Johannes Evangelista primum cursum Gallorum decantavit; inde postea beatus Policarpus discipulus sancti Johannis; inde postea Irenæus qui fuit Episcopus Lugdunensis Gallei, tertius ipse, 10 ipsum cursum 11 decantaverunt in 12 Galleis. Inde 13 per diversorum prudentium virorum' et modulationibus, series scripturarum Novi ac Veteris Testamenti 14 diversorum prudentium virorum' paginis, non de propriis sed de sacris Scripturis, 15 reciproca, 16 anathephonas, et 17 responsus seu sonus, et aleluyas composuerunt; et 18 per universum mundum peragravit, atque' per universum orbem terrarum 19 Ecclesiæ ordo cursus 20 Gallorum diffusus' est. 21 Quem beatus Hieronimus presbiter et Germanus et Lupus Episcopi, Pelagianam hæresim'— (non sicut multi opinantur, 22 et Gallicanus quidam clericus Britto modulatione deditus, quod ipsum edidisset, quod non 23 fecit)-quod beatus Hieronimus presbiter, Germanus, et Lupus, Pelagianam hæresim vel Gallianam (quæ nomen ipsius titulatur) ex Britannis et Scotiis provinciis expulerunt. Cursus Scottorum. Unde 24 et alium cursum, qui dicitur 25 præsenti tempore Scot26 torum, quæ sit' opinione, jactatur. Sed beatus Marcus Evangelista, sicut refert Josephus et Eusebius in quarto libro, 27 totum Ægiptum vel Italiam taliter prædicaverunt sicut unam Ecclesiam, ut omnis sanctus, vel Gloria in Excelsis Deo, vel Oratione Dominica, et Amen, universi tam viri quam fœminæ decantarent. Tanta fuit sua prædicatio unita. Et postea 28 in Italia' Evangelium ex ore Petri Apostoli edidit. Beatus Hieronimus affirmat, ipsum cursum, qui dicitur 25 præsenti tempore Scotorum, beatus Marcus decantavit, et post ipsum Gregorius 29 Nanzianzenus, quem Hieronimus suum magistrum esse affirmat. Et beatus Basilius frater ipsius sancti Gregorii, Antonius, Paulus, Macarius, vel Johannes, et Malchus, secundum ordinem patrum decantaverunt. Inde postea beatissimus Cassianus, qui 30 Linerensi monasterio beatum Honorium habuit comparem. Et post ipsum beatus Honoratus primus 31 abba, et S. Cæsarius Episcopus qui fuit in Arelata, et beatus Porcarius abbas qui in ipso monasterio fuit, ipsum cursum decantaverunt; qui beatum 32 Lopum [et] beatum Germanum 34 monachos in eorum monasterio habuEt ipsi sub normam reguli ipsum cursum ibidem decantaverunt, et postea in Episcopatus cathedra summi honoris 37 perseverandi sanctitatis eorum sunt adepti. Et postea in Brittanniis vel Scotiis prædicaverunt, quæ Vita Germani Episcopi * Autisiodorensis et Vita beati Lupi 3 adfirmant. Qui beatum Patricium 40 spiritaliter litteras sacras docuerunt atque innutrierunt, erunt. 36 9 sic in Sp., blank in Cleop. E. 1. 12 sic in Cleop. E. 1. and in Sp. 35 39 41 10 sic in Cleop. E. 1. and in Sp. 11 decantavit Sp. 13 om. Sp. 1' these words are repeated as above, in antiphonias Sp. leg. antiphonas. 17 responsoria Sp. om. Sp. om. Sp. 23 facit Sp. Cleop. E. 1. 15 reciperent Sp. 19 om. Sp. 201 26/ 16 21/ 22 ut Sp. 27 totam Sp. Livorense Sp. sc. Lirinensi. 3 Episcopatu cathedram conj. Ussher. 23/ 19 Nan 32 sic, both in Cleop. E. 1. and monachus Sp. 35 sic, both in Cleop. E. 1. and in Sp. pro reverentia Sp. 18 Antisiodorensis Sp. 37 40 sic in Sp. taliter in Cleop. E. 1. 4 enutrierunt Sp. et ipsum Episcopum pro eorum prædicatione Archiepiscopum in Scotiis et Brittanniis posuerunt; qui vixit annos centum quinquaginta 40 et tres, et ipsum cursum ibidem decantavit. Et post ipsum beatus Wandilochus senex et beatus 41 Gomogillus, qui habuerunt in eorum monasterio 42 monachos circiter tria millia'. Inde beatus Wandilochus in prædicationis ministerium 43 a beato' Gomogillo missus est, et beatus Columbanus, partibus Galliarum ; destinati sunt 44 Luxogilum monasterium, et ibidem ipsum cursum decantaverunt. Et inde postea percrebuit 45 forma sanctitatis eorum per universum orbem terrarum, et multa cœnobia ex eorum doctrina tam virorum quam puellarum sunt congregata. Et postea inde sumpsit exordium sub beato Columbano, quod ante beatus Marcus Evangelista decantavit. Et si nos non creditis, inquirite in Vita beati Columbani et beati 46 Eustacii abbatis: plenius invenietis; et dicta beati 47 Athleti abbatis Edbovensis'. Cursus alius Est alius cursus orientalis a sancto Cromacio, et Eliodoro, Orientalis. et beato Paulino, seu 48 Athanasio Episcopo, editus, 49 qui in Gallorum 50 consuetudine non habetur; quem sanctus Maccarius decantavit, hoc est, per duodenas, hoc est, unaquæque 51 orao. Cursus Est et alius cursus, quem refert beatus Augustinus Episcopus, S. Ambrosii. quem beatus Ambrosius 52 papa propter hereticorum ordinem dissimilem composuit, 53 qui in Italia antea decantabatur. S. Benedicti. Cursus Est et alius cursus beati Benedicti qui ipsum singulariter 54 discordante a pauco cursu Romano 55; in sua regula 56 repperies scriptum. Sed tamen beatus Gregorius, urbis Romæ pontifex, quasi priviledgium monachis, ipsum sua authoritate in Vita S. Benedicti in libro Dialogorum affirmavit; ubi dixit, 'Non aliter sanctus vir docere poterat, nisi sicut ipse beatus Benedictus vixit.' 40 om. Sp. 8C. 46 Eastasi Sp. 57 'abbato Sp. 47' Attheleti abbatis Ebo 42' monachus cerciter trea milia Sp. + formam Sp. 44 Luxovium or Luxeuil. vensis Sp. sc. Attala, abbot of Bobbio. 51 i. e. oratio. ora Sp. II. MASKELL, *Mon. Ritual. vol. III., mentions several rites peculiar at first to the early Anglo-Saxon Church, and apparently to the Northumbrian branch of it, and subsequently (for a time) borrowed thence by the Churches of northern France; of which one certainly, viz. the anointing of the hands at ordination (see Gildas, Epist. I. as above, p. 102), and therefore possibly the others, were borrowed from the British Church. The close connection of * Prelim. Dissert., p. cxi., and pp. 198, 199, 200, 207, 262, 268. See also Greenwell's edition of Egbert's Pontifical. the Scottish and Northumbrian Churches strongly increases the probabilities of such an origin for them. They are 1. Anointing of hands of deacons at ordination. 2. Anointing of hands as well as head of Priests, and of Bishops, at 3. Prayer at the giving of the stole to Deacons at ordination. III. A statement respecting British Liturgies, differing from S. Patrick's, and introduced into Ireland in the latter half of the 6th century by S. David, S. Cadoc, and Gildas, is made in the Catal. Sanctorum attributed to Tirechanus, c. A. D. 750, for which see the document itself in its place under the Irish Church. That the British Liturgy was one peculiar to Britain, is also asserted by some one under the name of Gildas (above, p. 112), but certainly Irish, and of later date than Gildas, probably of the 7th century. also below, p. 153. See IV. The Lessons of Scripture used at ordination by the British Church appear to be peculiar to the British Ordinal, and to be taken from a Latin version peculiar to the British Church. See Gildas, Epist. I., as above, pp. 102-107, and notes; and in Appendix G. below. See also below, P. 153. APPENDIX C. THE BRITISH, AND IN PARTICULAR THE WELSH, EPISCOPATE. Roman The signatures to the Council of Arles (above, under A.D. Britain. 314) are conclusive evidence to the existence of diocesan Bishops in the British Church from the beginning. And the language of Sulpicius Severus respecting the Council of Ariminum (above, under A.D. 359) shews that the number of sees was not limited to the three whose occupants were at Arles: while that of S. Athanasius and S. Hilary tends in the same direction (above, pp. 8, 9). The circumstances which led elsewhere to the establishment of Archbishoprics, existed also in Roman Britain. But there is no reliable evidence* that Archbishoprics ever came into existence there prior to S. Augustin, however probable it may seem that the Bishops of the Roman cities which were the capitals of the several Roman provinces (whether the three, also-but simply as Bishops-at Arles, who presided at York, London, and conjecturally Caerleon, or the five, made up by the addition of +Alba, i. e. Candida Casa, for Valentia, and that [absolutely apocryphal] of Canterbury for Cantia or Britannia Secunda), may possibly have risen to some sort of Archiepiscopate over their brethren. The system however of diocesan Episcopacy is conclusively proved to have existed. The same system, without Archbishops, is found in the Church. later British Church. Later British I. In Wales, Bishops not diocesan, but presiding over monastic or educational institutions, are perhaps faintly traceable about the 6th century. E. g. Paulinus, who was simply Abbot of his own monastery at Ty-Gwyn, is called *The Bishopric of Caerleon depends upon the conjectural interpretation of the signatures to the Council of Arles; its Archbishopric upon later twelfth-century traditions, upon the apocryphal answer of Dinoth to S. Augustin, and upon the probabilities of the case, such as they are. Geoffrey of Monmouth and Giraldus Cambrensis are the first writers that systematically invent British and Welsh Archbishoprics respectively. Will, of Newburgh (Hist. Anglic. I. 7, Lond. 1856), writing however expressly in confutation of Geoffrey, denies that there had ever been Archbishops in Britain at all prior to Augustin; but rests his case, not upon evidence, but upon the assertion that Augustin was the first who had a pall, and upon the absence of Archbishops in the Irish Church prior to the time of the English Conquest. Llandaff tradition until the beginning of the 12th century (Lib. Landav.), and S. David's tradition (V. S. Darid. by Rhyddmarch), knew nothing of any Archbishopric of Caerleon. See above, p. 15, note b, and Girald. Camb., De Invect. II. 1. vol. III. p. 45.-Appendix VII. to Stubbs's Registrum Sacr. Anglic. contains a summary of the legendary lists of ancient British Bishops. a Bishop by Ricemarch (V. S. David.), writing however in the 11th century: while S. David, S. Teilo, S. Padarn, and S. Samson, although subsequently Bishops (and the first three also founders) of definite sees, are said in their respective Lives (written in the 11th or 12th centuries) to have been consecrated without reference to any sees at all (and the first three at Jerusalem) as a kind of honorary dignity—a statement of course entirely legendary, but proving the idea of an honorary Episcopate not to have been unfamiliar to Welshmen of even the 11th century. On the other hand, as soon as ever the history of Wales emerges from the darkness that conceals it for a century after the departure of the Romans, a diocesan Episcopate is found established there, with a monastic establishment indeed as the centre of each see, but with the Bishop as such as its head: apparently however newly multiplied and arranged, so as to present a series of Bishoprics (in lieu perhaps of the one Bishop of Caerleon*) tallying almost exactly with the principalities which came into existence at the same period, and without any Archiepiscopate. There is no trace at any time in that country of any system resembling the Irish and Scotch (viz. of government by Abbots, with Bishops as subordinate officers, discharging Episcopal functions, but without jurisdiction), or indeed of any other system whatever than that of a diocesan Episcopate +. And about A. D. 550, Gildas speaks familiarly of "parochia" as the established rule in Wales, and as endowed. The several sees were as follows: i. BANGOR, for the principality of Gwynedd (Venedotia); of which Deiniol or Daniel is the first recorded Bishop and reputed founder (Ricemarch, V. S. David. 137, Lib. Landav. 5, 68), who died A.D. 584 (Ann. Camb., " CXL. Annus, Dispositio Danielis Bancorum"). No records of the see for Welsh times exist; but Welsh Bishops holding it are mentioned A.D. 768–809 (Ann. Camb., a. 768, 809—“ Elbodg, *The transition from Caerleon to the later Bishoprics is one from Roman to British, not from one metropolitan see to another: from the Bishop residing in the capital of the Roman province, to the Bishops of the several Welsh principalities, who however were in no located in the same spot with the residences of the several Welsh princes, but in their own separate monastic establishments. case + Rees (Welsh SS. 182, 266) asserts that it was customary in the earlier Welsh Church to make the Abbots of the greater colleges Bishops; but Paulinus and Cybi are his sole instances in proof. Add however S. Samson at Lantwit (Lib. Landav. 19). It is just possible that the "seven Bishop-Houses" of Dyfed, in Howel Dda's Laws, may indicate the previous existence of some Bishop-Abbots. The numbers of Bishops mentioned at various periods prove nothing. There is no authentic list of the seven mentioned by Bede as in conference with S. Au gustin in A.D. 601; but the number is not greater than can be accounted for by the sees then known, or reasonably believed, to have been in existence. The unmanageable number of seemingly contemporary Bishops of Llandaff in the time of Oudoceus (Lib. Landav.), and the 118 Bishops at Llanddewi Brefi under S. David (Ricem. V. S. David.), depend upon unhistorical evidence. And the same account must apparently be given of the "sevenscore croziers," who are said to have assembled to pass Howel Dda's Laws A.D.928, although these included “teachers and abbots and priors," as well as "archbishops and bishops." Possibly the see of Weeg or Henllan (see in the text further on) may have been connected, if it ever existed, with the college of Dubricius at that place. The few intances of Bishops, not abbots, mentioned without sees (Rees, Welsh SS. 100, 133: 144, 307), rest upon evidence that cannot be relied upon to prove the existence of such a class in Wales as undiocesan Bishops. |