cerned, it is rather a large apparatus for comparatively small results. But there are other justifications for the work. For one thing, the lectures and classes in cities within easy reach of the University are a test and a school for work in more distant ones. For another, they help to make the University known to the public. has kept itself very free from this sort of degeneration. It has been conservative about issuing publications, in the absence of such important graduate work and research as might make these of unquestioned merit throughout the university world. It has been shy of the press, partly through unpleasant past experience. It carries this particular conservatism so far, indeed, as to amount to a neglect to take its real place in the eyes of the public. One finds in journals where regular reports are given from the colleges of the country no mention of the University of California, though institutions of perhaps one fifth the wealth and standing are heard from regularly. Books or magazines that publish popular articles on representative colleges of the country receive no reminder from this one that it belongs in the number. The bent and tradition of the University seems therefore a guarantee that the Extension work will not be managed in an advertising spirit, nor carried to an excess. III. This is a motive the University of California - perhaps because of its Yale ancestry has always looked on with caution. It savors of advertising meth. ods, and of the cheapening that befalls an institution of learning too anxious to be "known." To be trying to show itself to the best advantage and planning for public approval, is a dangerous step toward losing that solid and assured honesty that a university must have if anything on earth is to have it. Yet on the other hand, an American university, a private foundation scarcely less than a State one, depends upon the people; and while it must not court their favor by any betrayal of their interests in the way of lowering standards, neither has it a right to too close a seclusion. To distribute its regular official statements and hold its books open to inspec- IN closing these articles upon the tion is not enough: in some way it must State University, which have lengthreach the people to give them knowl- ened beyond my wish or intention, I edge of what it really is and is doing. must first make a few corrections. Two How delicate and difficult a line of be- are as to small points of fact, which I havior a university must draw to do this take the time to mention only in the effectively, and yet sacrifice nothing of interest of accuracy. Mr. Willey did a sturdy reliance upon the fact of its not, as I said, leave New York in work rather than the appearance, one advance of the first steamer to Panama may realize by watching the behavior of and join it at New Orleans, but sailed the various American universities in from New York on that steamer, which this respect, Yale, Columbia, Johns started, with its four young clergymen, Hopkins, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Chi- before the news of the discovery of gold. cago, say. Extension lectures, publica- Doctor Durant did not die at the Berke tion of books and monographs, and pop- ley Club, where he was to have spoken of ular presentation of results through the "Good Time Coming," but was takthe press, are the legitimate and usual en ill there, and died next day. A third methods, and there is not one of them error, which doubtless corrected itself that is not liable to a certain degenera- to readers by its absurdity, was the caretion in the way of trying to make a good less copying down of the number of showing. The University of California tons of rock-72,000 removed from the crest of Mount Hamilton to get standing room for the Observatory, as 72!—a sort of error that fairly flaunts in a writer's face the temptation to say the printer did it. I may have committed other inaccuracies; but my attention has been called to no others. I have been criticised, however, for the statement that the University is "weakest on the side of pure science," and not unjustly, for the phrasing is misleading. The sentence occurs in a rather hasty and cursory glance over the present status of the University, which closes an article intended to be primarily a story of origins; but it should none the less have been more carefully worded. It was far from my meaning to say that the instruction on this side is weak, or even less strong than in other directions. I have every reason to believe that some of the best work in the University is done in pure science. But the organization and equip ment of the University are weak on this side. Certain subjects, indeed,- mathematics, physics, and chemistry in especial have full place in the schedules, a staff of teachers in proportion to other departments, excellent laboratories, and adequate attention in every way; and this because they were regarded at the outset as supplying the theoretic basis on which several industrial sciences rest. Each of the three has in fact developed quite beyond this limited purport, and I was in error in saying that the College of Chemistry is given up to industrial chemistry: on the contrary, assaying, analysis of soils, and the like, are relegated to the Colleges of Mines and Agriculture, where they belong. These sciences, with astronomy, make up what I may call an "exact science" group, and the others, geology, mineralogy, zoology, physiology, botany, may be grouped for want of a better term as "natural history" sciences. The University forces are thus divided: - The largest force in a single branch is in Agriculture. In the Stanford University, out of a faculty somewhat smaller, the technical sciences have 12 men, the exact science group 10, and the natural history group 9; with a good deal more provision of laboratories and museums than in Berkeley. Harvard, out of a faculty not twice as large as that of Berkeley, has more than three times as many men in natural history; and the Chicago University announcements also make that group of sciences prominent. Michigan University, however, gives them less place than is given here; and I do not think that they have hitherto had much attention, on the whole, in systematized instruction in this country. The University of California is not so much behind other institutions in its provision for them, as behind its own in other departments. Two years ago, they had the services of but three men in the faculty. At present, their most serious disadvantage, which they share with all the sciences, except chemistry, outside of the technical courses is that the arrangement of courses tells somewhat against their election by students looking forward to a degree. As I have said, the system of "colleges" fixed in the State constitution is somewhat cumbrous. It protects the University against any dangerous alteration of its general plan by legislatures, but it also makes it hard to keep the expanding and increasing courses free and flexible. The regents have now under consideration the establishment of a new "college," which would not be bound by any constitutional regulation, and could with entire freedom provide for all courses not otherwise provided for. Even now, by a combination of choice of courses, and of elec tion within each course, the student has great freedom of choice in studies; and if the arrangement now talked of be carried out, he will have as perfect freedom as any but the most radical believers in electives could ask. for even this. As for the filling in of the outlines: - Within the colleges at Berkeley, the whole ground of practicable undergraduate study will be covered with a little more increase of force and adjustment of courses. If this were To summarize:-We have thus the all, the increase of funds from the regUniversity, built up of : I. The College of California, a pioneer classical college, created chiefly by New England men, largely under Yale influence, and now represented by the classical course of the College of Letters, and by a certain spirit of liberal learning throughout the institution. II. The Colleges of Agriculture, Mechanic Arts, Mining, and Civil Engineering, making up a school of technology, established by Federal and State patronage, and expanded to a university by the adoption into itself of the classical college. These have carried out their original purpose unaltered. III. The College of Chemistry, a scientific course added later by the legislature without the definite technical purpose; and the new courses, "Literary" and "Letters and Political Science," created by the regents nominally within the College of Letters. These represent really the growth and expansion of the University, the branching of the trunk growing from the two roots. IV. The graduate and research work, now just beginning to rise to importance; and the several forms of outreaching work. These also are growths from the University's self. V. The four professional schools, and the Lick Astronomical Department, acquired by gift and by affiliation, situated at some distance from Berkeley, and all except the Astronomical Department self-supporting. There is thus sketched out an almost complete university system: when the School of Design is added, no important department of learning except theological study will remain unprovided for. It is conceivable that some time the way will clear for a non-sectarian provision ular sources would be enough to keep the University in the front rank in America. But a university now depends more on its graduate than its undergraduate work for its status; and there is no such thing as having a sufficient revenue for graduate work, for this has all the known and the knowable as its province. Besides this insatiable demand, there is need of a special endowment for the Observatory, not less than half a million, and of endowments for all the professional schools, and especially the medical. What will be the future of this university? It stands now fifth or sixth in wealth, seventh in numbers, of Ameri can universities. After his visit here last spring President Eliot, of Harvard, mentioned the University of California in a public address among "five leading American universities." Melvil Dewey, State Librarian of New York, at a learned gathering, said that there would be ultimately four great university centers in this country,-Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Chicago, and the University of California. When such things are said by careful men at a distance, people at home must believe that the prophecy may be fulfilled. Whether it will be, time must show. It will take many years to show whether the Pacific center of university life will finally be at Berkeley or Palo Alto. Some observers say that two really great universities cannot exist near together. The case of Oxford and Cambridge may be quoted to the contrary. In any case, the University of California has already set standards that can not be passed, except by a degree of attainment that will place the State very high in the world of learning. Milicent W. Shinn. A PENINSULAR CENTENNIAL. I. VANCOUVER'S VISIT, IN 1792, TO THE BAY AND PENINSULA OF SAN FRANCISCO. NOTABLE, every way, was the incom- of all subsequent surveys." Some broad ing, that winter dusk in 1792, of the first foreign ship known to have entered the Bay of San Francisco, bearing, in the person of its distinguished commander, the forerunner of the Teuton civilization and empire which was to have its seat on the waters of this "mar mediteraneo." Especially true is this to that historical student who touches his material not as debris, to be sorted and labeled, but as clay, and this not of the brickmaker but of the sculptor, interpreting a thought not his own. The narrative runs easily. On April 1, 1791, the young Lieutenant George Vancouver, then but thirtythree years old, set sail in his sloop-ofwar, Discovery, for a voyage of exploration in the Pacific seas, which he had twice visited as a member of Captain Cook's party. After visiting and surveying portions of Australia and New Zealand he set out for the north-west coast of America. It was in April of 1792 that he sighted California, just south of Cape Mendocino. Two hundred and fourteen years had elapsed since his countryman Drake had visited these shores, taking possession of them in the name of his queen, Elizabeth, and giving to them the name of New Albion, which Vancouver is careful always to use. Proceeding northward the young explorer surveyed the coast with minute care to a point north of the island now bearing his name, and whose insularity he was, I believe, the first to prove. It was exactly two hundred years after the discovery of the island by Juan de Fuca. lines had remained to be drawn, others wholly re-drawn, and some amazing ones to be erased. Of these, notably, were the lines, drawn with some detail, of the mythical Straits of Anian, assumed to connect, on the latitude of the Great Lakes, the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, thus forming the water-way to Cathay which Columbus had sought just three hundred years before. Thus dissolved the dream, sublimest in its results of all illusions of men, of three centu.ries. (Winsor, however, states that it lingered in some minds so late as 1806.) An international incident at Nootka Island gives color to Vancouver's subsequent visit to the Spanish settlement. At that place he met Señor Quadra, with whom he attempted a solution of certain problems concerning territorial and trading rights claimed by Spain. Their negotiations reached no conclusion other than a reference of the whole matter to a convention of their governments; but in this intercourse, that were so easily productive of animosities, was begun a generous friendship which was afterward so to advantage the one and embarrass the other. And now on November 15, 1792, the Discovery rounded Point Reyes, and came into view of the broad sweep of coast line fronting the Farallon Islands, and long known as the Port of San Francisco. In this open bay, or bight, several indentations were observable, one of which the young explorer knew to open into the newly found San Francisco Bay. That this noblest of American harbors should have remained so long unVancouver's work "formed the basis discovered - assuming that it is not the "convenient and fit harborough" in which Drake careened his ship—is one of the remarkable facts of Western his tory. Drake was for a month in the outer port, or its near vicinity, and Viscaino seems to have anchored there. The long concealment of the great bay may be due to man's inadvertence, or, as Padre Palou affirmed, to the gracious advertence of God in answer to the prayers of St. Francis of Assisi, for whom the divine hand had veiled the gateway possibly and literally in foguntil the fullness of the times. The times were full when in 1769 the nameless deer hunters of Portola's party, of which Palou was a member, from the summit of the Santa Morena hills discovered the great "braza de mer." But on this winter day no eye of European-if Drake's had not-had rested upon these noble waters. On this memorable evening a mounted courier kept watch at the Heads, for the coming of the English ship had been announced. Her sail was seen in the twilight; the courier hastened to the Presidio. One of the two small cannons was loaded, and as, in the deepened dusk, the Discovery passed by she was saluted; the comandante not having, as on a later occasion, to send on board the visiting ship to borrow the needed powder. Sailing past the Presidio, without observing it, the sloop dropped anchor in a cove clearly identified as that of Yerba Buena. This cove is now wholly effaced, being filled in and forming the waterfront and much of the wholesale quarter of San Francisco. Vancouver's journal of the next day reads: "Thursday morning, Nov. 15, we discovered our anchorage to be in a most excellent small bay. . . The herds of cattle and flocks of sheep grazing on the surrounding hills were a sight we had long been strangers to, and brought to our minds many pleasing reflections. These indicated that the residence of their proprietors could not be far remote, though we could perceive neither inhabitants nor habitations." Vancouver was not without his prescience of the future of the bay; but how hardly could he have pictured on the mud-flats and sand-hills of this cove in this remote land the great Englishspeaking city that fronts the British warship that anchors there now! So late as 1833 this marsh and the barren hills above it remained as he saw them. At that date "there was not a single inhabitant of what is now known as the city and county of San Francisco, outside of the Presidio and the Mission." (Davis: "Sixty Years in California.") His journal continues: "On hoisting the colors at sunrise a gun was fired, and a little time afterward several people were seen on horseback, coming from behind the hills down to the beach, who waved their hats and made other signals for a boat, which was immediately sent to the shore, and on its return I was favored with the good company of a priest. of the order of St. Francisco, and a sergeant in the Spanish army." This sergeant, wearing perhaps the leather armor then and there in use, was the doughty Amador, a Miles Standish of these Western Pilgrims, whose sword effectively aided the crucifix of the padres in their dealings with the uncircumcised. The greetings of the father and the sergeant were most cordial, the former declaring that it "would be conferring on them all a peculiar obligation to allow them to be serviceable," and the Sergeant announcing that, "in the absence of the commandant, he was directed to render us every accommodation the settlement could afford.” tended them on shore after breakfast, when they embraced the earliest opportunity of proving that their friendly expressions were not empty professions, by presenting me with a very fine ox, a sheep, and some excellent vegetables. The good friar, after pointing out the 66 |