Fig. 22.-lôjiöm, your belly (long open o). L shows much the character of in figure 23; medial j and final m of usual type. Fig. 23.-löl, rotten cocoanut. The short voiced elevation near the middle of the word probably represents the vowel. The preceding and succeeding I's then are both sonant in that part of their duration nearest the vowel, but surd farther away from it. Fig. 24.-raj, whale. R begins surd, becomes suddenly sonant, and at the very end is marked by one or two tongue flaps. The final stop as usual does not show. Fig. 25.-rägä, stone. In this tracing r is a continuant without trace of stop quality; like the r of figure 24, it begins surd and ends with a few voiced trills. G, as usual medially, is a voiced fricative. Fig. 26-From above down: dol, mountain; dil, louse nit; tô sugar cane (long open o); tô, rope. Illustrating the difference in length of occlusion for "d" and "t". Final 1 in both dol and dil changes from sonant to surd. Compare figures 1 to 4. Explanation of Plate XXVIII. (Figures 27 to 29, from Peter Luwilung: glottis above, nose below. Figures 30 to 34, from Hans Taramij: nose above, mouth below.) Fig. 27.-juon, one. The affricative j shows a flow of air through the nose; this terminates at the moment of sonancy, i. e., with the mouth explosion. The naso-oral passage is therefore not tightly shut for the occlusion. Final n is surd. Fig. 28.-jilu, three. J is as in the last figure. The nose tracing for 1 is much higher than for the adjacent vowels, indicating that the naso-oral passage is more open for this sound, as probably for all consonants, than for vowels. The voicing of the vowels in this nasal tracing does not prove nasalization. Compare figures 15 and 16. Fig. 29.—emen, four. There is a surd breath approach to the vowel, which also appears in most mouth tracings. Intervocalic m is sonant, final n surd except for light voicing in its first part. Fig. 30.-läñü, mouth. The gradual transition from surdness to sonancy in the initial 1 is clear both in the upper (nose) line and the lower (mouth) line. As in figure 28, more breath escapes through the nose for 1 than for the following vowel. Medial ñ is short and well voiced; the passage of air through the nose increases while diminishing through the mouth without being entirely checked; even the voice vibrations are recorded from the mouth, indicating imperfect closure by the tongue. Fig. 31.-kenuam, your neck The typical tracing from the mouth for initial k is accompanied by a marked elevation in the nasal line, indicating that the air checked by the tongue finds its way out through the nose. Medial n has the same character as ñ in the last figure. Final surd m hardly shows even in the tracing from the nose. It is therefore very weak. Compare figure II. Fig. 32.-ren, water. Initial is much like r of figure 20, but with fewer tongue movements. It probably continues to the highest point of the mouth tracing, when the vowel commences. The greatest elevation in the mouth record corresponds to the greatest depression in the tracing from the nose, as in most instances. The flow of breath through nose and mouth therefore tends to be in inverse ratio. The former preponderates in consonants, the latter in vowels. |