American. "Our Fight with can Economic Association, and The Johns HopTammany" was a detailed account by the Rev. kins University Press are exceedingly valuable Charles H. Parkhurst of the initiative steps in monographs, and relate to economics, politics, the reform movement which in New York City government, philanthropy, etc. Two interesting culminated in a reform government in 1895, works are to be credited to Crowell's Library and was also the inciting cause of a great deal of Economics and Politics. They both have to of "reform" literature. Chief of this class do with crime and criminals. Their titles are are William Howe Tolman's "Municipal Re- “Punishment and Reformation," by Frederick form Movements in the United States," Albert Howard Wines; and "American Charities," by Shaw's "Municipal Government in Great Brit- Amos G. Warner. "The Law of Social Evoain” and “Municipal Government in Conti- | lution ' is a critique of Benjamin Kidd's nental Europe," Noah Brooks's "Short Studies "Social Evolution," by the Rev. Franklin M. in Party Politics" and "How the Republic is Sprague; "Labor in Its Relations to Law" Governed," Edmond Kelly's "Evolution and gathers together four lectures delivered by F. Effort, and Their Relation to Religion and Pol- J. Stimson at the Plymouth School of Ethics, itics," and Cornelison's "The Relation of Re- July, 1895; "The Wealth of Labor," by Frank ligion to Civil Government in the United Loomis Palmer, is of interest to capitalists as States of America." All these works are well as workers; "The Poor in Great Cities" meant to be helpful and suggestive and dis- takes up many apparently unsoluble problems; cuss largely present political problems. "The Judicial Murder of Mary E. Surratt" is a minute review of a powerful theme by David Miller De Witt; and "Marriage a Covenant— not indissoluble" offers the views of the Rev. J. Preston Fugette on this subject. " 44 A few books entirely for the general reader, but full of good sense and good advice, are embraced in Hardwicke's "The Art of Living Long and Happily; " Robert Grant's "The Art of Living;" "Cousin Anthony and I," by Edward Sandford Martin; "First Things First,” by the Rev. George Jackson, and "Side Talks with Girls," by Ruth Ashmore. The third volume was published of the "Writings of Thomas Paine," and the second of "The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King." The unsettled condition of our finances called forth expressions on the subject from leading writers on economics. "The Money We Need" is a short primer on money and currency by Henry Loomis Nelson; the faults of our present currency system, as well as the merits and defects of the various changes that have been proposed for its betterment, are pointed out in Arthur I. Fonda's Honest Money"; | Horace White's "Money and Banking Illustrated by American History" is an exhaustive study of banking development in this country. William H. Harvey, a Chicago man, better known as "Coin" and a free-silver fanatic, created quite a stir for a time with "Coin's Financial School"; this called out a number of works in reply and against "Coin's" theories; the principal ones were Melville D. Landon's "Money, Gold, Silver, or Bimetallism," Edward Wisner's "Cash vs. Coin, "Silas Honest Money's "Base 'Coin' Exposed," Horace White's "Coin's Financial Fool," and Fraser's and Sergel's "Sound Money"; Everett P. Wheeler's Real Bimetallism also takes up "Coin's" position in detail, and is a more elaborate work than any of the foregoing. It is issued in Questions of the Day Series, of which other notable numbers were "" Congressional Currency," by Armistead C. Gordon; "A Sound Currency and Banking System, How It May Be Secured," by Allen Ripley Foote; and "Natural Taxation," by Thomas G. Shear- | Science Series. Imported editions were in the market of the following English works: Volumes 3 and 4 of Henry D. Traill's "Social England;""Law in a Free State," by Wordsworth Donisthorpe; "Essays in Taxation," by Edwin R. A. Seligman; Heredity and Christian Problems," by Amory H. Bradford; "Socialism and Modern Thought," by M. Kaufmann, in Social Questions of To-Day Series; "South Africa," a study in colonial administration and development, by W. Basil Worsfold; “Appenzell," pure democracy and pastoral life in Inner-Rhoden, a Swiss study, by Irving B. Richman; "The History of the Foreign Policy of Great Britain," by Montagu Burrows, and "Local Taxation and Finance," by G. H. Blunden, in the Social THEOLOGY AND RELIGION. the Communion"; "Civic Christianity," sermons by William Prall, rector of St. John's Church, Detroit, Mich., "The Parables and Their Home," by Dr. W. H. Thomson; Dr. S. J. Wilson's "Occasional Addresses and Sermons"; and the Rev. Washington Gladden's 'Burning Questions." Still to be noted are: "As Others Saw Him," an anonymous work having Jesus as its central figure; Mamreov's "Iesät Nassar," the story of the life of Jesus the Nazarene; and Henry Mills Alden's thoughtful and deeply poetical "Study of Death." Those interested in missions are referred to "A Hundred Years of Missions," by the Rev. Delavan L. Leonard; "The Miracles of Missions," by Dr. Arthur T. Here are also included works on philosophy and speculation and church histories. Undenominational works of special importance are less numerous than for many past years. Among American religious publications Dr. Charles Briggs's "The Messiah of the Apostles" is one of the most interesting from many points of view. It is the third in a series of volumes begun in 1886 with "Messianic Prophecy," and may be considered the author's interpretation of the New Testament as regards the essential doctrines of Christianity. Dr. Emanuel V. Gerhart's "Institutes of the Christian Religion," completed with the second volume, deals also with basic truths of Christianity. The Rev. Dr. Satterlee, of Cal-Pierson; and "Modern Missions in the East," vary Church, New York City, aimed to restore old standards of belief with "A Creedless Gospel and the Gospel Creed." The Rev. W. H. Green offers a critical study in "The Unity of the Book of Genesis." "The Christ of ToDay" was the subject of a work by the Rev. George A. Gordon. A collection of essays is embraced under the title of "The United Church of the United States;" the book is from Charles Woodruff Shields, a Princeton professor. The chapters of the Apocalypse with the messages to the seven churches of Asia Minor were interpreted by Dr. Thomas Murphy in "The Messages to the Seven Churches of Asia." | by Dr. Edward A. Lawrence. Relating to church histories are Bishop Perry's "The Episcopate in America," Dr. Robert Ellis Thompson's "History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United States," and Dr. C. C. Tiffany's "History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States." The last two works are volumes in the American Church History Series. From English sources came a work of great importance, the International Critical Commentary; the volumes that have been issued so far are: S. R. Driver's "Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy," G. F. Moore's "Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges," and Sanday's and Headlam's "CritAs appealing to a wide class of readers may ical and Exegetical Commentary on the be mentioned Dr. T. A. Goodwin's "Lovers Epistle to the Romans." In the New 8th Three Thousand Years Ago," an exposition of Series of the 'Expositor's Bible" were isthe Song of Solomon ; "The Elements of the sued Adeney's "Song of Solomon," Dean FarHigher Criticism," by Andrew C. Zenos; rar's 'Book of Daniel," Rev. John Skinner's Black's "Christian Consciousness "-its rela- "Book of Ezekiel," Bennett's "Book of Jeretion to evolution in morals and in doctrine; miah," and Harper's “Book of Deuteronomy." Studies in Theologic Definition Underlying "The People's Bible," by Dr. Joseph Parker, the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds," by F. Palm- begun fifteen years ago, was completed during er; "Practical Christian Sociology," by the | 1895, with the twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts; "The Records and volumes. The Rev. Cunningham Geikie's Letters of the Apostolic Age," prepared by Ernest de Witt Burton to promote the study of the apostolic age. "The Religions of Japan" comprises a series of lectures delivered by Dr. W. E. Griffis in the Union Theological Seminary, New York. Other lectures and sermons that are worthy of mention are: "The Rights and Pretensions of the Roman See," the Church Club lectures for 1894; "Four Periods in the Life of the Church," by Henry Ferguson; "The Unity of the Faith"-the Bishop Paddock Lectures for 1895-by Dr. Robert B. Fairbairn; the seventh series of Bishop Phillips Brooks's "Sermons"; Dr. Flavius J. Brobst's "Make Way for the King"; the Rev. C. Cuthbert Hall's "The Children, the Church, and "New Testament Hours" was increased by two volumes, completing the author's study of St. Paul. A new work on the Bible, “The Modern Readers' Bible," edited by Richard G. Moulton, had its initial volume published during the year; it will embrace a series of works from the Scriptures presented in modern literary form, Vol. I being devoted to "The Proverbs." Added to these are: "The Bible and the Monuments," by W. St. Chad Boscawen; "Dissertations on Subjects Connected with the Incarnation," by Canon Gore; "Christianity and Agnosticism," reviews of some recent attacks on the Christian faith, by the Rev. Dr. Henry Wace; "Thoughts on Religion," by George J. Romanes; and several expository volumes by the Rev. Andrew Murray; Spur Eliza Brightwen; "Introduction to the Study of Fungi," by M. C. Cooke, and "Butterflies and Moths (British)," by W. S. Furneaux. "The Natural History of Plants," a voluminous work in four volumes, was taken from the German of Anton Kerner von Marilaun. geon's "The Soul-Winner," Bishop Carpenter's "The Great Charter of Christ," and James Rendel Harris's "Union with God." Imported religious works were: "Enigmas of the Spiritual Life" and "The Unknown God," by the Rev. Alex. H. G. Craufurd; Bishop Carpenter's "Some Thoughts on Christian Religion"; "The Several books on electricity, such as Park Egypt of the Hebrews and Herodotus," by the Benjamin's "The Intellectual Rise in ElecRev. A. H. Sayce; 'Foundations of Belief," tricity," Philip Atkinson's "Electricity for by Arthur James Balfour; "The Oxford Church | Everybody," and "Electricity for Students," by Movement," by G. Wakeling, and Dr. Cheyne's | Edward Trevert, are worth recording. These "Introduction to the Book of Isaiah." SCIENCE. are from American pens, as are the following From the German came Vol. 1 of "His- kindred lines: Cochrane's "Wonders of Modern tory of Dogma," by Adolph Harnack, Profes- Mechanism"; "The Source and Mode of Solar sor of Church History in the University of Energy Throughout the Universe," by Dr. Berlin; "The Prophets of Israel," popular Heysinger, and A. D. Risteen's "Molecules sketches from Old Testament history, by Pro- and the Molecular Theory of Matter." In the fessor C. H. Cornill, who holds the chair of Contemporary Science Series Otis T. Mason wrote Old Testament history in the venerable Uni- "The Origins of Invention," a comprehensive versity of Königsberg; "The Ancient Egyptian study of industry among primitive peoples. Doctrine of the Immortality of the Soul," set Other studies in heredity and sociology, chiefly forth by Alfred Weidemann, Professor of Ori- | English, that should be mentioned are Romanes's ental Languages in the University of Bonn; "Darwin and After Darwin," Francis Galton's and "Symbolism," from the German of Johann "Finger-Print Directories," W. Dalton BabAdam Mohler. From the French was taken ington's "Fallacies of Race Theories as ApBishop Le Courtier's "Thoughts and Counsels plied to Race Characteristics," and "The for Women of the World." Pygmies," translated from the French of A. De Quatrefages and issued in the Anthropological Besides SCIENCE proper, of which there were Series, and Lombroso's and Ferrero's "The but few examples, physical and mathematical Female Offender," the first number in the Crimiscience, mental and moral science, and educa-nology Series and rich in interesting results of tional science belong under this heading. | investigations in the study of criminal tendenBooks on nature, though numerous, do not make as great a showing as in 1894. The chief ones from American authors are Knobel's little handbooks, including "Ferns and Evergreens of New England," "The Day Butterflies and Duskflyers of New England," and others equally useful; Willcox's Pocket Guide to the Common Land Birds of New England;" Ten New England Blossoms and Their Insect Visitors," by Clarence M. Weed; "Familiar Flowers of Field and Garden," by F. Schuyler Mathews; "Wild Flowers of the Northeastern States," by Ellen Miller and Margaret C. Whit- In Educational Science to be noted by Ameriing; "Birdcraft," by Mabel Osgood Wright; can writers are Albert Bushnell Hart's "Studies "Handbook of Birds of Eastern North Ameri- in American Education"; "Herbart and the ca," by Frank M. Chapman; "Our Edible Toad- Herbartians," by Charles de Garmo, in the stools and Mushrooms," by W. Hamilton Gib- Great Educators' Series; "The Evolution of the son; Dana's "Minerals and How to Study Massachusetts Public School System," by Them;" and "North American Shore Birds," George H. Martin, in the International Educaby Dan Giraud Elliot. Shaler's "Domesticated|tion Series, and "The Psychology of Number," Animals" may also be mentioned here. English | by James A. McLellan and John Dewey, in the writers contributed to this subject: "Bird same series; likewise in this series appeared Notes," by Jane Mary Hayward; "Wayside a translation from the German of Froebel's and Woodland Blossoms," by E. Step; "Sweet- "Pedagogics of the Kindergarten." "The BeScented Flowers," by Donald McDonald; "Sum- ginnings of Writing," by Dr. Walter James mer Studies of Birds and Books," by W. Warde Hoffman, in the Anthropological Series, is a clear Fowler; Lydekker's "Royal Natural History;" exposition and history for the student and sci"Inmates of My House and Garden," by Mrs. | entist. cies especially by scientists of the Italian school. The additions of any importance to Mental and Moral Philosophy were George Trumbull Ladd's "Philosophy of Mind," Horace Fletcher's “Menticulture," James H. Hyslop's "Elements of Ethics," Catharine Aiken's 'Methods of Mind-Training," and Florence Hull Winterburn's "Nursery Ethics." These from American writers, and from the other side: "The Helpful Science," by St. George Mivart, and "A Plea for Simpler Life," by Dr. G. S. Keith. 64 M. M. M. Commenting on these statistics the editor of the Circular says: "Our analytical table of the books published during the last twelve months does not differ materially from similar tables printed during recent years, either in the character or number of the works chronicled. The total issue of 1895 exceeds that of 1894 by some thirty books, the figures being 6516 against 6485. This means that the book trade has pursued a pretty even tenor during the last two years, so that those who pretended to see a remarkable falling off or a remarkable extension in the lists of 1895 were alike mistaken. In our survey of the books of 1894 we referred to the extreme difficulty of distinguishing between novels, tales of adventure, and stories for young people; this year, it will be observed, we class them all together, an innovation which we trust will be for the convenience of our readers. The old form of classification was necsesarily somewhat arbitrary and fanciful, the questions What is a novel? and What a story for juveniles? being such as cannot be answered definitely. The new method, we think, will not perplex or confuse the judgment. . . "Of the merit of the various books published during last year it is difficult to speak. But we may hazard the remark that if there has been but an infinitesimal difference in quantity as compared with 1895 the quality has been exceptionally high. Mr. Meredith has given us of his best, and how good that best is, intelligent students of literature know. Mr. Hardy is also represented by a work of great power. If 'Jude the Obscure' has been the cause of more diverse criticism than any recent book, critics are pretty well agreed that, notwithstanding obvious defects, it is a work of genius. Trilby' properly belongs to 1894, but it was in 1895 that it scored its almost unparalleled success. Mr. W. Clark Russell gave us a story which delighted his multitudes of readers, and showed that to the fire of youth he has added the literary felicity of maturity. Mr. Stanley J. Weyman and Mr. Bret Harte issued stories which at least maintain the vogue of these popular writers. Two works by Mr. Pater gladdened the hearts of his admirers, and also, alas saddened them with the thought that these volumes of studies represent the final fruit of a rich and unique genius. In poetry Mr. William Watson has kept his place, and Mr. John Davidson has gone up a long step. "In general literature there have been the letters of Matthew Arnold and Robert Louis Stevenson, both works of undoubted biographical value. Arnold's letters have perhaps caused some disappointment, and his judgments on contemporaries have been received with a mixture of wonder and resentment. Stevenson's letters, on the other hand, have evoked universal praise. They will add nothing to his reputation as a writer, but they bear lasting testimony to his kindliness of heart, his passion for literature, and his indomitable pluck. These are but a few of the works that might be named to prove that the literature of 1895 has been marked by unusual excellence." BOOK PRODUCTION IN FRANCE ACCORDING to the Bibliographie de la France, the number of books issued in France during 1895 was 12,927, showing a decrease of 80 works, compared with the total of 13,007 in 1894. The number of musical compositions was 6446, or 774 less than in 1894, and the number of engravings, lithographs, and photographs was 1483, or 47 more than in 1894. The French book trade, according to the Paris correspondent of the British and Colonial Printer, “continues to be unhealthy; the scent of the Krach clings round it still. The Publishers' Club-the Cercle de la Librairie is very naturally occupied to find a remedy for this state of things. Germany has its Leipzig fair; why not take a leaf out of that book? The Club will experiment a shadow of that idea. Every year-commencing with the current twelvemonth-it will hold in its rooms, the great staircase included, an exhibition of all the bibliographical novelties brought out during the year, of books, engravings, music, bookbinding, periodicals, and the originals of the designs that served for the illustrations. The show will be opened daily, from December, 1896, to January 5, 1897. Only the outputs of the members of the club will be admitted. The prospects of the scheme are not very bright. People who buy books will hardly make a pilgrimage to the Boulevard St. Germain to have a look at the samples; perhaps, during the gift season, at the close of the year, the show may have a spasmodic attendance. There was a special exhibition of books, and the industries connected with their production, held last year, and it is no secret that sales of volumes were not benefited by the scheme. "The Club idea errs at its base. It fails to recognize that the taste for literature per se has declined, or undergone a profound modifica to tion. The newspaper, the magazines, and the reviews appropriate what is excellent in good books, and the reader has not much time to acquire other than a skim acquaintanceship with a prominent literary subject, and thus very often only second-hand from the lady members of his family. Active men have no time to read; business monopolizes their counted hours, and rest seizes upon the balance. In France, as a general remark, the circulating library is unknown; romances form the literary pabulum for the masses; some journals in the groundfloor part of their pages run as many as two or three stories at once, and all original. Zola is a typical example: he may receive 2000 from a newspaper to publish his novel in a serial or feuilleton form; then he has the right afterward to bring it out in the usual yellowcovered volume. But in this state it is the foreign not the home market that is the consumer. Publishers have themselves blame for the sad condition of trade; their system of advertising is bad, and no recognized authoritative criticism exists. There is no name to conjure with. The theatres have their prince-critics, so have the fine arts, and to a certain extent the natural sciences. Literature has no such resources now. Authors puff themselves, but like the individual who wears a wig no one is deceived but the wearer. Too many publishers expect that when books en bloc are sent for review they are to be advertised as well. The books were the contra. The Club will find it a difficulty to decide what ex*hibits are novelties. The vieux-neuf would kill off any life-germs in the show. The puff has next to choked criticism, and log-rolling has given it the coup-de-grâce. Formerly the bookstalls along the Boulevards were kept open till midnight, now the closing is relegated to curfew hours; plenty of passers-by stopped to look and turn over leaves of books-but bought nothing; that would not pay for extra gas, and yet these stalls are conducted upon the '3d. in the shilling' discount." THE ENGLISH BOOK SALES OF 1895. J. H. Slater in The London Athenæum. THE year that has gone may fairly be regarded as possessing exceptional interest in the eyes of those who follow the records of public book sales. Not only were more libraries dispersed than is usually the case, but the books sold were, as a whole, of higher quality. In place of the long list of familiar volumes which may be looked for year after year with almost perfect confidence, we have a selection of novelties; books remarkable not so much on account of their extreme value as of the infrequency of their occurrence. Almost all libraries brought to the inevitable hammer are formed by collectors, the majority of whom follow the beaten track marked out for them by the fashion of their day, and this is undoubtedly the reason why, although there are many millions of books in the world-twenty million separate publications, according to General Grant Wilson-a select few are met with over and over again, to the exclusion of the majority, which for the time being are practically ignored. These neglected books are, of course, bought and sold, but they excite neither interest nor competition, and thus, whatever intrinsic value they may possess, they are not worth chronicling as evidence of the ups and downs of the book market. A subject of such vast magnitude can only be approached with hesitation, but it is fairly safe to assert that, so far as the vast proportion of books is concerned, it is only when a large number of editions of the same work are brought together that the bulk acquires an importance which would be denied to the units. The great object of the bookman's energy is finality, and though he will assuredly never reach his goal it is his satisfaction to know that it is sometimes possible to come within sight of it, and that his labors are, therefore, not in vain. Last year's book sales furnish several notable examples of this massing of unconsidered trifles and the attainment of most important results from comparatively insignificant material. Another point in connection with the year's sales is the falling away of collectors' "first editions." Exceptional copies still maintain their high standard of value, and exceptional books have still their votaries, but the general ruck of medium volumes of this kind has distinctly and unequivocally declined in popular favor. It is impossible to say as yet whether this is the outcome of some temporary depression, or whether it is because collectors are at last growing tired of books that appeal to the pocket rather than to the head. To answer the latter alternative in the affirmative would perhaps be to assume too much, and in any case there is no question that many, not to say most of these more or less expensive trifles, are bought according to law-which is fashion. At one time considerable interest was manifested in what are known as "limited editions": contemporary poems and essays for the most part, published in very small numbers. That these should have met with evil days is not at all surprising; for no one would publish, for trade purposes, only a hundred copies, or even fewer, of his book, if he could reasonably count on an audience of five hundred. The project, though cleverly conceived, was doomed to failure from the outset, since it pitted the collector, qua collector, against the reader. To make friends with both was perhaps impossible. That the result of the year's sales shows a growing preference for solid literature cannot be doubted after a glance at the statistics. Sixty-four high-class libraries were dispersed in London and elsewhere, and though this number is, as already stated, considerably above the average, yet the books sold were less numerous than they have been for a long time. Notwithstanding this, the average price realized is seen to be higher than ever. The figures show that 45,431 lots of books realized £71,229., giving an average of £1 11s. 4d., as against 1 8s. 5d., in 1894, and £1 65. 7d., in 1893. This analysis distinctly points upward, and the character of the books sold shows with equal clearness that caprice and fancy are slowly but surely giving way before the solid pressure of utility, learning, and the other requirements of genuine bookmen. Extra-illustrated volumes and specimens of antique binding have abounded throughout the year, and the libraries of several notable personages cannot be overlooked merely because they are poor in comparison |