objects (masks, rain-mantle), prepared skulls, etc., chiefly from the central Kaiserin-Augusta River, New Guinea, these specimens are now in the Berlin Ethnological Museum.

Vier alte Helme aus Polynesien. (Ibid., 118, 4 fgs.) Note on four old coconut-fiber helmets (two have feather ornaments). Two are from the Cook collection (Tuburi), the exact origin of the other two is not known, though undoubtedly from some part of Polynesia.

The

Maass (A.) Wahrsagekalender (kutikå) im Leben der Malaien ZentralSumatras. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1910, XLII, 750-775, I pl., 21 fgs.) Treats in detail, with facsimile Ms., of the kutika or divinatory calendars of the Malays of Central Sumatra, their varieties, use, etc. The two chief varieties are the five-sectioned and the seven-sectioned. The word kutika is of Sanskrit origin. author's collection of kutikas came from Taluk on the Kuantan and Gunung Sahilan on the Kampar Kiri. Hindu influence is marked. Mathews (R. H.) Matrilineal descent in the Kaiabara tribe, Queensland. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 100-103.) Criticises Lang and Thomas, who have been misled by the data in the late Mr Howitt's book, and his mistaken report of the Kaiabara divisions.

Mayer (O.) Die Schiffahrt bei den Bewohnern von Vuatom, Neu-Pommern, Südsee. (Baessler-Archiv, Lpzg. u. Berlin, 1911, 1, 257-268, 1 pl., 21 fgs.) Treats in detail of the manufacture, equipment, ornament, use, etc., of vessels among the natives of Vuatom (New Pomerania) in the South Pacific: Rafts (of bamboo, banana-stems, etc.), toy-boats (of coconut shells, leaves), outliers, instruments used, progress of work and "magic" (songs, etc.) employed, paddles, masts, sails, etc., canoes in ceremonial and art. The natives of Vuatom are skilful navigators. Boys of seven know how to paddle and steer; women show less ability in managing boats.

Modigliani (E.) Il tatuaggio degli indigeni dell' Is. Sipora, Arcipelago Mentavei. (Arch. p. l'Antrop., Firenze, 1910, XL, 450-454, 8 fgs.)

Treats of tattooing (with males a sign of right to sit in meetings, etc.; with women mere ornament) among the natives of Sipora, one of the islands of the Mentawei group, off the coast of Sumatra. The native names of all the lines, etc., are given. Volz is wrong in thinking that recondite meanings are hidden in these terms. Mentawei tattooing follows the anatomical lines of the body. Moszkowski (M.) Die Völkerstämme am Mamberamo in Holländisch-Neuguinea und auf den vorgelagerten Inseln. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 315-346, 8 fgs.) Treats of the coastal and inland tribes of the river Mamberamo, etc., in Dutch New Guinea. Coastal tribes' situation, migrations, physical characters (certain things suggest the Veddas and wild tribes of Farther India,-hair, small stature, bony structure, short limbs, convex upper lip, etc.), languages (those of coast tribes MalayoPolynesian; the interior tribes Papuan), temperament and imagination (great liars and gesturers), intelligence and desire for knowledge (very inquisitive; interested in European languages and clever at repeating words), clothing and ornament (tattooing among coast-tribes only), origin-legend (human ancestor great fish), totemism, marriage-customs, religion (good and evil spirit; culture-hero tale of coast-tribes, etc.), songs and dances (Papuans have marked dramatic sense; amulets consecrated in dances at the full moon), trade, hunting (pigs, cassowaries, etc.), food and its preparation. Inland tribes taller and more powerfully built; art-sense rude as compared with tribes of the Augusta River; paddle unknown generally on south river; rôle of women more important than among coast tribes; food-differences between the sexes; homosexual orgies of "men's house"; imitation of boys with festival in "men's house," etc. In the discussion Hr Neuhauss suggested missionary influence in the culture-hero legends and the flood-myth and Hr W. Müller noted that the test of Papuan as against Melanesian languages was grammatical not lexical. Hr Neuhauss also doubted whether

a

these inland tribes were Papuan."

Bericht aus Neu-Guinea. (Ibid., 1910, XLII, 948-953.) Reports progress under date of July 25, 1910, from the mouth of the Mamberamo. A vocabulary of 600 words of the Kamboi Ramboi Koassa and data concerning their religion, festivals, customs, etc., were obtained. The deities Mangossi (creator and ruler of the dead) and Sinombi (evil spirit) of the coast tribes (pp. 949-950) are not known to the inland peoples; the moon-cult of the coast tribes has developed into a religion. Amulets are much in use. M. obtained material in three native languages, 30 phonographic records, 150 photographs, measurements of 60 individuals, a large number of drawings, ethnological specimens, etc.

Neuhauss (R.) Über die Pygmäen in Deutsch-Neuguinea und über das Haar der Papua. (Ibid., 1911, XLIII, 280-287.) Treats of the pigmies of German New Guinea (the chief center is in the Sattelberg region near Finschhafen). Physical characters (broader-skulled than the taller tribes, very small hands and feet, short and broad ear, convexity of upper-lip part), etc. The Pigmies of New Guinea are not a mere chance phenomenon (they have a rôle in myth and story); they are not a product of "misery." At pages 282-285 the hair of the Papuans is discussed,― form, color, etc. (artificial coloring is known). The frequent occurrence of blond hair among Papuans, according to N., separates them from the African Negro, whom they resemble so closely in some other hair-characters. In the discussion Fritsch pointed out that the resemblance of the hairs of human races of the same hairtype (there are only 3 hair-types) is often astonishing, although these races may not belong to one and the same "human race," as generally understood.

Reise nach Deutsch-Neu Guinea. (Ibid., 1911, XLIII, 130-132.) Notes on visit to Kaiser Wilhelmsland in 1908-1910. N. brought back with him hundreds of photographs of natives, etc. The results of the expedition will shortly be published in 3

large volumes. The most remarkable object hitherto reported from New Guinea is a small figure of hard green stone exceeding in technique all other stone objects from this region, but altogether Papuan. The green stone is found at Huon Gulf, where the figure was used for magical purposes. See also p. 140.

Kinematographische und phonographische Aufnahmen aus DeutschNeuguinea. (Ibid., 136-138, 1 fg.) Further notes on expedition of 19081910. The numerous cinematograph pictures include men and women at work, war-games of children, mockfights of adults, domestic and cooking operations, games of adults and children. stages of pottery-making, etc. Phonograph records include flute-song, drum-language, dances, etc. The remarkable greenstone figure is reproduced on p. 137. Raymund (P.) Die Faden- und Abnehmespiele auf Palau. (Anthropos, St. Gabriel-Mödling bei Wien, 1911, VI, 40-61, 10 pls., 86 fgs.) Briefly describes with names and reproductions 76 (and a number of subvarieties) string-figures, etc., known among the children of the Pelew Is. natives as chalidebáol, i. e. "gift of the chalid (spirits or higher beings)." Nos. 1-12 are played by two people, the rest by one. Tales go with these games. Among the figures are: house, tortoise, crab, various fruits, stars, clouds, fishes, flies, souls, baskets, various birds, women and men at work, sun, plantation, birds in nest, war, peace, etc. In a number of these figures several things are represented

at once.

Reiber (J.) Kinderspiele in DeutschNeuguinea. (Baessler-Archiv, Lpzg. u. Berlin, 1911, 1, 227-256.) Describes briefly 113 plays and games of children (target and shooting games, war-games, 7; bathing games, 17; animal-games, 21; hunting-games. 16; planting-games, 4; dance-games, 5; hopping and jumping-games, 10; catching-games, 4; ball-games, 3; throwing and hurling-games, 2; guessing-games, 3; musical and noisegames, 4; fire-games, 6; miscellaneous, II) among the natives of German New Guinea. Of these 113 games 31 common to all the tribes con

are

Tutong chief reside (Man, Lond., 1911, X text only of tale con of human beings wit Punans of Bor 18.) Brief notes o ing, use of blow-pi etc.

Benedict (L. W.) collection. (Ame 1911, XI, 164-171 lection from B Mindinao (pag installed: Dre leglets, scarf man's carryin hemp-fiber p

boo, etc. Boyd (C. T.) land. (Cen LXXXII, 681 Moro fair bato,-the and Indu the Buld from th Tiruray. chiefs v of the girls, tions. Brown

masks, rain-mantie. pre

etc., chiefly from the Anserin-Augusta River, New A-ese specimens are now in Etanological Museum A Helme aus Polynesien. Note on four old nets (two have Two are from; Tubun), the other two is not doubtedly from ས

Calender (kuti

Amen Zentral-
Ema Berlin,
T21 fgs.)
smile Ms.,
: calendars
Sumatra,
The two
Boned

The word
The

Treats of tattooing : with women mere orname sign of right to sit in the natives of Sipora. islands of the Mentare: the coast of Sumatra names of all the lines, et.. Voir is wrong in th recondite meanings are these terms. Mentawei lows the anatomical lines of the Moszkowski (M.) Die Vers am Mamberamo in Holli guines und auf den verg Inseln. Z. f. Ethnol. Bei XLII, 315-346, 8 fgs.) Tress coastal and inland tribes of the Mamberamo, etc., in Da Guinea. Coastal tribes s migrations, physical characters tain things suggest the Ve wild tribes of Farther Indiasmall stature, bony structure, limbs, convex upper lip, et guages (those of coast tribes Ma Polynesian; the interior tribes uan), temperament and imag tion (great liars and gesturers. telligence and desire for knowe (very inquisitive; interested in E pean languages and clever at repe ing words), clothing and ornam tattooing among coast-tribes on origin-legend (human ancestor great fish), totemism, marriage-cus ams, religion (good and evil spirit: culture-hero tale of coast-tribes, etc.), songs and dances (Papuans have marked dramatic sense; amulets c secrated in dances at the full moon), trade, hunting (pigs, cassowaries, etc.), food and its preparation. In land tribes taller and more fully built; art-sense pared with tribes River; paddle up south river; r portant than food-differe homosexu imitation

cerned; the others are distributed as follows: Tumleo 43, Juo 54, Momoken 46, Poyek 45, Zaure 41, Murik 73, Monumbo 65, Zepa 55, Mibat 58. The richness of animal-plays is noteworthy, scarcely any important animal is omitted (the significance of animals for the natives and a deep nature-feeling account for this). Many hunting games are merely imitations of the hunt, e. g., in Mibăt. Planting-games which are very common and much liked are not so much in vogue as animal and hunting-games. The dance-games are not numerous (almost all have songs) but the children are very fond of them. The fire-games result from the high respect in which fire is held among these tribes. The games in the sand and water offer many points of contact with those of European children at the seashore. The children have a marked tendency to invent new games (one invented in 1906 is noted on p. 253). Genuine girls' games are very rare (even domestic, or household ones). Games of adults seem unknown, but they sometimes participate in those of the children. Most games belong to certain seasons, months, etc. Evening (a moonlight night is ideal) is the preferred time for play. Schlaginhaufen (O.) Über Siedelungsverhältnisse in

Süd-Neumeck

lenburg. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1910, XLII, 822-829, 3 fgs.) Treats of the form of dwellings and their grouping in villages at Tamm in the Muliama district of New Mecklenburg, observed at three different intervals. The typical hut is oval, but rectangular also occur. The dwelling-houses are one for each family. There are also cooking-houses, "men's houses," storehouses, boat-houses, etc. Nearby is the

grave-yard. Considerable changes sometimes take place within a short time. Schmidt (W.) Die tasmanischen Worte zur Bezeichnung archäolithischer Werkzeuge. (Ibid., 915-919.) Discusses the etymologies of Noetling (see Amer. Anthrop., 1909, N. S., XI, 784) for Tasmanian words denoting archeolithic implements. Father S. is not willing to believe that the Tasmanian language had only one designa

tion for all varieties of stone. Complete knowledge of the language would probably reveal other special words.

Smith (H. W.) Notes on Tahiti. (Nat. Geogr. Mag., Wash., 1911, XXII, 947-963, 17 fgs.) Some of the illustrations (fishing, fruit-carrying, native house, pig-roasting) are of ethnological interest. A few notes on the natives, food, torchlight fishing, cooking, houses, tree-climbing,

etc.

Speiser (F.) Mitteilungen von den Neuen Hebriden. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 307-308.) Under date of March 8, 1911, Dr S. reports collections of skulls and osteological material, photographs, measurements, etc., from Espiritu Santo and Big Bay. The people who make the feathered arrows live in the mountains of West Santo; they also possess pottery. Polynesian mixtures are to be met with on the coast. Strong (W. M.) Note on the Tate language of British New Guinea. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 178–181.) Vocabulary of some 160 words. The language seems to be "Papuan, but quite distinct from the Elema, Namau, and Bamu groups of Papuan dialects, and also from the Papuan languages of German New Guinea." Walden (E.) Die ethnographischen und sprachlichen Verhältnisse im nördlichen Teile Neu-Mecklenburgs und auf den umliegenden Inseln. (Korr.-Bl. d. D. Ges. f. Anthr., Hamburg, 1911, XLII, 28-31.) Notes on ethnography and linguistics of northern New Mecklenburg and the surrounding islands (author was in the Bismarck Archipelago more than two years). There are 3 culture-zones in this region that of central New Mecklenburg about Panakondo and in Tabar; that of northern New Mecklenburg, best represented within Fesoa-Lauan linguistic group; and that of New Hanover. Wallis (W. D.) Australian marriage classes. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 3638.) Critique of views of Rev. J. Mathew, as to origin of Australian marriage classes, from two phratries representing two ancient, distinct races, which amalgamated to form