He is forced to become a Mussulman, which trains his mental faculties; and to work, which exercises his physical powers. That he is treated with great kindness, and that he need never wholly despair of his freedom, I believe that I can prove.

In Senegambia the slaves are well treated. They work in the fields two thirds of the day, and spend the rest of the day working at robes. If a slave has been ill treated he can change his master, and by cutting off a piece of the ear of a free man or his child, he with his family pass under the domination of the wounded person, and can only be redeemed by his master at an enormous price. It is said that the Al Mami of Dimar was so renowned for his amiable disposition, that little by little he lost both his ears. When the agricultural season is over, the slave may go where he pleases and work on his own account. When he has earned a certain amount of money he can purchase his freedom.

A Mussulman is not allowed to sell his slaves to an unbeliever. It is therefore very certain that when the Mohammedans have conquered Africa the slave-trade will be abolished. Much of its present languor in Northern Guinea must be ascribed to Mohammedan influence. The slaves do not even receive that opprobrious name among the Mussulmans, always excepting the Moors, who are bandits and murderers. "Never say 'my slave,'" writes Ben Hourira, "for we are all slaves of God; but say my servant." In the same manner, among the Portuguese of the Cape de Verd Islands, the word escravo is never used; a slave is always spoken of as familha.

So far from sanctioning oppression, it is expressly said in the Koran, "He who sets his slave free, sets himself free from the troubles of earth and from the pains of hell."

Slavery, or rather servitude, is a necessity in Africa, where, if Alexander's maxim, "Labor is royal, sloth servile," be correct, none are yet free. Sloth is the natural state of man, from which necessity at first, and ambition afterward, alone can free him. In England, how do we treat able-bodied men who go begging about the streets? We put them in prison; we try to make them work. Africa is inhabited by able-bodied men who are not obliged to work by hunger, or need for clothing, and who have not the ambition to desire luxuries. These people, therefore, have been enslaved alike by Christians and by Mohammedans. The Christians have degraded them, have rigidly shut them out from selfimprovement, and have inflicted upon them a thousand cruelties.

FF

The Mohammedans, on the other hand, have elevated them, have educated them, and have treated them with paternal kindness.

Finally, we say that the Mohammedan religion is one of the fire and the sword; that converts to it are made by butchery; that their mosques are raised on the ashes of cities and of men.

But the fire and the sword are those two methods of reasoning by which alone the savage mind is influenced. I have related how a missionary of Corisco pleaded for the life of a witch condemned to death. He argued with them on their barbarous folly with eloquence and with reason. He had done so for twelve years. It was useless. The murder took place. But in Gaboon the commandant threatened to hang the first man who executed a witch; the result of which is, that witchcraft is becoming extinct.

The Jesuits were no fools when they flogged the smith to bring him to his senses. He really believed that he was a deity till his back began to smart. Mere reason is cold and unintelligible to the savage. He must be terrified and awed before his languid nature can be excited to enthusiasm. The fire and the sword are tangible weapons of faith; words appear to him mere shadows.

If Mohammed made converts by fire and sword, did not Moses also? It is certain that, had they contented themselves with remaining preachers, the civilization of the world would have been delayed some considerable time.

Let us judge things by their results. It saves argument. The African pagans and the African Mohammedans may be seen side by side in the same river-the Casemanche. The first are drunkards, gamblers, swine; as diseased in body as debased in mind. The latter are practical Christians.

When I say that they are practical Christians, I mean that they practice those lessons which Christ taught when he was on earth. They are sober, truthful, constant in their devotions, strictly honest; they treat those kindly who are below them; they do their duty to their neighbors.

Now let us aid the Mohammedans in their great work-the Redemption of Africa. Let us not put the cart before the horse, and attempt to civilize the negro first and the Mohammedan afterward. Let us attempt to overcome, as we have already done in a great degree, the jealousy which exists between Mohammedan and Christian; let us abandon our absurd projects of converting

Mussulmans, or rather let us convert them to our arts, our sciences, and our commerce. The interior of Africa is in the hands of the Mussulman. We have only to gain them as our allies to obtain the entrée to its mysteries and its treasures.

Much might be done even now in Senegambia. The French have already governmental schools in which African boys are educated, and in which it is forbidden to interfere with their relig ion. This is a step in the right direction. In time perhaps they might take one higher. They might establish a college in which Fula and Mandingo youths might be instructed in Arabic by their own marabouts, and in the physical sciences by Europeans. I know sufficient of these people to assert that their intellects are capable of profiting by such instruction.

Then, as emissaries of the government, they might be sent into the interior to Mecca, Morocco, and Timbuctoo, by the regular trading routes. Furnished with articles of merchandise, they would return with the produce of the interior, and would bring back also, in a regularly-kept journal, true accounts of unknown Africa; photographic portraits; geological specimens; crania; and other treasures for science. Thus, in course of time, all distrust would be removed, and a firm alliance would be cemented between the French and the Mohammedans.

We, who are fifty years behind our neighbors in Northern Guinea, can do but little there at present. But it is probable that the rich, though now neglected province of Angola will soon be in the market. About the same time there will be a surfeit of negroes in America. With these negroes Angola might be cultivated, polygamy being permitted, and a compulsory servitude. of ten years' duration enforced. During these ten years they should be liberally paid. At the end of that time they will have accustomed themselves to certain luxuries which will therefore have become necessities. A desire to retain these, and the love which rewarded labor itself inspires, will be sufficient to preserve them in their industry.

This vast continent-this new and unknown world-will finally be divided almost equally between France and England.

In Northern Africa, France already possesses the germ of a great military empire. She will ally herself with the Mohammedan powers. With a Mohammedan army she will overrun Africa. She will pocket the Gambia, which she has already surrounded;

annex Morocco; and by planting garrisons in Segou and Timbuctoo, will command the commerce of Northern Central Africa, the gold mines of Wangara, and all the treasures which the Atlas Mountains may afford; while England, pursuing a more peaceful course, will colonize Angola by means of black emigrants, run a railway across to Mozambique, and grow on the table-lands of Southern Central Africa the finest wool and cotton in the world.

Africa shall be redeemed. Her children shall perform this. mighty work. Her morasses shall be drained; her deserts shall be watered by canals; her forests shall be reduced to firewood. Her children shall do all this. They shall pour an elixir vitæ into the veins of their mother, now withered and diseased. They shall restore her to youth and to immortal beauty.

In this amiable task they may possibly become exterminated. We must learn to look on this result with composure. It illustrates the beneficent law of Nature, that the weak must be devoured by the strong.

But a grateful Posterity will cherish their memories. When the Cockneys of Timbuctoo have their tea-gardens in the Oases of the Sahara; when hotels and guide-books are established at the Sources of the Nile; when it becomes fashionable to go yachting on the lakes of the Great Plateau; when noblemen, building seats in Central Africa, will have their elephant parks and their hippopotami waters, young ladies on camp-stools under palmtrees will read with tears "The Last of the Negroes," and the Niger will become as romantic a river as the Rhine.

THE END.

OF

Discovery and Adventure in Africa.

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The amount of travel literature which HARPER & BROTHERS have published relating to Africa makes a curious list, and illustrates the bent of geographical and political examination for some time past. The octavos of Burton, Barth, Livingstone, Du Chaillu, Davis, and a number of other celebrated travellers, form a small library, all the result of the last few years' devotion to African exploration.-N. Y. JOURNAL OF COMMERCE.

Speke's Africa. Journal of the Discovery of the Sources of the Nile. By JOHN HANNING SPEKE, Captain H. M. Indian Army, Fellow and Gold Medalist of the Royal Geographical Society, Hon. Corr. Member and Gold Medalist of the French Geographical Society, &c. With Map and Portraits, and numerous Illustrations, chiefly from Drawings by Captain GRANT. 8vo, Cloth, $3 50.

Reade's Savage Africa. Western Africa: being the Narrative of a Tour of Equatorial, Southwestern, and Northwestern Africa; with Notes on the Habits of the Gorilla; on the Existence of Unicorns and Tailed Men; on the Slave Trade; on the Origin, Character, and Capabilities of the Negro, and of the future Civilization of Western Africa. By W. WINWOOD READE, Fellow of the Geog. and Anthropological Soc. of Lond., and Corr. Member of the Geog. Soc. of Paris. With Illustrations and a Map. 8vo, Cloth. (In Press.)

Du Chaillu's Equatorial Africa. Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa; with Accounts of the Manners and Customs of the People, and of the Chase of the Gorilla, the Crocodile, Leopard, Elephant, Hippopotamus, and other Animals. By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU, Corr. Member of the Amer. Ethnological Soc.; of the Geog. and Statistical Soc. of New York, and of the Bost. Soc. of Nat. Hist. Maps and numerous Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $3 75.

Baldwin's African Hunting. African Hunting from Natal to the Zambesi, including Lake Ngami, the Kalahari Desert, &c., from 1852 to 1860. By WILLIAM CHARLES BALDWIN, F.R.G.S. With Map, Fifty Illustrations by Wolf and Zwecker, and a Portrait of the Great Sportsman. 12mo, Cloth, $1 50.

Andersson's Okavango River. The Okavango River: A Narrative of Travel, Exploration, and Adventure. By CHARLES JOHN ANDERSSON, Author of "Lake Ngami." With Steel Portrait of the Author, numerous Wood-cuts, and a Map showing the Regions explored by Andersson, Cumming, Livingstone, Burton, and Du Chaillu. 8vo, Cloth, $2 50.

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Livingstone's South Africa. Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa; including a Sketch of a Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior of Africa, and a Journey from the Cape of Good Hope to Loando on the West Coast; thence across the Continent, down the River Zambesi, to the Eastern Ocean. By DAVID LIVINGSTONE, LL.D., D.C.L. With Portrait, Maps, and numerous Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $3 00.