illius primus in occursum sanctorum sine ulla manifesti nuncii relatione properaverit, exhibens secum filium, quem in ipso flore adolescentiæ debilitas dolenda damnaverat; erat enim arescentibus nervis contracto poplite, cui per siccitatem cruris usus negabatur vestigii. Hunc Elaphium provincia tota subsequitur. Veniunt sacerdotes, occurrit inscia multitudo. Confestim benedictio et sermonis divini doctrina profunditur. Recognoscit populum in ea quam reliquerat credulitate durantem; intelligunt culpam esse paucorum; inquirunt authores, inventosque condemnant: cum subito Elaphius manibus advolvitur sacerdotum, offerens filium, cujus necessitatem ætas et debilitas etiam. sine precibus allegabant. Fit communis omnium dolor, præcipue sacerdotum, qui conceptam misericordiam ad divinam clementiam contulerunt. Statimque adolescentem beatus Germanus sedere compulit, attrectat poplitem debilitate curvatum, et per tota infirmitatis spatia medicabilis dextra percurrit. Salubrem tactum sanitas festina subsequitur; ariditas succum, nervi officia receperunt; et in conspectu omnium filio incolumitas, patri filius reformatur. Implentur populi stupore miraculi, et in pectoribus omnium fides Catholica firmabatur. Prædicatio deinde ad plebem de prævaricationis emendatione convertitur; omniumque sententia pravitatis authores expulsi ab insula, sacerdotibus adducuntur, ad mediterranea deferendi b; ut et regio absolutione et illi emendatione fruerentur. Quod in tantum salubriter factum est, ut in illis locis etiam nunc fides intemerata perduret. Itaque compositis omnibus beatissimi sacerdotes, ea qua venerunt prosperitate, reversi sunt. (Sur. III. Jul. 31, p. 366.)

MARTYROL. BEDE. Kal. (August.)... Altissiodoro Germani Episcopi, qui multis virtutibus doctrina et continentia clarus, etiam Britonum fidem per duas vices a Pelagiana hæresi defendit. (p. 401, Smith.)

a The death of Germanus, probably in 448 (Tillemont), and very shortly after his return from Britain (Constant. V. Germani), fixes this date. (See also O'Conor, Rer. Hibern. Scriptt. II. 92.) Compare the celebrated application of the Britons

to Aetius in 446.-Aetio ter consuli gemitus Britonum (Gildas, xvii.)

b See the (Roman) law quoted above, p. 16,

note a

British Legends of the Ninth and later Centuries connect Germanus with Vortigern, and with Wales, and prolong his stay in Britain. They are inconsistent, however, with the contemporary statements of Constantius, and are mixed up with evident fiction.

NENNIUS, Hist. Brit. (9th century).—Cap. XXX. In tempore illius 26 venit S. Germanus, Autisiodorensium urbis Episcopus, ad prædicandum

26 Sc. Guortigerni.

in Britannia: et claruit apud illos in multis virtutibus; et multi per eum salvi facti sunt; increduli perierunt. Aliquanta miracula, quæ per illum Dominus fecit, scribenda decrevi. (M.H.B. p. 63.) Cap. XXXI. Primum miraculum de miraculis ejus. Erat quidam rex valde iniquus etc. etc. (M.H.B. p. 63.)

Cap. XXXIX. Et super hæc omnia mala adjiciens, Guorthigernus accepit filiam suam propriam in uxorem sibi, quæ peperit ei filium. Hoc autem cum compertum esset a S. Germano, venit corripere regem cum omni clero Britonum. Et dum conventa esset magna synodus clericorum ac laicorum in uno consilio, ipse rex præmonuit filiam suam, ut exiret ad conventum, et ut daret filium suum in sinu Germani, diceretque quod ipse erat pater ejus. Ac ipsa fecit sicut edocta erat. S. Germanus eum benigne accepit; et dicere cœpit: Pater tibi ero; nec te permittam, nisi mihi novacula cum forpice pectineque detur, et ad patrem tuum carnalem tibi dare liceat.' Mox ut audivit puer, obedivit verbo senioris sancti, et ad avum suum patremque carnalem Guorthigernum perrexit, et dixit illi: Pater meus es tu, caput meum tonde, et comam capitis mei pecte.' Ille autem siluit, et puero respondere noluit; sed surrexit, iratusque est vehementer, et ut a facie S. Germani fugeret quærebat: et maledictus est, et damnatus, a B. Germano et omni consilio Britonum 27. (M.H.B. p. 66.)

Cap. XLVI. Iste Guorthemir filius Guorthigirni, in synodo habita apud Guartherniaun 28, postquam nefandus rex, ob incestum quem cum filia commiserat, a facie Germani et clericorum Britanniæ in fugam iret, patris nequitiæ consentire noluit: sed rediens ad S. Germanum, ad pedes ejus cecidit veniam postulans, atque pro illata a patre suo et sorore S. Germano calumnia, terram ipsam, in qua prædictus Episcopus obprobrium tale sustinuit, in æternum suam fieri sanxivit. Unde et in memoriam S. Germani Guarenniaun nomen accepit, quod Latine sonat, calumnia juste retorta;' quoniam cum Episcopum vituperare putaverat, semet ipsum vituperio afficit. (M.H.B. p. 68.)

Cap. LV. Beatus vero Germanus reversus est post mortem Guorthigirni ad patriam suam. (M.H.B. p. 71.)

Gildas knows nothing of S. Germanus.

A Cornish Missa S. Germani 29 (probably 9th century) claims S. Ger

27 The "pater adoptivus sive spiritualis," it seems, became so, " acceptis pueri criniculis, a genitore mox abscindendis:" v. Anastas. in Benedicto II. Muratori, III. i. 146.-M.H.B. in loc. 23 Near Builth in Radnorshire.-M.H.B.

Fragment.-Printed from MS. Bodl. 572, in Hardy's Descript. Catal. &c. I. 48, 49; and further on, in its place, in this work.

manus' preaching and relics for Cornwall, and attributes his mission to Pope Gregory. It contains also a reference to the "vesania” etc. of Vortigern.

A Gallican Missa S. Germani, viz. of Auxerre (ap. Mabill. De Liturg. Gallic. III. 330), affirms that "Germanus Episcopus...per totas Gallias, Roma, inectalia 30, in Brettania, annis triginta corpore adAlictus, Januis 31, jugiter in Tuo (Christi) nomine prædicavit, hæreses abstulit, adduxit populum ad plenam et integram fidem, ejecit dæmones, etc."

31

Later Welsh tradition (e. g. Lib. Landav., pp. 66, 81; 12th century) lengthens the life of Dubricius (ob. 612, Ann. Camb., and so also the Lib. Landav. itself) in order to make him consecrated by S. Ger

manusa.

For the equally unhistorical legend connecting S. Germanus with the colleges of Llancarvan and Llanilltyd, see Rees, Welsh Saints, pp. 122124. And for the passage foisted into Asser, connecting him with Oxford, see M.H.B. p. 490, and notes.

Respecting liturgies said (but without ground) to have been introduced by S. Germanus into Britain, see the fragmentary document of the 8th century, emanating evidently from a Scoto-Irish monk on the continent, printed in Spelman, I. 176 sq., and Wilkins, IV. App. 741, 742; and further on in this work, in its place.

The Hymn of S. Fiacc (Colgan, Trias Thaum. p. 1), besides later tradition, both Irish and British

30 Leg. in Italia.

(e.g. Nennius), connects S. Patrick personally with S. Germanus. And the Scholiast on that Hymn brings him with S. Germanus to Britain. The Confessio of S. Patrick himself is (conclusively) silent upon the subject. Dr. Todd (S. Patrick, pp. 314-317) explains by supposing a confusion between S. Patrick and Palladius, the latter of whom was certainly connected with S. Germanus. Possibly the statement may be merely a way of stating the almost certain fact, that S. Patrick drew his teaching and his ordination from the Gallic Church.

Churches dedicated to S. Germanus are in Cornwall and Wales; and two in Glamorganshire to S. Bleiddian S. Lupus (Rees, Welsh Saints, pp. 126, 131).

31 i. e. Genuœ.

APPENDIX A.

DATE OF INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY INTO BRITAIN.

I. Statements respecting-(a) British Christians at Rome, (3) British Christians in Britain, (7) Apostles or Apostolic men preaching in Britain, in the FIRST CENTURY ;-rest upon either guess, mistake, or fable.

a. 1. Claudia, mentioned in the same verse with Pudens, 2 Tim. iv. 21 (c. A. D. 68), as Christians, is conjectured to be the same with Claudia ("peregrina," and " edita Britannis"), the newly married wife of Pudens, mentioned by Martial, IV. 13, XI. 53 (c. A. D. 90-100). And the same Pudens has been identified with the (imperfect) name of the giver of a site for a heathen temple in an inscription found at Chichester (Gale, ap. Horsley, Brit. Rom. 336.) Martial IV. 13, however, may have been written, although not published, as early as A. D. 68.

externa

2. Pomponia Græcina, accused and acquitted, A. D. 57, before her husband, Aulus Plautius, "qui ovans se de Britanniis retulit," of an superstitio" (Tacit. A. XIII. 32), is assumed to have been both a Christian and a Briton.

B. Bran, the father of Caradog or Caractacus (followed by others down to the time assigned to Lucius), is alleged by the Triads and other still later Welsh documents, to have been converted to Christianity when captive at Rome, A. D. 51 × 58, and to have introduced the Gospel into his native country on his return. The story is inconsistent with Tacit., A. XII. 17, 35, 36, H. III. 45; and Dio Cass., lib. LX. 20; and the earliest witness to it is posterior in date by probably a thousand years (Stephens, Liter. of Cymry, III. 4).

7. 1. S. Paul is said by S. Clem. Rom. (Ep. ad Cor. i. 5.) to have preached ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ καὶ ἐν τῇ δύσει, and to have taught ὅλον τὸν κόσμον καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ τέρμα Ts duσews. Similarly vague statements are in S. Basil. Seleuc. (Orat. XXXIX. p. 218, Paris 1621), saying of S. Paul, that navrayoù τns oikovμévηs êηpūέai,— and in S. Jerome (Comm. in Amos V. Opp. III. 1412), that "usque ad Hispanias tenderet (Paulus), et mari rubro, imo ab Oceano usque ad Oceanum, curreret,”—and in S. Chrysostom (Hom. in Rom. I. 2, IX. 432. Montfauc.; and

1 ente are all the letters remaining.

see also Hom. de Capto Eutrop. 14, ib. III. 399), that from Illyricum S. Paul went els avràs Tŷs yŷs éo xariás—and in Eusebius (Demonst. Evang. III. 5, quoted above under A. D. 300)-and in Theodoret (Græc. Affect. Curat. IX., quoted above under A. D. 400-423): the two latter however specifying Britain, but only as Christianized before their own time by some disciples unspecified. Theodoret in another passage (in Psalm. cxvi. 2; Opp. I. 1425) is more precise ; —Ύστερον μέντοι καὶ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐπέβη (ὁ Παῦλος) καὶ εἰς τὰς Σπανίας ἀφίκετο, καὶ ταῖς ἐν τῷ πελάγει διακειμέναις νήσοις τὴν ὠφελείαν προσήνεγκε. But the islands here are simply Crete, the authorities for the statement being expressly Rom. xv. 24 and Titus i. 5, and nothing more. See also Theodoret, ad II Tim. IV. 17:—Καὶ τὰς Σπανίας κατέλαβε, καὶ εἰς ἕτερα ἔθνη δραμὼν, τὴν τῆς διδασκαλίας λαμпádа проσŋveукe (Opp. III. 696).—Venantius Fortunatus in 580 (V. S. Martini, III. 491–494, p. 321, ed. Brower.) asserts that the teaching of S. Paul (“ stylus ille"), passing north and south and everywhere,

Transit et oceanum vel qua facit insula portum,

Quasque Britannus habet terras atque ultima Thyle.

The same Fortunatus limits S. Paul's personal travels in distant regions to Illyricum (Epist. ad Martin. Gallic. Episc. Poem. V. i. 7. ib. p. 119). Lastly, Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem (A. D. 629-636), Serm. de Natal. SS. Petri et Pauli, is quoted by the Magdeburg Centuriators and others, as bringing S. Paul in person to Britain, but there is nothing to that effect in the printed fragments of Sophronius himself. And his authority is worthless, if there were. There is, in short, no authority earlier than the Welsh Triads, some of which are headed with S. Paul's name (Williams, Antiq, of Cymry, p. 60), for special respect felt towards S. Paul in Britain, and none whatever for his personal preaching in this island.

2. S. Peter is brought to Britain by the anon. Comment. de SS. Pet. et Paul., attributed to Simeon Metaphrastes, c. A. D. 900 (ap. Act. SS. 29 Jun. V. 416). Innocent I. (A. D. 402–417, Epist. ad Decent.) merely affirms (and that untruly), that Italy, Gaul, Spain, Africa, Sicily, "insulasque interjacentes," were converted by missionaries from S. Peter, or from the see of Rome;—a statement, neither referring to S. Peter personally, nor including Britain.

3. S. Simon Zelotes is taken to Britain by the (spurious) Synops. Dorothei (6th century), and by Niceph. Callist. II. 40, and by the Greek Menologies (p. 280. ed. Pinell. Venet. 1621; et ap. Canis., Antiq. Lectt. III. 429, Basnage) ad Mai. X. The Roman Martyrology, and Bede's, make him a martyr in Persia.

4. S. Philip the Apostle, came to Gaul, and thence sent missionaries to the barbarous nations, bordering on the ocean, according to Isidorus (De PP. Utriusque Testamenti, A.D. 595 x 636), from whom the statement is copied by Freculphus Lexoviensis (9th century), and from him by Will. Malm. (Antiq. Glaston., 12th century), who adds the history of a mission to Britain.