CHAP. XV. Among the numerous scholars of Epicurus the best known are the following: Metrodorus,2 and B. Scholars Polyænus,3 both of whom died before their master; of Epi curus. Hermarchus, upon whom the presidency of the School devolved after the death of Epicurus ;" and Colotes, against whom Plutarch, four hundred years later, wrote a treatise. Many others are also known, at least, by name. The garden which Epicurus in See Fabric. Bib. Gr. iii. 598. They were, no doubt, very numerous. Diog. x. 9, probably exaggerates their number. Cic. Fin. i. 20, 65, speaks of magni greges amicorum. Plut. Lat. Viv. 3, 1, also mentions his friends in Asia and Egypt. In Greece, however, on his own testimony, and that of Metrodorus (Sen. Ep. 79, 15), they attracted little notice. 2 A native of Lampsacus (Strabo, xiii. 1, 19), and, next to Epicurus, the most celebrated teacher of the School. Cicero, Fin. ii. 28, 92, calls him pæne alter Epicurus, and states (Fin. ii. 3, 7) that Epicurus gave him the name of a wise man (Diog. 18; Sen. Ep. 52, 3). Further particulars as to himself and his writings in Diog. x. 6; 18; 21-24; Philodem. De Vitiis, ix. (Vol. Herc. iii.), col. 12; 21; 27; Athen. vii. 279; Plut. N. P. Suav. Vivi. 7, 1; 12, 2; 16, 6 and 9; Adv. Col. 33, 2 and 6; Sen. Ep. 98,9; 99, 25. According to Diog. 23, he died seven years before Epicurus, in his fifty-third year, and must therefore have been born 330 or 329 B.C. 3 Son of Athenodorus, likewise a native of Lampsacus (Diog. 24), a capital mathematician, according to Cic. Acad. ii. 33, 106; Fin. i. 6, 20. Diog. 1. c., calls him ἐπιεικὴς καὶ φιλήκοος; Metrodorus, in Philodem. πepl #apėnoías, col. 6, àñоpleyμarías. Sen. Ep. 6, 6, calls him, Metrodorus and Hermarchus viros magnos. Philodemus, l. c., praises his frankness towards his teacher. A son of his is also mentioned (Diog. 19), whose mother would appear to have been a courtesan. was This individual's name, formerly written Hermachus, appears as Hermarchus in the modern editions of Diogenes, Cicero, and Seneca. The latter form is now established beyond doubt. His birthplace Mytilene, Agemarchus being his father. Diog. 24, gives a list of his books. Epicurus (Diog. 20) describes him as one of his oldest and most faithful friends, in the words: μerà тOÛ OVYKATAYEYnpaKóтos hμîv èv piλoσopią. On his character, see Sen. Ep. 6, 6. According to what is stated in the testament of Epicurus. Diog. 16. Colotes, a native of Lampsacus. Diog. 25. Further particulars about him may be obtained from Plut. Adv. Col. 17, 5; 1,1; N. P. Suav. Viv. 1, 1 ; Macrob. Somn. Scip. i. 2. In particular, Neocles, Chai his testament left to the School' continued after his death to be its external rallying-point for his followers. Hermarchus was succeeded by Polystratus 2 together with whom Hippoclides is also mentioned 3 as president. Hermarchus and Hippoclides were succeeded by Dionysius, and Dionysius again by Basilides. Protarchus of Bargylium and his pupil Demetrius the 5 redemus, and Aristobulus, the brothers of Epicurus (Diog. 3, 28; Plut. N. P. Suav. Viv. 5, 3; 16, 3; De Lat. Viv. 3, 2); Idomeneus, a native of Lampsacus (Diog. 25; 22; 23; 5; Plut. Adv. Col. 18, 3; Strabo, xiii. 1, 19; Athen. vii. 279; Philodem. Tepl #appnoias, Fr. 72, Vol. Herc. v. 2; Sen. Ep. 21, 3 and 7; 22, 5; Phot. Lex.; and Suid. Пúlia kal Ahλia), from whose historical writings many fragments are quoted; Leonteus, likewise a native of Lampsacus (Diog. 5; 25; Plut. Adv. Col. 3, 3; Strabo, 1. c.); Herodotus (Diog. 4 and 34); Pythocles (Diog. 5 and 83; Plut. N. P. Suav. Vi. 12, 1; Adv. Col. 29, 2; Philodem. wepl πappnoías, Fr. 6); Apelles (Plut. N. P. Suav. Vi. 12, 1); Menaceus (Diog. 121); Nicanor (Diog. 20); Timocrates, the brother of Metrodorus, who afterwards fell out with Epicurus (Diog. 4 and 6; 23 and 28; Cic. N. D. i. 33, 43; Plut. N. P. Suav. Vivi. 16, 9; Adv. Col. 32, 7; Comment. in Hesiod. Fr. 7, 1; Philodem. Tepi rappnoías, Vol. Herc. v. col. 20). This Timocrates must not be confounded with the Athenian Timocrates, whom Epicurus appointed his heir, together with Amynomachus (Diog. 16; Cic. Fin. ii. 31, 101). Both the latter were probably pupils of Epicurus. Other names of pupils are: Mithras, a Syrian, an official under Lysimachus (Diog. 4 and 28; Plut. Adv. Col. 33, 2; N. P. Suav. Viv. 15, 5); Mys, a slave of Epicurus, on whom he bestowed liberty (Diog. 21; 3; 10; Gell. ii. 18, 8; Macrob. Sat. i. 11); Anaxarchus and Timarchus (Plut. Adv. Col. 17, 3); Hegesianax (Plut. N. P. Sua. Vi. 20, 5); the poet Menander; and probably Dionysius & μeraOéuevos. 1 Diog. 16. In Cicero's time, the plot of ground was in the hands of C. Memmius, a distinguished Roman, to whom Cicero wrote (Ad Fam. xiii. 1), begging him to restore it to the School. 2 Diog. 25, does not say that Polystratus was a personal disciple of Epicurus, but it seems probable. According to Valer. Max. i. 8, both these individuals were born on the same day, and passed their whole lives together with a common purse. Lysias, according to the older text of Diog. x. 25, was a cotemporary. Diog. 25. The Dionysius referred to can hardly be Dionysius ὁ μεταθέμενος. 5 Strabo, xiv. 2, 20. He is probably the Protarchus whose sayings are quoted by Simpl. Phys. 78, a; Themist. Phys. 27, a. CHAP. XV. CHAP. C. Epi cureans of the Roman period. Laconian,' appear to belong to the second century before Christ; but the time in which these philosophers flourished cannot be established with certainty; and the same remark applies to several others whose names are on record.2 Already, before the middle of the second century B.C. Epicureanism is said to have obtained a footing in Rome. It is certain that it was existing there not long after. C. Amafinius is mentioned as the first who paved the way for the spread of Epicurean doctrines by discussing them in Latin; and it is stated that these doctrines soon found many supporters, who were attracted partly by their merits, 1 According to Strabo, 1. c., Diog. 26, Sext. Empir. Pyrrh. iii. 137, Math. viii. 348, x. 219, Erotian, Lex. Hippocr. Kλayyon. Demetrius was one of the most distinguished Epicureans. Whether a treatise on mathematics in Vol. Herc. iv. is his, or belongs to another Demetrius mentioned by Strabo, xii. 3, 16, it is impossible to say. 2 Both the Ptolemies of Alexandria (Diog. 25); Diogenes of Tarsus (Diog. vi. 81; x. 26; 97; 118; 136; 138); Orion (Diog. 26); Timagoras (Cic. Acad. ii. 25, 80); and also Metrodorus of Stratonice, who went over from Epicurus to Carneades (Diog. 9). According to Athen. xii. 547, a, Ælian, V. H. ix. 12, two Epicureans, Aleius and Philiscus, were banished from Rome, in the consulate of L. Postumius (173 or 155 B.C.; see Clinton's Fasti), because of their evil influence on youth. Although the story is obviously taken from a hostile authority, it can hardly be altogether without some foundation. Plut. N. P. Suav. V. 19, 4, says, that in some cities severe laws were passed against the Epicureans, and just at that time there was a strong feeling in Rome against innovations. According to Cic. Tusc. iv. 3, 6, Amafinius seems to have come forward not long after the philosophic embassy of 156, B.C.; nor is this at variance with Lucr, v. 336. His works made a great impression at the time. According to Acad. i. 2, 5, he pursued natural science, following Epicurus. Cicero then complains of him and Rabirius, qui nulla arte adhibita de rebus ante oculos positis vulgari sermone disputant: nihil definiunt, nihil partiuntur, &c. Conf. Tusc. ii. 3, 7. Cassius, too (Cic. Ad Fam. xv. 19), calls him and Catius mali verborum interpretes. but more often by the simplicity and the ease with which they could be understood.1 2 Towards the close of the second century Apollodorus, one of the most voluminous writers on philosophy, taught at Athens. His pupil, Zeno of Sidon, the most important of the Epicureans of that age, laboured for a long time successfully both orally and by his writings.3 About the same time Phædrus ist heard of in Rome and Athens,1 and at a little later Cic. Tusc. iv. 3, 7: Post Amafinium autem multi ejusdem æmuli rationis multa eum scripsissent, Italiam totam occupaverunt, quodque maxumum argumentum est non dici illa subtiliter, quod et tam facile ediscantur et ab indoctis probentur, id illi firmamentum esse disciplinæ putant. Conf. in Fin. i. 7, 25, the question: Cur tam multi sint Epicurei? 2 Surnamed & кяотúрavvоs, the writer of more than 400 books. Diog. 25; 2; 13; vii. 181. 3 Diog. vii. 35, x. 25, and Procl. in Euclid. 55, say that Zeno was a native of Sidon, and a pupil of Apollodorus; nor can these statements be referred to an older Zeno, instead of to the one mentioned by Cicero. According to Cic. Acad. i. 12, 46, Zeno attended the lectures of Carneades; and since Carneades died not later than 129 B.C., Zeno cannot have been born much later than 150 B.C. If, therefore, Zeno was the successor of Apollodorus, the latter must be placed entirely in the second century. But, this fact is not sufficiently established. Cicero, in company with Attius, attended his lectures (Cic. 1. c.; Fin. i. 5, 16; Tusc. iii. 17, 38), on his first visit to Athens, 78 to 79 B.C.; but this cannot possibly be the same Zeno whom he mentions as living in 50 and 43 B.C. (Ad Att. v. 10 and 11; xvi. 3). Cic. N. D. i. 21, calls him princeps Epicureorum; Tusc. 1. c., acriculus senex, istorum (Epicureans) acutissimus. Diog. x. 25, calls him oλypapos àvýp. From Procl. in Euclid. 55; 59; 60, we hear of a treatise of Zeno, in which he attacked the validity of mathematical proofs. Philodemus' treatise Tepl Tappnolas seems, from the title, to have been an abstract from Zeno. Cotemporary with Zeno was that Aristio, or Athenio, who played a part in Athens during the Mithridatic war, and is sometimes called a Peripatetic, and sometimes an Epicurean (Plut. Sulla, 12; 14; 23). Cicero (N. D. i. 33, 93; Fin. i. 5, 16; v. 1, 3; Legg. i. 20, 33) had also studied under him in Athens, and previously in Rome, where Phaedrus must then have been residing (Ad Fam. xiii. 1). He was old when Cicero had, for the second time, relations with him. According to Phlegon, in СНАР. XV. CHAP. period Philodemus.1 Syro or Sciro in Rome, and Phot. Bibl. Cod. 97, he was succeeded by Patron (Ol. 177, 3, or 70 B.C.) in the headship of the School, after holding it only for a very short time; but this is not a well-ascertained fact. Cicero, 1. c., praises the character of Phædrus. He calls him nobilis philosophus (Philip. v. 5, 13). It was supposed that Cicero's description (N. D. i. 10, 25; 15, 41), and that the fragments first published by Drummond (Herculanensia: London, 1810), and then by Petersen (Phædri... Fragm.: Hamb. 1833), and illustrated by Krische (Forschungen), were from a treatise of Phædrus on the Gods. But Spengel and Sauppe have shown that the Neapolitan editors are right in regarding these fragments as the remains of a treatise of Philodemus Teрl εὐσεβείας. 1 Philodemus (see Vol. Herc. i. 1; Gros, Philod. Rhet. cxii.; Preller, Allg. Encyclo. Sect. 11. Bd. xxiii. 345) was a native of Gadara, in Cole-Syria (Strabo, xvi. 2, 29). He lived at Rome in Cicero's time, and is mentioned by Cicero as a learned and amiable man (Fin. ii. 35, 119; Or. in Piso, 28). Besides philosophic works, he also wrote poems (Cic. In Pis.; Hor. Sat. i. 2, 121). A number of the latter, in the shape of epigrams, are preserved. Of his philosophical works mentioned by Diog. x. 3; 24, no fewer They are known to us But no individual than thirty-six books were discovered in Herculaneum, which have, for the most part, been published (Vol. Herc. iv.). Spengel and Gros have separately edited Rhet. IV.; Sauppe, De Vitiis X.; and Petersen and Sauppe, the fragments repl evσeßeías. 2 Cic. Acad. ii. 33, 106; Fin. ii. 35, 119; Ad Fam. vi. 11. According to Virgil, Catal. 7, 9; 10, 1, Donat. Vita Virg. 79, Serv. Ad Ecl. vi. 13, En. vi. 264, he was the teacher of Virgil. The name is variously written as Syro, Siro, Sciro, Scyro. Somewhat earlier is the grammarian Pompilius Andronicus, from Syria, who, according to Sueton. Illust. Gram. c. 8, lived at Rome at the same time as Gnipho, the teacher of Cicero, and afterwards at Cumæ. 3 Cic. Ad Fam. xiii. 1; Ad Att. v. 11; vii. 2; Ad Quint. Fratr. i. 2, 4. Besides Lucretius, the most important among them are T. Albutius, called by Cic. Brut. 35, 131, perfectus Epicureus (Cic. Brut. 26, 102; Tusc. v. 37, 108; N. D. i. 33, 93; Fin. i. 3, 8; In Pison. 38, 92; Offic. ii. 14, 50; Orator. 44, 149; In Cæcil. 19, 63; Provin. Cons. 7, 15; De Orat. ii. 70, 281), and Velleius, who, as Krische (Forsch. 20) proves, was a native of Lanuvium, and was considered the most distinguished Stoic of his time (Cic. |