46 he made a tour on foot in Europe, of the age of twenty years, but, having a which he published (1846) an account in good education, rose from the position of Views Afoot. In 1847 he went to New York and wrote for the Literary World and for the Tribune, and in 1848 published Rhymes of Travel. In 1849 he be

BAYARD TAYLOR.

a day laborer in an iron foundry to the station of clerk, and finally married his employer's widow and acquired a handsome fortune. For five consecutive years he was a prominent member of the Pennsylvania Assembly, and in 1770 was made judge of the Northumberland county court. He was elected to Congress July 20, 1776, and signed the Declaration of Independence on Aug. 2. He died in Easton, Pa., Feb. 23, 1781.

Taylor, JAMES WICKES, author; born in Starkey, N. Y., Nov. 6, 1819; graduated at Hamilton College in 1838; admitted to the bar and practised in Ohio in 184256; special United States treasury agent in 1860-70; and United States consul at Winnipeg, Canada, in 1870–93. His publications include History of Ohio; First Period, 1620-1787; Manual of the Ohio School System; Reports to Treasury Department on Commercial Relations with Canada; Alleghania, or the Strength of the Union and the Weakness of Slavery in the Highlands of the South, etc. He died in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, April 28, 1893. Taylor, JOHN, Mormon; born in Winthrop, England, Nov. 1, 1808; went to Toronto, Canada, in 1832; was there converted to Mormonism by the preaching of Parley D. Pratt in 1836; was made an apostle in 1838 and settled in Missouri. He was with Joseph Smith when the latter was killed, and was himself shot four times. He represented Utah Territory in Congress. In 1877, on the death of Brigham Young, he was elected president of

came owner of a share in the Tribune, and was one of the shareholders at the time of his death. After serving two months as the secretary of the American legation at Shanghai, he joined the expedition of Commodore Perry to Japan. In the spring of 1878 he went to Berlin as American minister at the German court, and died the Church, and in 1880 became head there, Dec. 19, 1878.

and prophet of the Mormon Church. He was indicted for polygamy in March, 1885, and in order to avoid arrest he exiled himself. He died July 25, 1887.

Taylor, JOHN, "of Caroline "; born in Orange county, Va., in 1750; graduated at William and Mary in 1770; United States Senator, 1792-94, 1803, and 182224. He was the mover of the Virginia

Taylor, FRED MANVILLE, educator; born in Northville, Mich., July 11, 1855; graduated at Northwestern University in 1876; was Professor of History in Albion College in 1879-92; assistant Professor of Political Economy and Finance in the University of Michigan in 1892-94; and junior Professor of Political Economy and Finance in 1895. He wrote The Right of the State Resolutions of 1798 (see KENTUCKY AND to Be; Do We Want an Elastic Currency? The Object and Methods of Currency; Reform in the United States, etc.

Taylor, GEORGE, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; born in Ireland in 1716; arrived in the United States at

VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS). He wrote several works on the Constitution and the policy of the United States. He died in Caroline county, Va., Aug. 20, 1824.

Taylor, JOHN W., lawyer; born in Charlton, N. Y., March 26, 1784; grad

uated at Union College in 1803; admitted city. When Banks's forces were released to the bar in 1807; practised in Ballston; by the surrender of Port Huron (July member of Congress in 1813-33; succeed- 9) they proceeded to expel Taylor and his ed Henry Clay as speaker in 1820, and held that place till the close of the second session; was again speaker in 1825-27; was opposed to the extension of slavery during the prolonged agitation of that question in Congress. He died in Cleveland, O., Sept. 8, 1854.

forces from the country eastward of the Atchafalaya. This was the last struggle of Taylor to gain a foothold on the Mississippi. Afterwards he was in command at Mobile, and on May 4, 1865, surrendered to General Canby. He died in New York City, April 12, 1879.

Taylor, WILLIAM, clergyman; born in Rockbridge county, Va., May 2, 1821; was educated in Lexington, Va.; entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1842; went to California as a

in evangelistic work in the Englishspeaking countries of the world; and was made missionary bishop of Africa in 1884. He was the author of Seven Years' Street Preaching in San Francisco; California Life Illustrated, etc. He died at Palo Alto, Cal., May 18, 1902.

Taylor, RICHARD, military officer; born in New Orleans, La., Jan. 27, 1826; son of President Zachary Taylor; graduated at Yale College in 1845; and entered the Mexican War with his father. In 1861 he became colonel of the 9th Louisiana missionary in 1849; spent several months Volunteers in the Confederate service, and was in the battle of Bull Run. In October he was made a brigadier-general; served under "Stonewall" Jackson in Virginia; was promoted to major-general; and in 1863-64 served under E. Kirby Smith in the trans-Mississippi Department, opposing Banks in his Red River expedition. When Banks left Alexandria, on the Red River, and marched to the siege of Port Hudson General Taylor, whom he had driven into the wilds of western Louisiana, returned, occupied that abandoned city and Opelousas, and garrisoned Fort De Russy. Then he swept vigorously over the country in the direction of the Mississippi River and New Orleans. With a part of his command he captured Brashear City (June 24, 1863), with an immense amount of public property and the small-arms of 4,000 National troops. By this movement about 5,000 refugee negroes were remanded into slavery. Another portion of the Confederates, under General Greene, operating in the vicinity of Donaldsonville, on the Mississippi, was driven out of that district. New Orleans was then garrisoned by only about 700 men, when a way was opened for Taylor to Algiers, opposite; but the Confederate leader was unable to cross the Mississippi, for Farragut's vessels were patrolling its waters and guarding the

Taylor, WILLIAM ROGERS, naval officer; born in Newport, R. I., Nov. 7, 1811; son of Capt. William Vigeron Taylor; entered the navy in 1828; he was engaged on the Mexican coast during the war (1846-48), and in the Atlantic blockading squadron in 1862-63; was flag-captain in operations against Forts Wagner and Sumter in 1863; and was in the North Atlantic blockading squadron in 1864-65, engaging in both attacks on Fort Fisher. In 1871 he was promoted rear-admiral; in 1873 was retired. He died in Washington, D. C., April 14, 1889.

Taylor, WILLIAM VIGERON, naval officer; born in Newport, R. I., in 1781; having been for some time in the merchantmarine service, was appointed sailingmaster in the navy in April, 1813, and ably assisted in fitting out Perry's flect at Erie. He navigated Perry's flag-ship (Lawrence) into and during the battle. His last service was on a cruise in the Pacific, in command of the Ohio, seventyfour guns, in 1847. He died in Newport, R. I., Feb. 11, 1858.

TAYLOR, ZACHARY

Taylor, ZACHARY, twelfth President of a soldier of the Revolution, removed from the United States; from March 4, 1849, Virginia to Kentucky in 1785, where he to July 9, 1850; Whig; born in Orange had an extensive plantation near Louiscounty, Va., Sept. 24, 1784. His father, ville. On that farm Zachary was engaged

wards captured the stronghold of Monterey. He occupied strong positions, but remained quiet for some time, awaiting

in 1847 a requisition from General Scott deprived him of a large portion of his troops, and he was ordered to act on the defensive only. While so doing, with about 5,000 men, he was confronted by

until 1808, when he was appointed to fill then promoted to major-general. He enthe place of his brother, deceased, as lien- tered Mexico May 18, 1846, and soon aftertenant in the army. He was made a captain in 1810; and after the declaration of war, in 1812, was placed in command of Fort Harrison, which he bravely defended instructions from his government. Early against an attack by the Indians. Taylor was active in the West until the end of the war. In 1814 he was commissioned a major; but on the reduction of the army, in 1815, was put back to a captaincy, when he resigned, and returned to the farm Santa Ana with 20,000. Taylor defeated near Louisville. Being soon reinstated and dispersed the Mexicans in a severe as major, he was for several years engaged battle at Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847. Durin military life on the northwestern ing the remainder of the war the valley of frontier and in the South. In 1819 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. In 1832 he was commissioned a colonel, and was engaged in the BLACK HAWK WAR (q. v.). From 1836 to 1840 he served in Florida (see SEMINOLE WAR), and in 1840 was appointed to the command of the 1st Department of the Army of the Southwest, with the rank of brevet brigadiergeneral. At that time he purchased an estate near Baton Rouge, to which he removed his family.

After the annexation of TEXAS (q. v.), when war between the United States and Mexico seemed imminent, he was sent with

the Rio Grande remained in the quiet possession of the Americans. In his campaign in Mexico he acquired the nickname of "Old Rough and Ready," in allusion to the plainness of his personal appearance and deportment.

On his return home, in November, 1847, he was greeted everywhere with demonstrations of warmest popular applause. In June, 1848, the Whig National Convention, at Philadelphia, nominated him for President of the United States, with Millard Fillmore, of New York, for Vice-President. He was elected, and inaugurated March 4, 1849. On July 4, 1850, he was

President Fillmore, other officers of the secretary of state and of the affairs government, members of the diplomatic of war and foreign relations and docorps, etc. His last audible words were: mestic administration of the supreme "I am about to die. I expect the sum- government of the state of Nicaramons soon. I have endeavored to discharge gua, addressed a letter from the governall my official duties faithfully.. I regret ment house at Leon to Mr. Buchanan, nothing, but am sorry that I am about to then Secretary of State of the United leave my friends." The funeral occurred States, asking the friendly offices of this on Saturday, July 13, and was attended government to prevent an attack upon the by a vast concourse of citizens and town of San Juan de Nicaragua then constrangers. The pageant exceeded every- templated by the British authorities as thing of the kind, in order and magnifi- the allies of the Mosquito King. cence, that had ever taken place at the na- letter, a translation of which is herewith tional capital. sent, distinctly charges that—

The Central American States.-On March 18, 1850, President Taylor sent the following message to the Congress concerning new treaties with the Central American States, the American political policy towards them, and the pretensions of Great Britain in Nicaragua:

WASHINGTON, March 19, 1850. To the Senate of the United States,I herewith transmit to the Senate, for their advice in regard to its ratification, "a general treaty of amity, navigation, and commerce" between the United States of America and the State of Nicaragua, concluded at Leon by E. George Squier, chargé d'affaires of the United States, on their part, and Señor Zepeda on the 'part of the republic of Nicaragua.

I also transmit, for the advice of the Senate in regard to its ratification, "a general treaty of amity, navigation, and commerce negotiated by Mr. Squier with the republic of San Salvador.

I also transmit to the Senate a copy of the instructions to and correspondence with the said chargé d'affaires relating to those treaties.

66

a

I also transmit, for the advice of the Senate in regard to its ratification, general treaty of peace, amity, commerce, and navigation" negotiated by Elijah Hise, our late chargé d'affaires, with the State of Guatemala.

I also transmit, for the information of the Senate, a copy, of a treaty negotiated by Mr. Hise with the government of Nicaragua on June 21 last, accompanied by copies of his instructions from and correspondence with the Department of State.

That

The object of the British in taking this key of the continent is not to protect the small tribe of the Mosquitos, but to establish their own empire over the Atlantic extremity of the line, by which a canal connecting the two oceans is most practicable, insuring to them the preponderance of the American continent, as well as their direct relations with Asia, the East Indies, and other important countries in the world.

No answer appears to have been returned to this letter.

A communication was received by my predecessor from Don José Guerrero, President and Supreme Director of the state of Nicaragua, dated Dec. 15, 1847, expressing his desire to establish relations of amity and commerce with the United States, a translation of which is herewith enclosed. In this the President of Nicaragua says:

'My desire was carried to the utmost on seeing in your message at the opening of the Twenty-ninth Congress of your republic a sincere profession of political faith in all respects conformable with the principles professed by these States, determined, as they are, to sustain with firmness the continental cause, the rights of Americans in general, and the noninterference of European powers in their concerns."

This letter announces the critical situation in which Nicaragua was placed, and charges upon the Court of St. James a "well-known design to establish colonies on the coast of Nicaragua and to render itself master of the interoceanic canal. for which so many facilities are presented by the isthmus in that state." No

On Nov. 12, 1847, Señor Buétrago, reply was made to this letter.

The British ships of war Alarm and would take possession of San Juan de Nicaragua in January, 1848.

Vixen arrived at San Juan de Nicaragua on Feb. 8, 1848, and on the 12th of that month the British forces, consisting of 260 officers and men, attacked and captured the post of Serapaquid, garrisoned, according to the British statements, by about 200 soldiers, after a sharp action of one hour and forty minutes.

On March 7, 1848, articles of agreement were concluded by Captain Locke, on the part of Great Britain, with the commissioners of the state of Nicaragua in the island of Cuba, in the Lake of Nicaragua, a copy of which will be found in the correspondence relating to the Mosquito Territory presented to and published by the House of Commons of Great Britain on July 3, 1848, herewith submitted. A copy of the same document will also be found accompanying the note of the minister for foreign affairs of Nicaragua to the Secretary of State of the United States under date March 17, 1848.

By the third article of the agreement it is provided that Nicaragua "shall not disturb the inhabitants of San Juan, understanding that any such act will be considered by Great Britain as a declaration of open hostilities." By the sixth article it is provided that these articles of agreement will not "hinder Nicaragua from soliciting by means of a commissioner to her Britannic Majesty a final arrangement of these affairs."

The communication from Señor Sebastian Salinas, the secretary of foreign affairs of the state of Nicaragua, to Mr. Buchanan, the Secretary of State of the United States, dated March 17, 1848, a translation of which is herewith submitted, recites the aggressions of Great Britain and the seizure of a part of the Nicaraguan territory in the name of the Mosquito King. No answer appears to have been given to this letter.

In another letter, dated April 8, 1848, Mr. Livingston states that "at the request of the minister for foreign affairs of Nicaragua he transmits a package of papers containing the correspondence relative to the occupation of the port of San Juan by British forces in the name of the Mosquito nation."

On June 3, 1848, Elijah Hise, being appointed chargé d'affaires of the United States to Guatemala, received his instructions, a copy of which is herewith submitted. In these instructions the following passages occur:

"The independence as well as the interests of the nations on this continent require that they should maintain the American system of policy entirely distinct from that which prevails in Europe. To suffer any interference on the part of the European governments with the domestic concerns of the American republics, and to permit them to establish new colonies upon this continent, would be to jeopard their independence and to ruin their interests. These truths ought everywhere throughout this continent to be impressed on the public mind. But what can the United States do to resist such European interference while the Spanish-American republics continue to weaken themselves by division and civil war, and deprive themselves of the ability of doing anything for their own protection."

This last significant inquiry seems plainly to intimate that the United States could do nothing to arrest British aggression while the Spanish-American republics continue to weaken themselves by division and civil war, and deprive themselves of the ability of doing anything for their protection.

These instructions, which also state the dissolution of the Central American reOn Oct. 28, 1847, Joseph W. Living- public, formerly composed of the five ston was appointed by this government states of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Honduconsul of the United States for the port ras, San Salvador, and Guatemala, and of San Juan de Nicaragua. On Dec. 16, their continued separation, authorize Mr. 1847, after having received his exequatur Hise to conclude treaties of commerce with from the Nicaraguan government, he ad- the republics of Guatemala and San Saldressed a letter to Mr. Buchanan, Secre- vador, but conclude with saying that it tary of State, a copy of which is herewith was not deemed advisable to empower submitted, representing that he had been Mr. Hise to conclude a treaty with either informed that the English government Nicaragua, Honduras, or Costa Rica until