the inferior Orders, both having been Scotch Presbyterians; but it was overruled, and they were first ordained Deacon and Priest, lest the contrary course might imply the validity of the Presbyterian ministry.

39. The 10th Canon of the Council of Sardica forbids all such Ordinations, per saltum, originally allowed; the custom soon was so abused by Rome and its imitators, that it became prudent to limit it.

Pagi says, "Gregory VII. is the first Roman Pontiff, taken. from the Order of Deacons, whom we know to have been ordained Presbyter before he could be ordained Pontiff, whilst many before him, the grade of Presbyter being omitted, were honored with the Pontifical consecration, per saltum.

40. Photius, (A. D., 858,) of Constantinople, to avoid the imputation of not coming to his Bishopric regularly, was, on the first day, made a Monk, on the second, a Reader, on the third, a Sub-Deacon, on the fourth, a Deacon, on the fifth, a Priest, and on the sixth, a Bishop.

41. Bishop Bull was made Deacon and Priest in one day, at the age of 21, by a Bishop Robert Skinner of Oxford, who was then deprived, and acting as Rector of a Parish,-the only Bishop who conferred Orders during the usurpation.

42. Bishop Jeremy Taylor and Archbishop Usher were both Ordered before the age of 21; and Archbishop Sharp was Ordered Priest under the canonical age.

43. As regards the titles and designations accorded to Bishops, it is curious and interesting to know, that nearest to the Apostles' day, no designation was more common to all the Bishops than "Apostles." Afterwards, the Bishops themselves thought it honorable enough to be called "Successors of the Apostles." Every See was called an "Apostolic See," which in those days was not a peculiar title of the See of Rome. Bishops were also called "Fathers," and "Pontiffs," and "Vicars of Christ," and the like; titles of honor and reverence, in which all had as much interest as he who has since laid exclusive claim to such designations, and degrades his Bishops to the mere rank of "Vicars of the Holy See," holding their mission at his will and pleasure.

44. Although Bishop Seabury was the first Canonical Bishop of the American Church, it is known that there were two Anglican Bishops in this country before his day, viz: Bishops Robert Welton, (consecrated 1723,) and John Talbot, (consecrated at the same time,) the former by one Bishop of the nonjurors, Ralph Taylor, and the latter by Bishops Taylor and Welton. Both these Bishops exercised Episcopal offices in America, though privately, for fear of the authorities; Bishop Welton residing in Philadelphia, and Bishop Talbot, at Burlington, N. J. They are known to have worn the mitre and Episcopal robes, even in their private Offices. All was considered uncanonical, inasmuch as these Bishops acted, not as Suffragans, but in contravention of the authority of our then Diocesan, the Bishop of London. Talbot died in 1727, and was buried in the churchyard of St. Mary's, Burlington, N. J., of which he was Rector, and Welton retired to Portugal, where he died, in 1726, having previously been Rector of Christ Church, Philadelphia.

45. Bishops Seabury and Claggett also wore the mitre in their public Offices; the mitre of Bishop Seabury is yet preserved in the Library of Trinity College, Conn.

46. The last of the non-juring Bishops was Charles Boothe, (1795-1805.) The crozier, which had been used by many of them in succession, is preserved in the family of Crossley, of Scaitcliffe, near Todmorden.

47. With regard to the "Nag's Head Consecration," from which, as some think, all our present Orders are, through Archbishop Parker, derived, it may be worth while to know another fact. There is not a Bishop, Priest or Deacon, of the English, Scottish, or American Churches, who cannot trace his Orders back to the Apostles through other lines than that of Archbishop Parker. This happens through the intervention of an Italian Archbishop, (De Dominis,) who in 1617 united with English Prelates in Consecrations; and also of an Irish Archbishop, (Hampton,) in 1616, and again of an Irish Bishop, (Fuller,) who in 1667 united in consecrations of English Bishops. It thus happened that a century ago and more, every Bishop in England was enabled to trace his Episcopate independently of the Parker line.

ART. III.-COOPER AND HIS NOVELS.

Darley's Illustrated edition of COOPER'S Novels. In thirty-two Volumes. New York: W. H. Townsend & Co.

THE new and beautiful edition of Cooper's Novels, now nearly completed, by Messrs. Townsend & Co., gives us an occasion, which we have long desired, to lay our hearty tribute upon the altar of his memory. He has done so much for his country's Literature, he saw so distinctly the narrow prejudices of the times in which he lived, he described so clearly and fearlessly the dangers to which, in the practical workings of our Government, our Institutions are exposed, and in which, alas, they are now threatened with remediless ruin; nay, more, as a Christian Moralist, he was so loyal to those great principles which the Church holds and teaches, that he richly deserves, on the pages of our Review, to be named with honor, and to be commended to the attention of the American people. It is not, however, as a Moralist that we are now to regard Mr. Cooper, though, we are glad to say, that in all his writings we have not found a line that would cause a blush upon the cheek of the most pure and refined. Neither, as Church Reviewers, shall we dwell upon the heroism with which he dared to plant himself upon the Christian Faith, as the only true fountain of Social Reform. We have here, undoubtedly, one secret of that bitter opposition, from a certain portion of the press, with which, in his later years, he was obliged to contend. There is another respect, also, in which Cooper's works merit the regard of Churchmen. Himself a Churchman by birth and education, he never hesitated, from a time-serving policy, to express the unscriptural authority and the true character of religious pretensions, which, in his day, were far more bold and intolerant than they are now. Thus in "The Sea Lions," he uses the lancet in the following style.

"There are two great species of deacons-one species belongs to the priesthood, and become priests and bishops; passing away, as priests and bishops are apt to

do, with more or less of the savor of godliness. The other species are purely laymen, and are sui generis. They are ex officio, the most pious men in a neighborhood, as they sometimes are, as it would seem to us, ex officio, also the most grasping and mercenary,"-p. 16. "Deacon Pratt had all the usual sectarian terms at the end of his tongue; never uttered a careless expression; was regular at meeting; apparently performed all the duties that his church required of its professors, in the way of mere religious observance; yet was he as far from being in that state which St. Paul has described succinctly as 'for me to live is Christ, and to die is gain,' as if he had been a Pagan.—p. 50.”

Our present object, however, is to notice briefly some of his writings, to advert to some traits in his character, and to give a few of our own personal recollections of him.*

Every reader of the "Pioneers" is familiar with Cooperstown and the rich forest scenery of Otsego Lake. One thing is wanting, however, to complete the picture of fifty years ago: a gray-eyed, dark-haired, ruddy boy, nimble as a deer and gay as a bird. Cooper was but an infant when he was first carried to Cooperstown. His birthplace was Burlington, New Jersey, where he first saw the light on the 15th of September, 1789, and the little village, which was to be the home of his boyhood and his final resting-place, had been built by his father only three years before. Judge Templeton has always been supposed to be an outline sketch of that gentleman, and the "Pioneers" tells us what kind of a life was led in this home which he had made for himself in the wilderness. Perhaps the love of the water which led Cooper to the Navy, was first imbibed on the Otsego, and the associations with which he has invested old ocean for so many minds, would thus be owing, in part, to a quiet little lake among the hills. Never was the "child" more truly "father of the man" than in Cooper.

At thirteen he entered Yale; too young, if that favorite institution had been what it is now, but yet old enough to prove himself an apt and ready scholar. The poet Hillhouse was in the same class, and younger than he. Dr. Dwight was then President, with a well-won reputation as a teacher, which has already outlived his claims as a poet. It would be interesting to know how the stripling, who was to become one of the real

"We refer the reader to a work which has already been reviewed in our pages; Biographical Studies. By George Washington Greene. New York: G. P. Put1860."

nam.

founders of American literature, looked and felt in the presence of one of its earliest votaries. The young poet was something of a rogue, the old one not a little proud of his position; and it is difficult to withstand the temptation of indulging the fancy in some amusing scenes between them; the culprit looking straightforward with a funny mixture of drollery and indefinite dread of consequences in his clear, gray eye, and the old doctor bolt upright in his chair, with a thunder-cloud on his brow, and measuring out his oppressive sentences with Johnsonian dignity. The only recorded expression, as far as we know, of Cooper's opinion of the poetical merits of his old master, is his answer to Godwin's reference to the "Conquest of Canaan" and "Vision of Columbus" as the only American poems that he had ever heard of,-"Oh, we can do better than that now."

College then as now, and perhaps even more than now, was the path to one of the learned professions; and Cooper, whose tastes led him to seek for a more adventurous career, left it in his fourth year for the Navy. There were no schools in our Navy then, and it was common for the young candidate for nautical honors to make a voyage before the mast in a merchantman, by way of initiation; a custom which Cooper, in looking back upon his own course from an interval of forty years, is far from approving. In his case, however, few will regret it. It was his first intercourse with sailors, his first initiation into the hardships and enjoyments, the pains and the pleasures of sea-life, which he surely could never have painted so truthfully but for that year and a half in the forecastle.

It was in a round jacket and tarpaulin that the future guest of Rogers and Holland House first set his foot on English ground, his imagination glowing with the recollection of all that he had heard and read of her power and glory, and his heart thrilling with the thought that this was the land of his fathers. He was soon at home in London, ran through the usual round of sights, peered from under his tarpaulin at the wonders of the Tower and the beauties of the "West End," and in the evening, amused the forecastle with tales and descriptions from the scenes of his day's ramble.