SYNOPTIC TABLE.

The several passages contained in each of Trendelenburg's Sections are indicated by the letters a, b.

TRANSLATIONS

FROM

THE ORGANON OF ARISTOTLE.

CATEGORIES.

Categories 3, § 1.

(Κατηγορία-PREDICATION.)

WHEN one thing is predicated of another, as of a subject, all that is said of the predicate will also be stated of the subject; for instance, 'man' is predicated of the individual man, and animal of 'man;' therefore ‘animal' will also be predicated of the individual man, for the individual man is both man and animal.1

·

1 e.g. in the Proposition, Socrates is a man, ' Man' is predicated of Socrates' (the individual man) as of a subject: whatever then is predicated of this predicate Man' will also be predicated of the subject, Socrates (the individual man). Now of Man it is predicated that he is an animal, .. Socrates is an animal. We have here the syllogism

All men are animals,

Socrates is a man ;

.. Socrates is an animal.

B

3.

4

Categories 4.

Every word used without combination expresses either Substance, or Quantity, or Quality, or Relation, or Place, or Time, or Posture, or Possession, or Action, or Passion. Substance, for example, is such as man,

' Vide Mansel's Aldrich, Appendix, Note B, which contains an excellent account of the Categories. See also Kant (Critique of Pure Reason, p. 68, Meiklejohn's translation), and Mill (Logic, vol. i. p. 50), who criticise them with very slight appreciation of their meaning. They are also enumerated in Topics, I. 9, and Metaph. IV. 7. 4. They seem to be intended as a classification of the various headings under which predicates-taken apart from their propositions-may be classed, and are, as Mansel points out, grammatical rather than logical in their arrangement and origin. It is no‘catalogue of all the originally pure conceptions of the synthesis which the understanding contains a priori' (Kant), nor yet an enumeration of all things capable of being named' (Mill). It is probable that the Aristotelian distinction of categories arose from the resolution of the proposition, and a classification of the grammatical distinctions indicated by its parts. The noun substantive leads us to the category of ovcía, the adjectives of number and of quality to πóσov and ποῖον, the adjective of comparison to πρός τι, the adverbs of place and time to Tоû and TоTÉ, the different forms of the verb, intransitive, præterite, active, and passive, to κεῖσθαι, ἔχειν, ποιεῖν, πάσχειν. Mansel, 1.c. In Topics, I. 9. 1, Aristotle explains the relation of the categories or predicaments to the heads of predicables: deì yàp τὸ συμβεβηκὸς καὶ τὸ γένος καὶ τὸ ἴδιον καὶ ὁ ὁρισμὸς ἐν μιᾷ τούτων τῶν katnyopiwv čσtal. The two classifications are a cross-division, the categories arranging all possible predicates according to their grammatical form, and their meaning considered as simple terms; the predicables regarding them as part of a proposition and arranging them according to their relation to the subject.

ovola includes both 'primary substances,' i.e. the thing denoted by what modern logicians call a singular term-'primary' because they signify only a thing and nothing else, not a collection of qualities, or as Mill puts it, they are 'non-connotative; ' and they cannot, as a rule, be used as a predicate, nor are they contained as qualities in other substances (μήτε καθ ̓ ὑποκειμένου τινὸς λέγεται, μήτ' ἐν Smokeiμévų Tiví čotiv)—and also ‘Secondary substances' which answer

horse; Quantity, as two cubits long, three cubits long; Quality, as white, learned; Relation, as double, half, greater; Place, as in the Lyceum, in the market; Time, as yesterday, last year; Posture, as is lying down, is sitting; Possession, as is shod, is armed; Action, as is cutting, is burning; Passion, as is being cut, is being burnt. Each of the above taken by itself forms no part of an affirmation or negation; but it is by their mutual combination that affirmation or negation is produced. For every affirmation or negation appears to be either true or false; but no term used without combination is true or false, e.g. man, white, runs, conquers.

to general terms; they can be predicated of a subject, but are not contained in one (Categ. 5, § 19), and also can be used as a subject.

' Quantity,' Aristotle tells us (Categ. 6), is either continuous, σuvexés, or discrete, diwpioμévov, and is predicable of number, line, surface, language, body, time, and place, and, properly speaking, of nothing else.

'Quality' (Categ. 8) is a comprehensive heading which includes all conditions of a thing, whether permanent (ees) or temporary (διαθέσεις, δυνάμεις, πάθη, σχήματα). It includes virtue, knowledge, feeling, &c.

Relative terms (πρós τ1) he defines as those that are called the so and so of something else (ὅσα αὐτὰ ἅπερ ἐστὶν ἑτέρων εἶναι λέγεται) (Categ. 7, § 1). We may say that they are terms which in their connotation or their definition necessarily imply the existence of some other term; e.g. the definition of 'father' necessarily implies the existence of a son or a daughter. Tpós T is rather a crossdivision, since words under the other heads sometimes fall under it also. Aristotle expressly points this out (Categ. 8, ad fin.): ěti ei τυγ άνοι τὸ αὐτὸ πρός τι καὶ ποῖον ὂν οὐδὲν ἄτοπον ἐν ἀμφοτέροις τοῖς γένεσιν αὐτὸ καταριθμεῖσθαι.

The Category of Possession is to be understood in the widest sense: Aristotle explains (Categ. 15) that it is used in many senses; a man 'eye' justice, or a height of six feet, or a hand, or a farm, or a wife; a pan 'exe' wheat; and so on.