The Mughal Conquests.-The Kings of Hind. In the space of twelve years the Mughals conquered every country, and nowhere were rebellion and turbulence left unrepressed. Having reached a place where they saw men with the limbs of beasts, and knew that there could be no habitation beyond it, they returned to their own country, bringing the kings of various countries with them, who presented their offerings of allegiance. Búkú Khán honoured all of them according to their respective ranks, and sent them back to their own countries; but he would not allow the king of Hind to come on account of his filth and ugliness. Changiã Khán in Bokhard. Next day, the Imáms and elders of the city of Bokhárá went to do homage to Changíz Khán,1 and he came within in order to see the town and fort. He entered the Jámi' Masjid and stood before the archways. His son, Túlí Khán, was on foot, and ascended the pulpit. Changíz Khán enquired, "Is this the palace of the Sultán ?" They replied, "It is the house of God." He then dismounted, and ascended two or three steps of the pulpit, and exclaimed, "The country is denuded of forage, fill my horses' bellies." They opened the granaries which were in the city, and brought the corn. They brought forth the chests which contained the Kuráns into the area of the mosque, and scattered the books about, converting the chests into horsetroughs. They circulated their flagons, and the courtesans of the city were sent for to dance and sing, and the Mughals raised their own voices in response. The Imáms, doctors, Saiyids, 1 The usual way of pronouncing his name in India is Changez Khán, but perhaps Chingíz is more correct, for D'Ohsson, who spells the name " Tehinguiz," says it is derived from "Chink," strong, and "guiz," the plural particle.-Histoire des Mongols, Tome I. p. 99. On his coins, moreover, the last syllable is not prolonged. -See Journ. R. A. S. Soc., Vol. IX. p. 385. 2 European travellers of this period are not complimentary to their musical talents. scholars, and priests, were appointed to take charge of the quadrupeds, being singled out for that special duty. After one or two hours, Changíz Khán arose to return to his camp, and the others also departed, after the leaves of the Kurán had been kicked about in the midst of impurities.1 One of the inhabitants fled to Khurásán after these transactions. They enquired of him the state of Bokhárá. He replied "The Mughals came, dug, burnt, slaughtered, plundered, and departed." A knot of learned men who heard him unanimously declared that it would be impossible to express any sentence more concisely in Pársí. The cream and essence of whatever is written in this volume might be represented in these few words. Changiz Khan's Pursuit and Defeat of Sultán Jalálu-d din. Changíz Khán detached a portion of his army, fully equipped, from Tálikán, against Sultán Jalálu-d dín, and when he heard of his still further successes, he himself marched with such expedition that there was no difference between night and day, and no time for cooking food. On his reaching Ghazna, he ascertained that the Sultán had left it fifteen days previous, for the purpose of crossing the river Sindh, so he appointed Yelwáj with his contingent to the charge of Ghazna,2 and himself hastened like a cloud-impelling wind in pursuit of him. He came up with the Sultán on the bank of the Sind, and hemmed him completely in with his army, several curves extending one behind another like a bow, of which the river was the Simon de Saint-Quentin says, "Cantibus vel potius ululatibus." The Dominican, Vincent de Beauvais, says, "Tartari, modo interrogativo, clamoroso, loquuntur, gutture rabido et horribile. Cantantes mugiunt ut tauri, vel ululant ut lupi, voces inarticulatas in cantando proferunt.”—Vincentius, Speculum Historiale, lib. xxxi. p. 54, and lib. xxix. c. 71, ap. D'Ohsson. 1 Compare D'Ohsson, Histoire des Mongols, Tom. I. p. 230; Price, Mahomedan History, Vol. II. p. 401; Modern Univ. Hist., Vol. IV. p. 125; De la Croix, Hist. Genghis Can, p. 212. 2 The Rauzatu-s safa says he was appointed Dárogha. Yelwaj means an ambassador in Turki. Respecting him see D'Ohsson, Vol. II. p. 193. string. Changíz Khán ordered his troops to advance, and enjoined that every attempt should be made to take the Sultán alive. Chagtáí and Ogtáí1 also arrived to his support from Khwarizm. When the Sultán saw that it was a time for exertion and action, he prepared for fight with the few men he had under him ; galloping from the right to the left wing, from the left to the centre, and making furious onslaughts. But the army of the Mughals made good their advance by degrees, narrowing the field of battle and the opportunity of escape, while the Sultán was fighting like an angry lion. In every direction that he urged his steed He raised dust commingled with blood. Orders were again issued that they should take him prisoner, and the army refrained from wounding with spear and arrow, in their anxiety to carry the commands of Changíz Khán into effect. Jalálu-d dín himself maintained his ground, and, mounting a fresh horse that was brought to him, made one more charge, and then retreated like the wind and like a flash of lightning upon water.2 When Changíz Khán saw that the Sultán had dashed into the river, and that the Mughals were anxious to follow him, he prevented them, and placing his hand in his mouth through excess of astonishment, exclaimed to his sons: This is one whom you may indeed call a man! A true fighting elephant to tooth and marrow!" Where the Sultán went like a Rustam on his way. All his followers who were not drowned in the river were put to the sword, and the ladies of his household and his children were brought to Changíz Khán. He ordered with respect to all "Ogtáí," in the Mongol language, signifies ascent or exaltation. 2 The Mod. Univ. History says that Changíz Khán lost twenty thousand men in this action. Or, "trunk and branch." • D'Ohsson attributes these words to Juwainí-" Persons who were witnesses of this event have told me that so many Khawarizmians were slain, that the waters were red for the distance of a bow-shot." I cannot find the passage. the males, even down to those who were sucklings, that the nipple of death should be placed in the mouth of their life, and that their bodies should be left to be devoured by crows.1 As all the property and wealth of the Sultán had been thrown that day into the river by his orders, Changíz Khán directed divers to search for it, and bring out what they could. This transaction, which was one of the wonders of the time, took place in Rajab, of the year 618 H., in accordance with the proverb, "Wonders occur in Rajab." Changíz Khán, after the battle marched to the banks of the Jíhún (Indus), and sent Ogtáí to Ghazna. On his arrival they proffered their submission. He ordered all the inhabitants to be brought out into the plain and counted, and, after selecting artizans from among them, he ordered all the rest to be slain. He also destroyed the city, and Ogtáí returned towards Hirát, after burying the slain. The Mughals winter in Hindustán, and return. The governor of Chaghtaí was left on the borders of Kirmán. He went in pursuit of the Sultán, and as he could not find him, he fixed his winter quarters in the plains of Hindustán. the country in which he cantoned himself was Sálár Ahmad, who bound the girdle of obedience round his waist, and provided all the supplies he could for the use of the army. On account of the pestilential air most of the army fell sick and lost their strength, and as they had many slaves with them, having added to their number while encamped there (insomuch that to every tent there were as many as ten or twenty, who were engaged in pre- ́ paring rice and other things for the use of their masters), and as the climate of the country agreed well with their constitutions, 1 Muhammad of Nessa says that the Sultán was beseeched by his ladies to slay them, and preserve them from captivity, and that he drowned them. D'Ohsson observes that no other author mentions this. 2 The name of the place mentioned in the original cannot be identified. It bears most resemblance to "the hills of Lahúr, which is a city." It will be observed from the corresponding passage from the Rauzatu-s safá, hereafter given in a note, that it is there called "Kálinjar on the Sind." That it was somewhere in the plains is evident. [See note in the Appendix on Sultán Jalalu-d dín.] Changíz Khán1 gave orders that in every tent every captive should prepare and clean five hundred mans of rice. All expedition was made, and within one week they ceased from that labour. He then issued orders that every prisoner in camp should be slain, and the next morning not a trace of captives or Hindús remained. He sent ambassadors to all the princes of that country, and they submitted. One was despatched to the Ráná, and he was at first well received, but was afterwards crucified; upon which an army was sent against the Ráná, and he was taken. An army was also sent to besiege Aghrák, in the fort in which he had taken refuge. When the army had recovered its health, thoughts of return were entertained, in order that by way of Hindustan they might reach the country of Tangút. They advanced some marches, and when they found there was no road, they came back again, and went to Fersháwar (Peshawar), and employed themselves in returning by the same road which they came. * The reason of their expediting their return was that intelligence was received that Khítá and Tangút had exhibited signs of disaffection, in consequence of Changíz Khán's prolonged absence. Capture of Bhera, and retreat from Multán. When Chaghtái returned without finding the Sultán, Changíz Khán despatched Túrtáí3 with two túmáns of Mughals, to 1 It would appear, therefore, that Changíz Khán entered India, unless he issued these orders from some other spot; but it is not easy to tell precisely what were his own proceedings immediately after the battle on the Indus. 2 Some say "Tibet." The Bahru-l Buldán also says "Tangút." "Several thousand horsemen crossed the Sind in pursuit of Jalálu-d dín, and went thence to Multán and ravaged that country and Loháwar, but as they could not remain there on account of the unhealthiness of the climate, they returned to Changíz Khán by way of Ghazna. Changíz took up his quarters at Mata Kathor, but not being able to remain there on account of the badness of the air, he attempted to reach Tangút by way of Hindustán; but after going two or three marches, and finding no road, he went by way of Bámián to Samarkand." 3 D'Ohsson says "Bela and Tourtáí," and that the places plundered were Lahore, Multán, Peshawar, and Malikpúr. Miles says, "Doormur, Bakshi, and Bala |