tive peoples. (Journ. of Race Develop., Worcester, 1911, II, 206–209.) Discusses alleged influence (Mason) of introduction of iron upon Eskimo art and on the rock-pictures of Guiana (im Thurn); the effect of white contact on the art (painting on walls; carving of images, etc.) of South African negroes (Stannus), and on the drawings of Brazilian Indians (Schmidt).

David Boyle. (Amer. Anthrop., Lancaster, Pa., 1911, N. S. XIII, 159164.)

Clerget (P.) L'Urbanisme. Étude historique, géographique et économique. (Bull. Soc. Neuchât. de Géogr., Neuchâtel, 1910, XX, 213-231.) General discussion of urbanism (cities of antiquity, Middle Ages, 19th century, etc.). Religion was at the beginning of Greek and Roman cities. The northern movement of great cities is noteworthy.

Coutil (L.) Paul du Chatellier.

(L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1911, XXII, 364-367.) Note on P. du Chatellier (d. March, 1911) with list of publications (92 studies) chiefly relating to French archeology, Finistère in particular.

Decourdemanche (J. A.) Du rapport

légal de valeur entre l'or, l'argent et le cuivre chez les peuples anciens et les Arabes. (R. d'Ethnogr. et de Sociol., Paris, 1911, II, 160-173.) Discusses the legal relations of the precious metals in Persia, Cyzicus, Rome, Egypt, and among the Arabs. The value of gold as compared with silver was 13 to 1 (Persia, Cyzicus, Sicily, etc.); 15 to 1 (Rome, in time of dictator Fabius and down to Constantine; after Constantine to fall of empire, 143 to 1); among the Arabs 14 to 1. The value of silver as compared with copper was 128 to I (Egypt, Rome); 100 to 1 from reform of Diocletian; 120 to I after reform of Constantine. Deubner (L.) Moderner Totenkult.

(Arch. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1911, XIV, 302-303.) Cites curious provisions (yearly festivals, etc.) in the wills of people dead within the last 30 years, -a sort of perpetuation of the cult of the dead.

Dussaud (R.) Totémisme et Exogamie. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1911, XXII,

AM. ANTH., N. S., 13-41

295-305, 2 maps.) Résumé and critique of Frazer's Totemism ånd Exogamy (4 vols., London, 1910). Enrico Raseri. (Atti d. Soc. Rom. di Antrop., Roma, 1911, XVI, 181-183.) Note on scientific activities of Prof. Raseri (d. July, 1910) with list of publications, chiefly concerned with demography.

Fay (E. W.) Language study and language psychology. (Pop. Sci. Mo., Lancaster, Pa., 1911, LXXIX, 369–384.) Discusses article by Prof A. Hill in Pop. Sci Mo., for June, 1907, on "The acquisition of language and its relation to thought." According to Prof. F. "language is the expression of thought, but it is more, it is the prompter of thought." No type of language has ever been found inadequate to express the thoughts of its native users.

Fehlinger (H.) De l'influence biologique de la civilisation urbaine. (Scientia, Bologna, 1911, X, No. 4, 421-434.) Discusses recent literature on the subject of "physical degeneration," etc., in relation to alleged inferiority of the city-bred. F. holds that the power of resistance of uncivilized peoples has been greatly exaggerated in the past. The conclusion reached is that "it is a mistake to see in the city, the goal of modern migrations, and the center of mixture of types of different races, a danger to the progress of the development of humanity and civilization."

Fewkes (J. W.) The cave dwellings of the Old and the New Worlds. (Amer. Anthrop., Lancaster, Pa., 1910, N. S., XII, 390-416, 5 pls., 2 fgs.) Franchet (L.) La cuisson des poteries et les phénomènes de la combustion dans l'étude de la céramique archéologique. (Rev. Scientif., Paris, 1911, 497-499.) Discusses the methods of prehistoric pottery, and particularly the black pottery,

various carboniferous varieties. Frassetto (F.) e Fanesi (F.) Di un nuovo craniostato con movimento compensato. (Atti d. Soc. Rom. di Antrop., Roma, 1911, XVI, 133-136, 2 fgs.) Describes and figures a new craniostat or craniophor, with compensated movement, fitted for any orientation desired for the skull. It

is an improvement upon that of Stolyhwo.

Friedemann (M.) Die Stellung des Menschen im zoologischen System. (Ztschr. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 114-115.) Discussion of article with this title by Friedenthal in 1910. Friedemann believes that the structure of the human brain entitles man to a special place among the Primates. Friedenthal (H.) Die Stellung des Menschen im zoologischen System. (Ibid., 1910, XLII, 989–994.) Argues for the inclusion of man with the anthropoid apes in a sub-order Anthropomorphae,-from identity of blood, forms of nails and spermatozoa, hair, physiological processes of growth, etc.

Fritsch (G.) Zweite Vorlage einer Übersichtstabelle der Menschenrassen. Diskussion. (Ibid., 924-929.) Views of Ehrenreich, v. Luschan, Staudinger on Fritsch's scheme of the human races. Dr E. doubts the simple hypothesis of three stem-races-white, yellow, black. The fusion of American Indians, Mongolians, and Malays is not so justifiable as F. thinks. Dr v. L. is quite unfavorable to F.'s scheme.

Verwertung von Rassenmerkmalen für allgemeine Vergleichungen. (Ibid., 1911, XLIII, 272-280, 4 fgs.) F. emphasizes the fact that even the most striking racial characters are not absolutely constant (skull, skeleton, skin-color, eye-form, hair, etc.), but notes that this need not exclude their use in comparing the races of man. This point is discussed with special reference to hair-form (pp. 276-279) in Chinese and Hottentots. Differences that are of value as distinctions are often made of no value by pedantic devotion to averages, or by misinterpretation of variations. Frizzi (E.) Der Miessche Schädelträger. (Korr.-Bl. d. D. Ges. f. Anthr., Hamburg, 1911, XLII, 39-40, I fg.) Calls attention to the craniophor of Mies. See Anat. Anz., 1888, III, 1-4.

Gales (R. L.) Christianity and language.

(Oxf. & Cambr. Rev., Lond., 1911, No. 15, 73-85.) Treats of folk-speech about God and things Christian, Christian oaths (in medieval times "extraordinarily varied and flam

boyant "), familiar speech in relation to Jesus, the impress upon languages of the events in his life and death, the church and its rites and ceremonies, the devil, etc.

v. Gall (Freih.) Die Herkunft unseres Schrift-Alphabets. (Hess. Bl. f. Volksk., Lpzg., 1911, X, 43-46.) Based on A. J. Evan's Scripta Minoa (Vol. 1, Oxford, 1909.) The primitive linear writing of the ancient Cretans is the ancestor of our alphabet through a North Semitic (spread by the Phenicians) modification of it by some Palestinian genius. van Gennep (A.) Qu'est-ce que le totémisme? (Folk-Lore, Lond., 1911, XXII, 93-104.) Discusses the views of Frazer in his Totemism and Exogamy. Van G. agrees with F. in separating exogamy from totemism, but not in refusing the latter all religious significance. The difficulties of deciding what "totemism" really means are emphasized. See Lang (A.), Westermarck (E.).

van Ginneken (J.) Sprachwissenschaftliche Chronik. (Anthropos, St. Gabriel-Mödling bei Wien, 1911, VI, 345-366.) Critical review of the works of Dr Wilhelm Planert, particularly his Handbuch der Namasprache in Deutsch-Südwestafrika (Berlin, 1905), Die syntaktischen Verhältnisse des Suaheli (Berlin, 1907), Die grammatischen Kategorien in ihrem Verhältnisse zur Kausalität, Eine Untersuchung am Malayischen (ZDMG., Bd. 60), Makroskopische Erörterungen über Begriff sentwicklung (1910) from the point of view of comparative philology and psychogenetic linguistics, giving his own theories, etc., on the questions involved.

Giuffrida-Ruggeri (V.) La quistione dei pigmei e le variazioni morfologiche dei gruppi etnici. (Arch. p. l'Antrop., Firenze, 1910, XL, 289–315.) Treats of pigmies and the morphological variations of ethnic groups (views of Schmidt, Hagen, Stratz, Sanson, etc.), particularly the theory held more or less by Schmidt, Hagen, Klaatsch, etc., that the primitive human race (or Urrasse) is "a race corresponding to the infantile stage of more evolved ontogenetic development." According to G.-R., the

pigmies may be a primitive human group more or less ecumenic, but to consider them the basis of all others is going too far. The other characters, outside of small stature, are not so convincing, as, e.g., Schmidt thinks. The two types found by Hagen among the Kubu, and Bataks, are not, as he maintains, two human varieties, but the two extremes of a well-known oscillation. Pigmies and tall types are varieties of one and the same species of man, and one need not wonder at their having about the same proportions as the taller types, however much this fact may contradict the so-called fundamental biogenetic law.

Gordon (G. B.) The functions of the modern museum. (U. of Penn. Mus. J., Phila., 1911, II, 2-5.) Argues that "the principal function of the modern museum is to promote the increase of knowledge and the cultivation of taste." It is the instrument by which "human documents" are to be saved for the uses of science and of posterity. It is "from every point of a view, a necessary instrument in modern education." Gray (J.) Sir Francis Galton, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., etc. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 33-34, portr.) Brief account of life (1822-1911) and works of "the father of eugenics." See Beddoe (J.)

John Beddoe, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., etc. (Ibid., 151153, portr.) Brief account of scientific activities, with list of publications (1853-1910), of the late British anthropologist (b. 1826, d. 1911). His last work was an autobiography, Memories of Eighty Years (Lond., 1910). Dr B. was eminent as a physical anthropologist (stature, color of hair and eyes, craniology, etc.).

The differences and affinities of paleolithic man and the anthropoid apes. (Ibid., 117-120, I fg.) Treats of dimensions of humerus, femur and tibia in Neandertal and Aurignac man, the gorilla, the orang, and the chimpanzee. According to G. "the Aurignac (and Galley Hill) man differentiated himself from the chimpansoids at an earlier epoch than the Neandertal man separated from the gorilloids." The brachycephalic

races of Asia may have developed from the orangoids. G.'s theory of the descent of man agrees with that of Klaatsch, except that the chimpanzee is substituted for the orang. Guérard (A. L.) English as an international language. (Pop. Sci. Mo., Lancaster, Pa., 1911, LXXIX, 337-345.) Prof G. sees some difficulties in the progress of English and suggests that French "is stronger than most Americans believe." And "if French or English will not do, why not try Esperanto?"

Hahn (E.) Die Erkenntnis des heutigen Volkslebens als Aufgabe der Volkskunde. (Z. d. Ver. f. Volksk., Berlin, 1911, XXI, 225-233.) Discusses the knowledge of modern folklife as the subject of folk-lore. Folklore is "ethnology applied to our own people." Important for folk-lore is the age of youth so closely connected with tradition.

Die Entstehung der Bodenwirtschaft. (Scientia, Bologna, 1911, IX, No. 1, 139-153.) Discusses the origin of agricultural economy: The threestage theory, the sex-division of labor, the rôle of woman in the development of agriculture, etc. In human history economic work has been furnished most often by woman, in the beginning where only human labor has been present,-"hoe-culture," gardening," etc., as with the modern European peasant woman today in certain areas. Plough-culture means

the addition of other than human labor, that of domestic animals. Harlan I. Smith: Explorer in archeology. (Amer. Museum J., N. Y., 1911, XI, 301-302.) Outlines past activities of Prof. Smith, recently appointed Archeologist to the Canadian Government and Curator of the Victoria Museum.

Harrington (J. P.) Franz Nikolaus

Finck. (Amer. Anthrop., Lancaster, Pa., 1910, N. S. XII, 724-728, portr., bibl.)

Hertel (J.), Bolte (J.) u. Andrae (A.) Zur Sage von der erweckten Scheintoten. (Z. d. Ver. f. Volksk., Berlin, 1911, XXI, 282-285.) Cites additional literature concerning the tale of the awakened dead woman, from India, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, etc. Hervé (G.) Un cas de bipartition com

plète du basioccipital, le basiotique d'Albrecht découvert (otosphénal) par Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. (Rev. Anthrop., Paris, 1911, XXI, 98– 101, I fg.) Cites a case of complete bipartition of the basi-occipital (Albrecht's basiotic) and points out that the peculiarity had been already observed and named by St Hilaire,otos phenal,-in his Philosophie anatomique.

Le professeur Alexandre Schenk. (Ibid., 43-44.) Brief account of life and activities of the Swiss anthropologist (1874-1910).

Charles Daveluy. (Ibid., 241244, portr.) Sketch of life and scientific activities of C. Daveluy (18291911), assistant director of the École d'Anthropologie 1900-1910, honorary director 1910-1911. He was a specialist in the Semitic languages. Hoernes (M.) Die ältesten Formen der menschlichen Behausung und ihr Zusammenhang mit der allgemeinen Kulturentwicklung. (Scientia, Bologna, 1911, X, No. 3, 132-142.) Treats of cave-dwellings, round-dwellings, fourcornered houses (megaron-type, etc.) in various parts of the world, their evolution, relation to one another, etc. Tree-houses and dwellings in hollowtrees can never have been universal primitive forms of habitation. Cavedwelling, more extended in use and distribution, came nearer being such. The late neolithic hunting tribes of the close of the glacial age had both caves and huts,-the latter of the four-cornered type, for the rounddwelling comes later, and when met with among hunter-peoples is open to the suspicion of having been borrowed from other cultures. Certain types of dwelling have apparently grown up under controlling influences of a local environment. Independent invention is not absolutely to be rejected here and there.

von Hornbostel (E.) Über ein akustisches Kriterium für Kulturzusammenhänge. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 601-615.) Treats of the physical-acoustical (measurement of tones) as a criterion of culture-relations. Investigates in this way the question whether the African xylophone is autocthonous or imported from southeastern Asia, and the ques

tion of the origin and distribution of the pan's pipe. The results favor introduction of the xylophone from southeastern Asia, and of culturerelations in the matter of the spread of the pan's pipe.

Hough (W.) Edward Palmer. (Amer. Anthrop., Lancaster, Pa., 1911, N. S. XIII, 173.) Jacoby (A.) Der Ursprung des Judicium offae. (Arch. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1910, XIII, 525-566.) Treats of the origin of the judicium offae (ordeal by which the accused had to swallow a quantity of bread or cheese, or be considered guilty). J. rejects the origin offered by F. Patella in his Le ordalie, from India, and Kober's theory of provenance from England, and seeks to show that the custom is of Christian origin, and stands in certain relationship with the religious and other ceremonials of the eucharistic type. See also p. 634. Janiewitsch (J.) Totenmaske bei den

Wogulen. (Ibid., 626.) Note on the covering of the face with deerskin, regarded by some as a deathmask, this is the opinion of Wisocki (1908).

Karutz (-) Über Kinderspielzeug.

(Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 237-239, 5 fgs.) Treats of toys of the type of the "bean-shooter" (American Indian, African negro, North Germany) and "buzzer " (American Indian, Europe, Africa),

these are possibly almost universal in their distribution. A pop-gun from Togo is also figured and described. (Koch reports it also from Brazil.)

Kelsey (F. W.) The tragedy at Cyrene. (Bull. Amer. Arch. Inst., Norwood, Mass., 1911, II, 111-114, portr.) Sketches life and activities of H. F. De Cou, the archeologist, killed by Arabs, March 11, 1911.

Kluge (F.) Aufgabe und Methode der etymologischen Forschung. (Neue Jahrb. f. d. Klass. Alt., Lpzg., 1911, XXVII-XXVIII, 365-376.) Discusses, with numerous examples, the field and method of etymological investigation, particularly in German and related languages.

Zur Geschichte des Brutofens. (Mitt. d. Anthr. Ges. in Wien, 1910, XL, 195-196.) Notes on the history

of the incubator for hatching hens' eggs. The German word Brutofen dates only from the 18th century. The evidence traces the invention itself back to ancient Egypt. Kroeber (A. L.) The morals of uncivilized peoples. (Amer. Anthrop., Lancaster, Pa., 1910, N. s. XII, 437447.)

Kunike (H.) Das sogenannte "Männerkindbett." (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 346-563.) Treats, with bibliography (pp. 560-563), of the literature concerning the couvade in Europe (Mediterranean region), Asia (China, Miaotse; India, Dravidians), Indonesia and Polynesia (Island of Buru; Dayaks of Borneo), Africa (Congo country), America (Island Caribs, Caribs of mainland, Arawaks and other tribes of Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, etc.; some tribes of New Mexico and California). Northern South America seems to be "the classic land of the couvade," there are two other notable couvade-areas, one in southeastern Asia, the other in southwestern Europe (cf. the Basques). The author warns against unjustifiable generalization. There are two types of the couvade, one of which is possibly an imitatio naturae, a couvade proper; the other (the South American sort) may in some cases be explained as a temporary union with the father" for the child,or something very like it. This may have been connected with the transition from matriarchy to patriarchy. Possibly type first has grown up out of type second.

de Lanessan (J. L.) Le transformisme et le créationisme pendant le Moyen Age et la Renaissance. (Rev. Anthrop., Paris, 1911, XXI, 197-216.) Sketches the history of the doctrines of transformism and creationism during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: St. Augustine, the Arabs, Italian and French anatomists, Servetus, Harvey, Borelli, P. Belon, B. Palissy, van Helmont, etc. Lang (A.) Totemism and exogamy.

(Folk-lore, Lond., 1911, XXII, 9193.) Treats of Frazer's theories, etc. and Mr Thomas' review of Frazer's work. L. holds that "the present Arunta method of obtaining

totems is not early, but recent, and has not yet wholly destroyed the usual method by which each totem is confined to a single phratry." See van Gennep (A.), Westermarck (E). Linard (J.) Le monothéisme primitif d'après Andrew Lang et Wilhelm Schmidt. (Rev. de Philos., Paris, 1911, Nos. 9-10, 390-416.) Résumés and discusses recent publications of Lang and Schmidt relating to "primitive monotheism."

Lowie (R. H.) A new conception of

totemism. (Amer. Anthrop., Lancaster, Pa., 1911, N. S. XIII, 189-207.) von Löwis of Menar (A.) Nordkaukasische Stein geburtssagen. (Arch. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1910, XIII, 509524.) Treats of North Caucasian parallels of the Phrygian myth of the birth of man from stones, etc. Abstracts of such myths from the Kabardians. Chechenzes, Ossetes, etc., are given,-these are in addition to those recorded by N. S. T. in the Etnograficeskoje Obozrěnije for 1908. These tales are characterized by the most animated and objective telling of the process of birth from the stone. In one tale a dream-motive appears; another interesting feature is the fecundation of the stone by human semen, the magic stone is assigned female-anthropomorphic qualities, etc. Comparisons with myths from Asia Minor, with certain myths regarding Adam and Eve, the origin of Anti-Christ (e. g. story of Armilus), the Haitian myth of the four brothers, etc. MacCurdy (G. G.) Anthropology at the Providence meeting, with Proceedings of the American Anthropological Association for 1910. (Amer. Anthrop., Lancaster, Pa., 1911, N. S. XIII, 99120.)

Machabey (A.) Un point d'histoire musicale. (Revue Musicale, Paris, 1911, XI, 88-93.) Emphasizes the value of the " gnostic papyri" for the interpretation of the history of music. Interesting, e. g., are the correspondences of the vowels to divinities, planets, cardinal points, notes of the musical scale; the musical translation of magical formulae; Oriental origin of certain aspects of the Christian liturgy; general employ