INTERAGENCY COOPERATION ON PREVENTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER AND HEART AND LUNG DISEASE

SEC. 402. (a) Not later than three months after the date of enactment of this section, there shall be established a Task Force on Environmental Cancer and Heart and Lung Disease (hereinafter referred to as the "Task Force'). The Task Force shall include representatives of the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Cancer Institute, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, and the National Institute on Environmental Health Sciences, and shall be chaired by the Administrator (or his delegate).

(b) The Task Force shall

(1) recommend a comprehensive research program to determine and quantify the relationship between environmental pollution and human cancer and heart and lung disease;

(2) recommend comprehensive strategies to reduce or eliminate the risks of cancer or such other diseases associated with environmental pollution;

(3) recommend research and such other measures as may be appropriate to prevent or reduce the incidence of environmentally related cancer and heart and lung diseases;

(4) coordinate research by, and stimulate cooperation between, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and such other agencies as may be appropriate to prevent environmentally related cancer and heart and lung diseases; and

(5) report to Congress, not later than one year after the date of enactment of this section and annually thereafter, on the problems and progress in carrying out this section.

STUDIES

SEC. 403. (a) Not later than eighteen months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, in cooperation with the National Academy of Sciences, shall study and report to Congress on (1) the relationship between the size, weight, and chemical composition of suspended particulate matter and the nature and degree of the endangerment to public health or welfare presented by such particulate matter (especially with respect to fine particulate matter) and (2) the availability of technology for controlling such particulate matter.

(b) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall conduct a study and report to the Congress not later than January 1, 1979, on the effects

on public health and welfare of odors or odorous emissions, the sources of such emissions, the technology or other measures available for control of such emissions and the costs of such technology or measures, and the costs and benefits of alternative measures or strategies to abate such emissions. Such report shall include an evaluation of whether air quality criteria or national ambient air quality standards should be published under the Clean Air Act for odors, and what other strategies or authorities under the Clean Air Act are available or appropriate for abating such emissions.

(c) (1) Not later than twelve months after the date of enactment of this Act the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall publish throughout the United States a list of all known chemical contaminants resulting from environmental pollution which have been found in human tissue including blood, urine, breast milk, and all other human tissue. Such list shall be prepared for the United States and shall indicate the approximate number of cases, the range of levels found, and the mean levels found.

(2) Not later than eighteen months after the date of enactment of this Act the Administrator shall publish in the same manner an explanation of what is known about the manner in which the chemicals described in paragraph (1) entered the environment and thereafter human tissue.

(3) The Administrator, in consultation with National Institutes of Health, the National Center for Health Statistics, and the National Center for Health Services Research and Development, shall, if feasible, conduct an epidemiological study to demonstrate the relationship between levels of chemicals in the environment and in human tissue. Such study shall be made in appropriate regions or areas of the United States in order to determine any different results in such regions or areas. The results of such study shall, as soon as practicable, be reported to the appropriate committee of the Congress.

(d) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall conduct a study of air quality in various areas throughout the country including the gulf coast region. Such study shall include analysis of liquid and solid aerosols and other fine particulate matter and the contribution of such substances to visibility and public health problems in such areas. For the purposes of this study, the Administrator shall use environmental health experts from the National Institutes of Health and other outside agencies and organizations.

(e) (1) The Secretary of Labor, in consultation with the Administrator, shall conduct a study of potential dislocation of employees due to implementation of laws administered by the Administrator. Such study shall estimate the number of employees so affected, identify exist

ing sources of assistance available to such employees, assess the adequacy of such assistance, and recommend additional adjustment measures, if justified.

(2) The Secretary shall submit to Congress the results of the study conducted under paragraph (1) not more than one year after the date of enactment of this section.

(f) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall undertake to enter into appropriate arrangements with the National Academy of Sciences to conduct continuing comprehensive studies and investigations of the effects on public health and welfare of emissions subject to section 202 (a) of the Clean Air Act (including sulfur compounds) and the technological feasibility of meeting emission standards required to be prescribed by the Administrator by section 202 (b) of such Act. The Administrator shall report to the Congress within six months of the date of enactment of this section and each year thereafter regarding the status of the contractual arrangements and conditions necessary to implement this paragraph.

(g) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall conduct a study and report to Congress by the date one year after the date of the enactment of this section, on the emission of sulfur-bearing compounds from motor vehicles and motor vehicle engines and aircraft engines. Such study and report shall include but not be limited to a review of the effects of such emissions on public health and welfare and an analysis of the costs and benefits of alternatives to reduce or eliminate such emissions (including desulfurization of fuel, short-term allocation of low sulfur crude oil, technological devices used in conjunction with current engine technologies, alternative engine technologies, and other methods) as may be required to achieve any proposed or promulgated emission standards for sulfur compounds.

RAILROAD EMISSION STUDY

SEC. 404. (a) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall conduct a study and investigation of emissions of air pollutants from railroad locomotives, locomotive engines, and secondary power sources on railroad rolling stock, in order to determine

(1) the extent to which such emissions affect air quality in air quality control regions throughout the United States,

(2) the technological feasibility and the current state of technology for controlling such emissions, and

(3) the status and effect of current and proposed State and local regulations affecting such emissions. (b) Within one hundred and eighty days after commencing such study and investigation, the Administrator

shall submit a report of such study and investigation, together with recommendations for appropriate legislation, to the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works and the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

STUDY AND REPORT CONCERNING ECONOMIC APPROACHES TO CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION

SEC. 405. (a) The Administrator, in conjunction with the Council of Economic Advisors (hereinafter in this section referred to as 'the Council'), shall undertake a study and assessment of economic measures for the control of air pollution which could

(1) strengthen the effectiveness of existing methods of controlling air pollution,

(2) provide incentives to abate air pollution to a greater degree than is required by existing provisions of the Clean Air Act (and regulations thereunder), and

(3) serve as the primary incentive for controlling air pollution problems not addressed by any provision of the Clean Air Act (or any regulation thereunder).

(b) The study of measures referred to in paragraph (1) of subsection (a) shall concentrate on (1) identification of air pollution problems for which existing methods of control are not effective because of economic incentives to delay compliance and (2) formulation of economic measures which could be taken with respect to each such air pollution problem which would provide an incentive to comply without interfering with such existing methods of control.

(c) The study of measures referred to in paragraph (2) of subsection (a) shall concentrate on (1) identification of air pollution problems for which existing methods of control may not be sufficiently extensive to achieve all desired environmental goals and (2) formulation of economic measures for each such air pollution problem which would provide additional incentives to reduce air pollution without

(A) interfering with the effectiveness of existing methods of control, or

(B) creating problems similar to those which prevent alternative regulatory methods from being used to reach such environmental goals.

(d) The study of the measures referred to in paragraph (3) of subsection (a) shall concentrate on (1) identification of air pollution problems for which no existing methods of control exist, (2) formulation of economic measures to reduce such pollution, and (3) comparison of the environmental and economic impacts of the economic measures with those of any alternative regulatory methods which can be identified."

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(e) In conducting the study under this section, a preliminary screening should be made of the problems referred to in subsections (b) (1), (c) (1), and (d) (1) and economic measures should be formulated under subsections (b) (2), (c) (2), and (d) (2) in the most promising cases, giving special attention to structural and administrative problems. In formulating any such measure which provides for a charge, the appropriate level of the charge should be determined, if possible, and the environmental and economic impacts should be identified.

(f) Within one year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall complete a study and report to the Congress on the advantages and disadvantages (including an analysis of the feasibility) of establishing a system of penalties for stationary sources on emissions of oxides of nitrogen and make recommendations regarding the establishment of such a system. Such study shall determine if such a system will effectively encourage the development of more effective systems and technologies for control of emissions of oxides of nitrogen for new major emitting facilities, or existing major emitting facilities, or both. In any case in which a proposed penalty system is recommended by the Administrator, the report should include

(1) a recommendation respecting the appropriate period during which such system of penalties should apply, and the appropriate termination date or dates for such system, if any, taking into account

(A) the time at which adequate technology may reasonably be anticipated to be available to control oxides of nitrogen for that category of facilities,

(B) the degree to which such technology can be expected to be used on such facilities, and

(C) the Administrator's authorities to require the use of such technology, and

(2) recommendations respecting the compilation of records by facilities subject to such penalties for purposes of determining the applicability and amount of such penalty.

(g) Not later than two years after the date of the enactment of this section, the Administrator and the Council shall conclude the study and assessment under this section and submit a report containing the results thereof to the President and to the Congress. Interim reports on specific pollution problems and solutions recommended shall be made available to the President and the Congress by the Administrator whenever available.

SAVING PROVISION; EFFECTIVE DATES

SEC. 406. (a) No suit, action, or other proceeding lawfully commenced by or against the Administrator or any