Die Johannis haupter. (Schw. Arch. f. Volksk., Basel, 1910, XIV, 287-290, I fg.) Treats of the head of the decapitated John the Baptist as decorations of bowls (part of the liturgical apparatus of the Middle Ages still surviving in certain places). These "St. John heads were given by those suffering from severe headaches,-drinking out of the bowls was a cure. The oldest figure of a "head of St. John" appears on a seal of 1344 A. D., and all those still in existence seem to belong to the 15th and following centuries. None has yet been found in the Romance region. Most of them are now in private and public collections. The author enumerates 21 specimens. Tack (P.) De folklore in de heksenprocessen te Mechlen. (Volkskunde, Gent, 1911, XXII, 5-14.) Treats of folklore in the witches' trials in Mechlin from 1544 to 1643, particularly during the period 1620 to 1640, -folk-medicine, sorcery, and belief in the devil. The author intends to publish a comprehensive work on the Mechlin witch-trials. Tagliaferro (N.) Prehistoric burials in a cave at Bur-meghes, near Mkabba, Malta. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 147– 150.) Treats of the discovery of human remains (35 skulls have been already found) in a natural cave, together with fragments of pottery, rare pieces of flint, animal bones, etc. The pottery belongs to the age of the megalithic monuments of Malta. The corpses seem to have been "laid down horizontally on their left side, in several cases in a crouching position looking east." The skulls and sides were propped up with poles and flat stones were used to underlie or to cover the skeletons. Tschepourkovsky (E.) Anthropologische Studien. (Archiv f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1911, N. F. X, 151-186, 7 fgs., 2 maps, tables.) Résumés the results of the author's measurements (made in 1900-1910) of 800 skulls, 3,000 Great Russian peasant women, 2,000 children, 500 men, 164 Russian girls, 118 Jewish boys, and 80 families. Topics discussed are changes in the basis of the skull in the transition to brachycephaly, the tendency of the basis to assume a fixed form for each race, the heredity of the index, color of hair and eyes, the resemblance between men and women of the same race (almost twice as great as that between brother and sister, mother and son, etc.), appearance of racial characters in childhood (10 year old Jewish boys), types of the orthodox Slavic population of Great Russia (blond brachycephalic, rather tall; darker, more dolichocephalic, lower stature, longer face, the latter a survival of primitive population of the Kurgans of the 7th to the 9th century, and probably of Finnish stock, driven eastward by the blond, brachycephalic Valdai type), etc. Van der Graft (C. C.) Christus is opgestanden. (Volkskunde, Gent, 1911, XXII, 45-52.) Treats of the old Easter hymn "Christus is opgestanden," still sung at the market-place in Ootmarsum (Overijsel) on Easter Sunday. The Dutch text is given on pages 50-51. Verneau (R.) La couvade en Espagne. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1911, XXII, 246-247.) Discusses the article on the couvade in Spain by Dr Aranzadi, in Anthropos for 1910. An investigation is now advisable to determine whether the idea of the couvade is not altogether a myth. Dr D. J. Fuset reports its non-existence on the island of Ibiza, one of the Balearic group, where it has been said to prevail. Verworn (M.) Die Anfänge des Zählens. (Korr.-Bl. d. D. Ges. f. Anthr., Hamburg, 1911, XLII, 53-55, 5 fgs.) Discusses the origin of counting with special reference to the notched bones from the reindeerepoch of prehistoric France. Dr V. is of opinion that counting by notching was already in use at that early period. Die Ausgrabung des neolithischen Dorfes bei Diemarden. (Ibid., 46-52, 11 fgs.) Gives result of excavations of neolithic village-site of Diemarden near Göttingen. Method of building, stone implements (flints; polished), pottery (enormous quantity of fragments; great variety, but typical linear "Bandkeramik " predominates), animal bones, etc. (remains of meals), ornaments of stone (pendants, etc.). Viasemsky (S.) Contribution à l'étude de l'anthropologie des Juifs. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1911, XXII, 197-201.) Discusses briefly the composition of the Jewish people and their physical development, with special reference to the Slavonic countries. Prince V. concludes that the long-continued and severe laws against intermarriage with foreigners "have created the atmosphere of solidarity in which they live to-day." The most important element was brachycephalic. With rare exceptions, the Jews have shown themselves less developed physically than the peoples among whom they dwell. Vierkandt (A.) Hat der Bauer eine eigene Naturauffassung? Eine Anfrage. (Hess. Bl. f. Volksk., Lpzg., 1911, X, 125-127.) Discusses the question whether the peasant has nature-concepts of his own, like so many primitive peoples. If he lacks such concept Dr V. is inclined to attribute it to church-influence,-a phenomenon of arrest due to the influence of the higher urban culture and particularly to the teachings of the church. Dr V. desires answers to this questionnaire. Virchow (H.) Über ein Becken mit ungewöhnlich langem Steissbein. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 622, I fg.) Note on a male pelvis with a coccyx 60 mm. long,-there are but five vertebrae, and the great length is due to the third coccygeal vertebra. Über einen menschlichen Schädel von Oberhausen im Rheinland. (Ibid., 622-627, 4 fgs.) Discusses, with report of Hr Bärtling (a geologist) as to the circumstances of its finding, etc., a skull (index 71.8) from Oberhausen, which probably belongs to some civilized race and not to diluvial man. Über eine tätowierte Deutsche. (Ibid., 271-272.) Notes on a German girl, tattooed by an Englishman, on exhibition in Castan's Panoptikum. The tattooing is extensive, many-colored, and artistic. Ein Becken mit sehr stark entwickeltem Sulcus praeauricularis. (Ibid., 1910, XLII, 920-923, 2 fgs.) Treats of a female pelvis (European) with a very marked Sulcus praeauricularis (noted by Henle in Javanese and by Virchow in Greenland Eskimo). The cause of the peculiarity is still somewhat uncertain. u. von Buchwald (G.) Fragment eines Schädels aus einem neolithischen Begräbnisplatze. (Ibid., 1911, XLIII, 133-135, 5 fgs.) Treats of a skull from a neolithic burial-place in Bannerbrück, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with low flat forehead, prominent frontal bases, and large orbits, suggesting a primitive form. Pottery fragments were also found. Walker (R. J.) A fragment of Greek music. (Oxf. & Cambr. Rev., Lond., 1911, No. 15, 113-119, I pl.) Describes a Ms. (probably subsequent to taking of Constantinople), in which over the first few lines of the first chorus of the Clouds of Aristophanes are written certain musical notes, given "in a miniscule modification of the characters employed in antiquity to express the notes of instrumental music." W.'s Ms. differs here from the Messina Ms. of Kircher. Wallner (H.) Die jährliche Verschiebung der Bevölkerung von der Siedlungsgrenze durch die Almwirtschaft im Lungau. (Mitt. d. k.-k. geogr. Ges. in Wien, 1911, LIV, 358-403, 3 fgs.) Treats of the economics, sociology, etc., of the alm country of Lungau, a sort of "half-nomadism in the midst of European civilization," as Ratzel styled the alp and alm cultures. Wehrhan (K.) Das Hickelspiel in Frankfurt a. M. (Z. d. Ver. f. Volksk., Berlin, 1911, 234-243, 10 fgs.) Treats of "hop-scotch " and its varieties as played by the children of Frankfort on the Main. Details of the game, diagrams, etc., are given. The Frankfort name Hickelspiel signifies "hop play." Each variety has its special name, two of which are "German circle," "French circle." Another sort is called after the snail; a fourth from the letter N, etc. Einige schweizerische Freimaurer-Sagen. (Schw. Arch. f. Volksk., Basel, 1910, XIV, 295-299.) Gives 5 legends from various parts of Switzerland concerning the Free Masons, -how a Free Mason dies, treatment of traitors, great Free Mason festival, initiation-tests, the girl who would not marry a Free Mason. Westropp (T. J.) A folk-lore survey of County Clare. (Folk-Lore, Lond., 1910, XXI, 476–487; 1911, XXII, 49–60, 4 pls.; 202-213, 2 pls.) Numerous items concerning supernatural animals (péists and dragons, watercattle, púcas and horses, bulls, dogs, seals, rabbits, birds), spectral lands and cities (Hy-Brasil, Kilstuitheen, Cullaun, etc.); cursing-stones (at Carnelly, etc.), amulets (Ennis bead, Westropp ring, Molony ring), wishing, foundation-sacrifices, burial and skull beliefs, cures, prophylactics, miscellaneous charms; lucky and unlucky deeds, omens, dreams and divination, calendar-customs, wells and well-customs (healing powers, offerings, etc.). Williams (C. A.) Zu Uhlands Volksliedern, Nr. 43. (Mod. Lang. Notes, Balt., Md., 1910, XXV, 244-245.) Points out that the song "Es ist ein Schnee gefallen is from a collection of Drey schöne newe Lieder, published probably at Strassburg about 1570. Wittich (E.) Abergläubische Festgebräuche der Zigeuner. (Schw. Arch. f. Volksk., Basel, 1910, XIV, 268-271.) Notes on superstitious observations and customs of the Gipsies at Christmas (Holy Night is of great importance, spirits have peculiar power over men and animals), Easter (luck, dreams, etc.; owl and cuckoo; portents for coming year), etc. The author is himself a Gipsy. Zauberformeln und Zaubersegen der Zigeuner. (Ibid., 1911, XV, 115– 117.) Gives some 10 Gipsy charms, etc., for children, cattle, horses, and other animals. Zaborowski (S.) La grèce antique et sa population esclave. (Rev. Anthrop., Paris, 1911, XXI, 245-258.) Treats of the slave-population of ancient Greece: Great growth of slavery coincident with contempt for manual labor especially and the development of oratory, etc.,-softening, deterioration, etc., of Greek mind; stealing, abandonment and sale of children, other sources of slaves; cost and wages of slaves; incomes of citizens derived from work of slave artisans, etc.; in the fifth century of the population of all Greece were slaves; manumission, etc. (more female than male); state prostitutes (some of great influence); nationality of slaves (a list of 124 manumissions includes Syrians, Thracians, Galatians, Italians, Armenians, Sarmatians, Illyrians, Cappadocians, Phrygians, Lydians, Mysians, Pontians, Phenicians, Jews, Egyptians, Arabs, Paphlagonians, Bithynians, Cypriots, Bastarnians), of these 124 only 24 were Greek; prices of freedom (of 162 cases range for males 300-2,000 dr.; 312 female ransoms, 300-1,500 dr.) much above original cost. Zachariae (T.) Etwas vom Messen der Kranken: Der rohe Faden. (Z. d. Ver. f. Volksk., Berlin, 1911, XXI, 151-159.) Treats of "measuring the sick" with citations from Tamburini's Explicatio Decalogi (1675), and numerous other authorities, particularly the use of "ein rohe Faden," i. e., natural, unprepared, a condition favorable to "magic use. Zahler (H.) Volksglaube und Sagen aus dem Emmenthal. (Schwz. Arch. f. Volksk., Basel, 1911, XV, 1-17.) Folk-lore collected in 1903, chiefly in Langnau. Days of the week (Wednesday unlucky); holidays, festivals, saints'-days, etc.; weatherlore; influence of moon; folk-medicine; miscellaneous beliefs; wedding, birth and baptism, death-omens, funeral-customs; the "Döggeli "; witches; numerous brief stories of vanished towns, dwarfs, treasure, phantoms, strange men and women, etc. Zengel (W.) Die prähistorischen Rinderschädel im Museum zu Schwerin und deren Bedeutung für die Geschichte der mecklenburgischen Rindviehzucht. (A. f. Anthrop., Zindel-Kressig (A.) Schwänke und Schildbürgergeschichten aus dem Sarganserland. Dritte Reihe. (Schwz. Arch. f. Volksk. Basel, 1911, XV, 112-115.) Gives 20 items of jests. folk-wit, etc., from the Sargans region. AFRICA Alexander (D.) Notes on ornaments of the Womdeo pagans, etc. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, I, I pl.) Notes on ornaments of females from early childhood to marriage (ear-piercing. bead-strings increased in number with age, at marriage leather strips are substituted, iron bangles, etc.). Balfour (H.) Modern brass-casting in West Africa. (J. R. Anthr. Inst., Lond., 1910, XL, 525–528, 2 pls., 2 fgs.) Treats of specimens of the work of Ali, a native Yoruba artist (some are now in the Pitt Rivers Museum), with an account of his methods by the artist himself (the three stages in casting a brass head, etc.). Other of Ali's more ambitious group-designs are figured on one of the plates. These products fall short of the Benin castings, but are none the less very creditable," and they "betray a considerable knowledge of the higher cire perdue technique." 66 Barrett (W. E. H.) Notes on the customs and beliefs of the Wa-Giriama, etc., British East Africa. (J. R. Anthrop. Inst., Lond., 1911, XLI, 20-39, 3 fgs.) Pages 20-28 treat of the Wa-Giriama, a pure Bantu people of the Kilifi-Sabaki region: Marriage (beer-ceremony) and sexual relations, circumcision; death, burial, etc. (grave-monuments; murder, suicide; fear of ghosts); property, inheritance, slaves; food, cattle; fire-making (two sticks); dance to drive out devil; mehele dance. Pages 29-37 Ideal with the Wa-Sania, who show Galla influence, and have abandoned their original language. Clan-divisions; marriage, intercourse of sexes, etc.; birth and early childhood; property and inheritance, fire; food, death, burial, mourning, murder; blood-brotherhood, chieftainship, miscellaneous items (divisions of time, superstitions, origin-legends). On pages 37-39 are given the English texts only of 6 " fairy-tales" (beastfables). Bartels (P.) Zur Anthropologie der Plica semilunaris bei Herero und Hottentotten. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 616.) Résumé of paper to be published in full in the Archiv f. miskroskopische Anatomie. Reviews literature and gives results of our observations. Relative frequency of occurrence of cartilage in P. L. (48%), rare in whites, normal in anthropoids. Béguin (E.) La famille chez les MaRotsé, Haut-Zambézie. (Bull. Soc. Neuchât. de Géogr., Neuchâtel, 1910, XX, 368-378.) Treats of marriage (wooing, betrothal, wedding; adultery common; royal marriages; polygamy, etc.) and childhood (pregnancy, child-birth; names; babycarrier; clothing; child workers; dolls; seclusion and initiation of nubile girls) among the Marotse of N. W. Rhodesia. Bell (H. H.) Recent progress in Northern Nigeria. (J. Afric. Soc., Lond., 1911, X, 377–391, 2 pls.) Approves of "continuity of policy" and "peaceful penetration." Treats of the pacification of the country by Sir F. Lugard since 1900, the campaign against Kano, Sokoto, etc. The fundamental principles of our ad ministration in Northern Nigeria "have rested on the policy of guiding improving native rule in such a manner as to interfere as little as possible with the traditions and customs of the people." Blackman (A. M.) The hieroglyph a jar-sealing. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 19-20.) B. believes this hieroglyph to represent the mud-sealing of jars, still in use in Egypt. Numerous uninscribed mud-sealings were found in 1909-1910 among the rubbish cleared out of the northern temple at Halfa. Blayney (T. L.) A journey in Morocco: "the land of the Moors." (Nat. Geogr. Mag., Wash., 1911, XXII, 750-776, 26 fgs., map.) Treats of history, the infidel city, the native types in the city, prison conditions, the arteries of traffic, caravans and camping, "powder play" in honor of guest, primitive agricultural methods, a city of Arabian Nights, the ancient glory of Fez, a Moorish wedding, the social ladder, Mequinez the beautiful, domestic life, etc. Bosanquet (R. C.) Second interim report on the excavations at Meroë in Ethiopia. Part III. On the bronze portrait head. (Ann. Arch. & Anthrop., Liverpool, 1911, IV, 66-71, 5 pls.) Treats of "a bronze portraithead in the finest style of Roman Imperial art," found at Meroë, 400 miles beyond the Roman frontier,the head represents Augustus, and probably commemorates his visit to Egypt (perhaps he went as far as Syene) in B. C. 30. Bouillez (-) De l'usage du phallus au Tchad. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1911, XXII, 41-42.) Notes on the use of terra-cotta phallus by native women of the region about Lake Tchad (Wadai, Baghirmi, Burnu). These phalli were made by women potters (at Rabah an old soldier makes them for sale, to European collectors especially, but was taught their manufacture by a woman). The women never use them alone; one acts husband for another. Boyce (R.) The colonization of Africa. (J. Afric. Soc., Lond., 1911, X, 391-397.) Argues against the idea that "Africa is not a white man's country." B. believes that climate is as not insuperable and that questions of environment and tradition can be settled by earnest study of the people and real attempts to elevate them. Burnier (T.) Le dieu des Zambéziens. (Bull. Soc. Neuchât. de Géogr., Neuchâtel, 1910, XX, 383-386, 2 fgs.) Brief account of Nyambé, the creator of the universe, God of the Zambezian natives, the prayer (or morning salutation) offered to him, the blessing of the mattocks, etc. Capitan (L.) L'homme quaternaire ancien dans le centre de l'Afrique. (Rev. Anthrop., Paris, 1911, XXI, 229-232, 2 fgs.) Treats of typical stone implements of the quaternary type found by the explorer Bonnel de Mézières about 400 km. north of Timbuctoo, they appear to be "absolutely identical" with French specimens whose quaternary age is undoubted. The relations of these prehistoric Africans with their European contemporaries is a question of great interest. Chamberlain (A. F.) The contribution of the negro to human civilization. (J. of Race Develop., Worcester, Mass., 1911, 1, 482–502.) Treats of the achievements of individual negroes and individuals possessing negro blood (Nefertari, Mutema, Amenhotep III, Nosseyeb, Sakanouye Tamuramaro, Ste. Georges, Lislet Geoffroy, Dumas, Pushkin, S. Gomez, etc.) in non-negro Europe, Asia, Africa, etc.; the debt of mankind to negro race as such in art, invention, industry, and achievements en masse (political and social organization, commerce, domesticated animals, art, musical instruments,-several possibly of negro origin, iron-smelting probably due to negro), and achievements of individual negroes taken from Africa in childhood and given European education (Miguel Kapranzine, Captein, Amo, Crowther; negroes at Universities of Spain and Portugal). Argues that the negro's contribution has been considerable and that he is capable of contributing much more in the future. la Chard (L. W.) Ancient funeral rites of the pagan Gwari of Northern Nigeria. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 8384.) Treats briefly of discovery, in November, 1907, of an old burial |