ney. Tanner, JOHN, captive; born in Kentucky about 1780. His father laid out a farm at the mouth of the Big Miami River, O. When John was six years old he was captured by an Indian, and after two years' detention was sold to Net-nokwa, an Ottawa Indian. He lived in captivity for thirty years, becoming so establishment. He also founded the bank- missioner of Pensions in 1889. On resignnote engraving house of Tanner, Vallance, ing this office he became a pension attorKearny & Co., in 1816. Later this enterprise was abandoned and he founded a blank-check-note and draft publishing concern. His engravings include Apotheosis of Washington; Perry's Victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813; The Launch of the Steam Frigate Fulton; Macdonough's Victory on Lake Champlain, and Defeat of the British Army at Plattsburg by General McComb, Sept. 11, 1814; The Surrender thoroughly accustomed to Indian life that of Cornwallis at Yorktown; America Guided by Wisdom, etc. He died in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 14, 1848. he forgot his own language. He engaged in warlike expeditions and married Miskwa-bun-o-kwa ("the Red Sky of the Tanner, BENJAMIN TUCKER, clergyman; Morning"). Subsequently he went to Deborn of African parents in Pittsburg, Pa., troit, where he met his brother and visitDec. 25, 1835; studied theology in the ed his family. He was then employed Western Theological Seminary; was editor as an interpreter. He was the author of of the Christian Recorder for sixteen a Narrative of the Captivity and Adyears; founded the African Methodist ventures of John Tanner during Thirty Episcopal Church Review, of which he was Years' Residence among the Indians. He editor for four years. He was ordained died in 1847. bishop in 1888. His publications include The Origin of the Negro; The Negro in Holy Writ; The Color of Solomon: What? etc. Tanner, HENRY S., cartographer; born in New York City in 1786; brother of Benjamin Tanner; settled in Philadelphia early in life; returned to New York in 1850. His maps include the New American Atlas; The World; Map of the United States of Mexico; Map of Philadelphia; and Map of the United States of America. He was also the author of Memoir on the Recent Surveys in the United States; View of the Valley of the Mississippi; American Traveller; Central Traveller; New Picture of Philadelphia; and Description of the Canals and Railroads of the United States. He died in New York City in 1858. Tanner, JAMES, attorney; born in Richmondville, N. Y., April 4, 1844; received a common school education; enlisted as a private in the 87th New York Volunteers in 1861; was promoted corporal; took part in the second battle of Bull Run, and there lost both legs. He returned to his native State in 1866; studied law; was appointed to a post in the New York Custom-house; became deputy collector under General Arthur; was tax collector of Brooklyn in 1877-85; and was appointed United States Com Tanoan Indians, a family of North American Indians that were widely scattered in the middle of the sixteenth century, and were divided into several groups which received distinct names from the Spanish discoverers and conquerors. They occupied nearly all of the valley of the Rio Grande del Norte, a stretch of country approximately 230 miles long by an extreme width of 100 miles, and extending within forty miles of New Mexico to within 120 miles of Mexico. The Pueblo of Isleta, in New Mexico, contains the largest population, about 1,000. Taos. See TANOAN INDIANS. Tappan, a village of New York, 24 miles north of New York City, and 12 miles west of the Hudson River. Here, on Oct. 2, 1780, MAJ. JOHN ANDRÉ (q. v.) was hanged as a British spy. Tappan, ARTHUR, philanthropist; born in Northampton, Mass., May 22, 1786; received a common school education; established himself in business in Portland, Me., and subsequently in Montreal, Canada, where he remained until the beginning of the War of 1812. He was the founder of Oberlin College, and erected Tappan Hall there; endowed Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati; established a professorship at Auburn Theological Seminary; was one of the founders of the American Tract Society; and with his brother established the New York and protection; there are no prohibitory Journal of Commerce in 1828 and The Emancipator in 1833. He was the first president of the American Anti-slavery Society, to which he contributed $1,000 a month for several years, but withdrew in 1840 on account of the aggressive spirit manifested by many members towards the churches and the Union; and during his later years was connected with a mercantile agency which his brother Lewis established. He died in New Haven, Conn., July 23, 1865. Tappan, LEWIS, merchant; brother of Arthur Tappan; born in Northampton, Mass., May 23, 1788; received a common school education; established himself in business with his brother in 1814. Later he became interested in calico-print works and the manufacture of cotton; removed to New York in 1827, and with his brother engaged in the importing trade. In 1833 he became deeply interested in the anti-slavery movement, in consequence of which he and his brother at various times suffered personal violence. He was involved in the crisis of 1837, and soon after withdrew from the firm and established the first mercantile agency in the country. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 21, 1873. Tarbox, INCREASE NILES, author; born in East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 11, 1815; graduated at Yale College in 1839; studied theology and became pastor of a Congregational church in Framingham, Mass., in 1844; later was made secretary of the American College and Education Society of Boston. His publications include The Curse, or the Position Occupied in History by the Race of Ham; Life of Israel Putnam, Major-General in the Continental Army; Sir Walter Raleigh and His Colony in America, etc. He died in West Newton, Mass., May 3, 1888. Tariff. The tariff is a tax levied upon exports or (especially) imports. A duty was early collected by Moslem rulers at the Spanish port Tarifa, whence the modern name, on goods passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. The word as used in the United States was adopted from the English tariffs, which before the reign of Queen Elizabeth were prohibitory, and since used as a source of revenue. In the United States the tarif is for revenue duties except on chiccory, shoddy, doctored wines, and a few articles of like character. Before the adoption of the United States Constitution most of the American colonies had systems of taxation on imports. The first acts of the Dutch West India Company with reference to the colony of New Netherlands provided for export and import duties, and specific rates were levied on furs and codfish by act of June 7, 1629. In 1661 the council of Virginia laid an import tax on rum and sugar, and forbade unloading them except at appointed ports. The government of Massachusetts enacted a general import tax, November, 1668. Under the confederation, the Continental Congress made numerous unsuccessful attempts to induce the States to join in an import tax for the common treasury, only succeeding in securing, in 1786, an agreement from New York, granting to the United States certain imposts, provided the other States did the same. A measure for taxing imports, "for the support of the government, for the discharge of debts of the United States, and the encouragement and protection of manufactures," was introduced in the House of Representatives of the First Congress, by James Madison, April 8, 1789. From this dates tariff legislation in the United States. CHRONOLOGY. Congress passes first tariff act, to continue in force until June, 1796, combining specific duties on some articles and ad valorem on others, equivalent to an 81⁄2 per cent. ad volorem rate, with drawback, except 1 per cent. of duties, on all articles exported within twelve months, except distilled spirits other than brandy and geneva, signed by Washington July 4, 1789 Act of Congress passed to regulate the collection of duties. Each collection district to lie within a State. Providing for collectors, deputy collectors, naval officers, surveyors, weighers, measurers, gaugers, and inspectors. Ad valorem duties to be estimated by adding 20 per cent. to the actual cost thereof if imported from the Cape of Good Hope or any place beyond, and 10 per cent. if from any other country. Duties to be paid in cash if under $50; if over, might be secured by bond to run from four to twelve months, with 10 per cent. discount for prompt payment July 31, 1789 Act laying duties on importations extended to North Carolina, Feb. 8, and to Rhode Island.... .June 14, 1790 Act of July 4, 1789, repealed, and new law enacted raising duties to equal an 11 per cent. ad valorem rate Aug. 10, 1790 Tariff rate raised to equal 13% per cent., by act of... .May 2, 1792 on imports, Additional duties levied Auction system, by which foreigners particularly tobacco, snuff, and refined shipped goods to the United States, undersugar, by acts of...... .June 5-7, 1794 valuing them in the invoice, for which Tariff on brown sugar, molasses, and the auctioneer gave bonds and immediately tea increased.. .March 3, 1797 sold for what they would bring, is remDuty on salt increased from 12 to 20 edied by deterrent legislation, which becents by act of....... ...July 8, 1797 gan in 1818 and concluded in act of First elaborate act of Congress for taking possession of arriving merchandise, and levying and collecting duties March 2, 1799 Additional duties imposed on wines, sugar, molasses, and such articles as have paid 10 per cent..... . May 13, 1800 Two and one-half per cent. ad valorem imposed on all importations in American vessels, and 10 per cent. in foreign vessels, in addition to existing rates, for a fund to protect commerce and seamen against the Barbary powers, commonly called the "Mediterranean fund"....March 27, 1804 All tariff duties increased 100 per cent., and 10 per cent. additional on goods imported in foreign ships......July 1, 1812 Double war duties continued until June 30, 1816, and after that day an additional duty of 42 per cent. until a new tariff shall be formed....... .... Feb. 5, 1816 A. J. Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury, reports to Congress on the subject of a general tariff of increased duties March 1, 1823 Tariff bill with average rate of 37 per cent. duties, after a debate of ten weeks, passes the House by vote of 107 to 102. The Senate adds amendments which the House rejects. The difference is settled by a committee of conference, and bill passes Senate by 25 to 22, approved May 22, 1824 National convention, called by the Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of Manufactures and Mechanic Arts at Harrisburg, adopts resolutions in favor of more protection on iron, steel, glass, wool, woollens, and hemp........July 30, 1827 Tariff bill, based on recommendation of Harrisburg convention, introduced in Congress.. ...Jan. 31, 1828 New tariff, with a 41 per cent. rate, favored by Daniel Webster, is debated from March 4 to May 15; passed by House, 109 to 91; Senate, 26 to 21, and approved...... ..May 19, 1828 [This became known as the "Tariff of Abominations." South Carolina protested against it as unconstitutional, oppressive, and unjust. North Carolina also protested, and Alabama and Georgia denied the power of Congress to lay duties for protection.] Feb. 13, 1816 Mr. Lowndes, of South Carolina, reports a bill from the committee on ways and means to regulate duties on imports and tonnage.. March 12, 1816 Tariff bill opposed by Mr. Webster and most of the Eastern States, and by John Duties on coffee, cocoa, and tea reRandolph, and supported by Messrs. Clay, duced by act of May 20; on molasses and Calhoun, and Lowndes. Among other salt by act.. .May 29, 1830 provisions was one for the gradual reduc- Secretary of the Treasury Ingham, in tion of the tax on cotton and woollen his report, advocates "home" valuation goods. Act passes the House by a vote of in place of "foreign," the current value of goods in the United States to be the dutiable value...... National free trade .Dec. 15, 1830 convention meets in Philadelphia.. .Sept. 30, 1831 National protection convention meets in New York.. .Oct. 26, 1831 George McDuffie, representative from South Carolina, from committee on ways and means, reports a bill proposing ad valorem duties for revenue only Feb. 8, 1832 John Quincy Adams reports a bill repealing the act of 1828, and reducing duties on coarse woollens, iron, etc. May 23, 1832 Tariff bill retaining the protective features of the tariff of 1828, but reducing or abolishing many taxes, is reported. It reduced the tax on iron, increased that on woollens, made some raw wools free, and left cotton unchanged. Duties of less than $200 to be paid in cash without discount, law to take effect March 3, 1833; approved... .July 14, 1832 Representatives from South Carolina publish an address on the subject of the tariff, urging resistance....July 15, 1832 Convention meets in Columbia, S. C., Nov. 19, and calls on the legislature to declare the tariff acts of 1824 and 1828 null and void in that State, and to prohibit the collection of duties there after Feb. 1, 1833; law passed.. Nov. 24, 1832 Secretary of the Treasury, in his report, recommends a reduction of duties to the requirements of revenue....Dec. 5, 1832 President proclaims intention to enforce the laws... .Dec. 11, 1832 Mr. Verplanck, from the committee on ways and means, reports a bill providing for the reduction of duties in the course of two years to about one-half Jan. 8, 1833 Compromise Tariff bill" introduced by Mr. Clay.... . Feb. 12, 1833 House strikes out Mr. Verplanck's bill and substitutes Mr. Clay's, which declares its object to be " to prevent the destruction of the political system, and to arrest civil war and restore peace and tranquillity to the nation." It provides for a gradual reduction in duties, and for "home valuation," all duties to be paid in cash. Passed by vote of 118 to 84 in the House, and 29 to 16 in the Senate, and approved... .March 2, 1833 Tariff law passed containing the muchcontroverted and litigated similitude section" (sec. 20), imposing duties on non-enumerated articles which may be similar in material, quality, texture, or use to any enumerated article..Aug. 30, 1842 Tariff bill passes the House by a vote of 114 to 95, and the Senate by the casting vote of the Vice-President, George M. Dallas. Average rate of duty 25% per cent..... ...July 30, 1846 Warehouse system established by act of Congress. ...Aug. 6, 1846 Robert J. Walker introduces the system of private bonded warehouses, which is confirmed by act of Congress March 28, 1854 Free-trade policy declared in the platform of the Democratic party at Cincinnati.......... .June 6, 1856 Tariff act passed lowering the average duty to about 20 per cent.. March 3, 1857 Republican Convention at Chicago adopts a protective-tariff platform May 17, 1860 Joint resolution raising all duties 50 per cent. for sixty days, afterwards extended to ninety days..... April 29, 1864 General revision of tariff, increasing duties passed.... .June 30, 1864 Bill passed increasing tariff rates, March 3, 1865, and amended..July 28, 1866 Transportation in bond of goods destined for Canada or Mexico, through the United States, provided for by act of July 28, 1866 Convention of woollen manufacturers at Syracuse ask increased duties. They form an alliance with wool-growers, and arrange a tariff which becomes a law by act of... ...March 2, 1867 Duty on copper and copper ore increased by act of.... . Feb. 24, 1869 First law distinctly authorizing the appointment of special agents of the treasury in the customs service, passed May 12, 1870 Following a general debate on an act to reduce internal taxes, etc., a new tariff, retaining most of the protective features, becomes a law............ July 14, 1870 Duties removed from tea and coffee after July 1, 1872, by act of.. May 1, 1872 General act passed reducing duties on imports and internal taxes..June 6, 1872 All provision moieties to informers repealed, and the proceeds of all fines, penalties, and forfeitures to be paid into the treasury, by act of........June 22, 1874 Tariff law amended by act of Congress Feb. 8, 1875 Salts and sulphate of quinine put on the free-list... ...July 1, 1879 Act creating a tariff commission of nine civilians appointed by the President to visit different sections of the country in the interest of tariff revision and report May 15, 1882 Tariff commission, consisting of John L. Hayes, president, Henry W. Oliver, Jr., Austin M. Garland, Jacob Ambler, Robert P. Porter, John W. H. Underwood, Duncan F. Kenner, Alexander R. Boetler, and William H. McMahon, organizes at the Ebbitt House, Washington, D. C., al duty of 10 per cent. on goods from places west of the Cape of Good Hope), May 4, and amended. . . . . . . . Dec. 23, 1882 Senate reports a tariff bill which is called up for consideration, Jan. 10; House bill reported by ways and means committee, Jan. 16; both bills discussed and amended for several weeks; a conference committee meets, Feb. 28; after some resignations and reappointments of members, reports, March 2, accepted in the Senate, 12.30 A.M., March 3, by 32 to 31 votes, and in the House at 5.30 P.M., March 3, by 152 to 116 votes, and signed by the President before adjournment, which was after midnight..March 3, 1883 A bill "to reduce import duties and war-tariff taxes," introduced by Mr. Morrison, is reported in the House, March 11, and defeated by vote of 159 to 155 [Referred in the Senate to the finance committee, by whom a substitute was prepared, and failed to become a law.] A bill "to equalize duties upon imports and to reduce the revenue of the gov ernment," introduced by William McKinley, Jr., of Ohio.......... April 16, 1890 McKinley Customs Administration act approved... ..June 10, 1890 McKinley tariff bill passes the House, May 21; referred to Senate committee on finance, May 23; reported to the Senate with amendments, June 18; passes Senate with amendments, Sept. 10; reported by conference committee to House, Sept. 26; approved by the President, Oct. 1, and takes effect Oct. 6, 1890 Tariff (Wilson) bill made public Nov. 27, 1893 Internal revenue bill containing the in July 6, 1882 Report of tariff commission submitted to Congress and referred to ways and means committee..........Dec. 4, 1882 Act passed repealing section 2510 of come-tax reported to the House the Revised Statutes (levying an addition Jan. 24, 1894 |