CHAPTER XXI.

HISTORY OF LITERATURE.

§ 1. Name the three great founders of Tragedy.--Who were the great Lyric poets, and what their respective countries?

§ 2. What various countries did SIMONIDES Visit?-Relate the legend of his protection by Castor and Pollux.-What celebrated actions did his poems record?-Name the different sorts of his poems.-Does much of them remain ?

§ 3. Where and when was PINDAR born?-From what lyric writers did he gain improvement?-What celebrated sovereigns were his patrons?-How did the Athenians show their respect to him?-What tes timony was paid to his merit long after his death ?—Which of his poems remain ?-What is their characteristic ?-What Latin poet especially speaks of his excellence?

§ 4. Give some account of Ibycus and of Bacchylides.

§ 5. What species of composition were the Greeks late in cultivating? -At what time were the books of MOSES written?

§ 6. At what time must we place the earliest attempts of the Greeks in prose composition?-Name the earliest Greek prose-writers.-Give an account of what is known of Hecatœus and his works.-What can you tell me respecting Charon of Lampsacus ?-What is known of Hellanicus of Mitylene?

§ 7. Where and when was HERODOTUS born?-What dialect did he adopt, and why ?-In what island did he sojourn while a young man? How far did his travels extend?-Where did he pass the latter part of his life?-Quote the story from Lucian respecting the publication of his history. What great honor was paid to his books?-Who is said to have been present?

§ 8. What is the subject of Herodotus's history?-What mythological subject does he touch on?-Give a brief sketch of the historic subjects in Herodotus's book, and of the way they are introduced.

§ 9. Show what feeling mutually subsisted between Herodotus and Athens.

§ 10. Describe the peculiar excellences and deficiencies of the style of Herodotus.

BOOK IV.

THE ATHENIAN SUPREMACY AND THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.

(B.C. 477-404.)

CHAPTER XXII.

FROM THE EXPULSION OF THE PERSIANS TO THE DEATH OF THE

MISTOCLES.

§ 1. After the expulsion of the Persians from Greece proper what places did they still hold ?-What force was sent to dispossess them, and under what commanders?-What were the achievements of this force?

§ 2. Describe the conduct of Pausanias.-What projects had he formed?-How was his design made evident?

§ 3. What circumstances gave Athens the supremacy at sea?

§ 4. What name was given to the league which Athens headed ?-Of what states was it composed?-What money was contributed?

§ 5. Who succeeded Aristides in the command ?-What were the first places he took?-Wherein consisted their importance?

§ 6. Name the great battles in the Persian war, and state the share that Athens had in each battle.-To what great citizens did that city particularly owe her eminence ?-Show this by a little detail.

§ 7. How was the rebuilding of the fortifications of Athens viewed? -What species of advice did the Spartans give ?-Describe the artifice of Themistocles at this crisis, and its success.

§ 8. What was the original port of Athens?-What ports did Themistocles add to it?-How did he defend these?

§ 9. What farther step toward democracy was made at Athens during the Persian war?-Who became opponents of Themistocles?-How did that statesman give offense?

§ 10. What constitutions prevailed at Athens and Sparta respectively? -Of what was Themistocles accused?-Whither did he first retire?

§ 11. Was Pausanias proved guilty of treason on his first recall?—In what way did he again go out?-How did he conduct himself?—What schemes did he form at home?-Detail the mode of his complete detection.-Describe the end of Pausanias.

§ 12. How did the fall of Pausanias affect Themistocles ?-Relate the latter statesman's adventures till his arrival in Asia Minor.

§ 13. Whom did Themistocles find on the throne of Persia ?-How did the Persian king treat him?—What promises did Themistocles make? -What various statements are made as to his death ?-Draw the character of Themistocles.

§ 14. What honors were paid to the memory of Aristides?

CHAPTER XXIII.

RISE AND GROWTH OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE.-FROM THE BATTLE OF EURYMEDON TO THE THIRTY YEARS' TRUCE WITH SPARTA. § 1. What great qualities had Cimon as a party leader?-How did he increase his popularity?

§ 2. What island was the first to resist the power of Athens ?-With what result?

§ 3. Where is the EURYMEDON ?-Describe the actions fought there by Cimon.-Give the date of these battles.

§ 4. How did the dispute between Athens and Thasos arise ?-Whence arose the wealth of that island ?-What success had it against Athens? § 5. What induced Sparta to propose invading Attica?-How was this purpose frustrated?-Describe the causes and progress of the revolt called the Third Messenian War.

§ 6. Detail the various circumstances which had conspired to depress Sparta and raise Athens.

§ 7. What force, and under whose command, proceeded to the aid of Sparta ?-How was this force treated?-What statesman was now rising to rival Cimon at Athens?

§ 8. Describe the parentage, manners, and character of PERICLES. -With what philosophers did he hold intercourse?

§ 9. Why was Pericles hostile to the court of Areopagus?—What may be regarded as among the last measures which completed the democratic power in Athens ?

§ 10. What great dramatist left Athens in connection with political strife?-What befell Cimon at this time?—Who was Ephialtes, and how did he fall?

§ 11. With what powers opposed to Sparta did Athens under Pericles successively effect alliance?-What advantages were gained by the union with Megara?-What was the port of Megara ?-What name was given to the fortifications connecting a town with its port?-What was the most notable instance?

§ 12. Who was Inarus ?-What assistance did he obtain from the Athenians?-What was the fate of this armament?

§ 13. What disaster befell the Æginetans in their attempts against Athens ?-What was the success of the Corinthians on land?-Who was the victorious Athenian general?-What was the nature of the force under him?

§ 14. Describe the LONG WALLS at Athens.

§ 15. What pretext did the Spartans find, after suppressing the Messenian revolt, for invading continental Greece?-What was the real object of this invasion?-Describe its progress and the amount of its success.— Name, with its date, the battle thus gained.

§ 16. Describe the conduct of Cimon just previous to the battle of Tanagra?-When and how was Cimon recalled?

§ 17. By what battle did the Athenians regain their influence in Bœotia? What other continental states did they acquire ?-What injuries did their fleet inflict on Laconia ?-What western islands were gained in the same expedition ?

§ 18. At what date was the five years' truce concluded by Cimon ?— Describe the circumstances under which Cimon died.-What success had the fleet which had been under his command?

§ 19. What are said to have been the terms of the pacification with Persia?-Show on the map the points that limited the progress of the Persian war-ships.-How far is this pacification confirmed in history? § 20. By what measures did Athens make the subjection of her allies more complete?-When her power was greatest, what continental states were under her control?

§ 21. How did Athens lose her predominance in Boeotia?-Who made an attempt to recover it, and with what success ?-What other states threw off her yoke soon after?

§ 22. What important island did Pericles recover?-What was the date and what the terms of the Thirty Years' Truce?

NOTE. We may take this opportunity of calling the student's attention to the date B. C. 444, as the ERA OF PERICLES. The three similar figures make it easy to remember, and the empire of Athens-her great glory in arms, in arts, in taste, in literature -her enterprising spirit and great energy, render this epoch one of the most remark. able in the history of mankind.

CHAPTER XXIV.

FROM THE THIRTY YEARS' TRUCE TO THE WAR BETWEEN CORINTH AND CORCYRA.

§ 1. Who succeeded Cimon in the lead of the aristocracy at Athens? -Wherein did he fall short of the characters of Aristides and Cimon? -What arrangements did the party adopt, and with what result?

NOTE. The politician Thucydides was the son of Melesias; the GREAT HISTORIAN was THUCYDIDES, THE SON OF OLORUS.

§ 2. What were the opposing opinions of Pericles and the Aristocratic party?

§ 3. How did Pericles obtain the sole direction of affairs at Athens? -To what elevation did he propose to raise his country?-Describe the chief erections raised in the Acropolis of Athens during Pericles' administration.-What other great sacred buildings did he commence ?— What defensive work was built by his direction?-Was his political scheme equally successful?

§ 4. Distinguish the two kinds of settlements made by the Athenians. -Describe the nature of a Kλnpovxía.-What territories were chiefly thus occupied ?-What were the two chief colonies settled by Pericles? -Where were these respectively?

§ 5. What increase had been made in the contribution of the Athenian allies?—To what purposes was it applied?-Of what other wrongs had the subject states to complain ?-Which of the islands for some time retained a nominal independence?-Can any thing be said in extenuation of the conduct of Athens?

§ 6. How did the quarrel between Athens and Samos arise?-Detail the chief events and the final result of the contest thus produced.-Why did not the Peloponnesians interfere to aid Samos?-What other city was subjugated at the same time?

CHAPTER XXV.

CAUSES OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.

§ 1. Describe the position of Epidamnus.-How did its affairs produce a dispute between Corinth and Corcyra?-Where is Corcyra?¬ What now called, and to what power subject?-Which state gained the first decisive advantages?

§ 2. What preparations did Corinth make to regain her power?— To whom did the Corcyræans apply ?-Describe the debate on the subject before the Athenian assembly.—What resolution did that assembly adopt?

§3. Show the superiority of the naval tactics of the Athenians.-Describe the action between the Corcyræan and Corinthian fleets.-How were the Corinthians prevented from renewing their attacks?-How did the Corinthians treat their prisoners?

§ 4. What offense had Perdiccas of Macedon received from the Athenians? What measures did he take to obtain revenge?-What success had the Athenians against the Potidæans and Corinthians?

§ 5. What complaints did the Megarians and the Æginetans make in the congress of Peloponnesians against Athens ?-Describe the language of the Corinthian envoy.-By what arguments did the embassador from Athens defend his country's conduct?-Describe what followed in the Lacedemonian assembly.

§ 6. What support did the Peloponnesians gain from religion?—At what date did these events take place?

§ 7. What was the first demand of the Peloponnesians on the Athe nians? What was its object, and what the expectations of those who made it?

§ 8. For what was ASPASIA celebrated?-What charge was brought against her, and who else was included in the charge?-How did Peri

cles act?-What various faults were alleged against Phidias ?-How did the Athenians meet the charge of impiety made by the Peloponnesians? § 9. What was the second demand of the Spartans?-What was their ultimatum?-What was the object of this?-How did the Athenians answer it?

§ 10. What treacherous act preceded the declaration of war?-Describe the particulars of this.-What was its success?-How did the Theban re-enforcements and the Platæans respectively act?

§ 11. When the Athenians heard of the attempt on Platea, what measures did they adopt?-What was the state of men's minds at this epoch? What unusual prodigy occurred?

§ 12. Enumerate the allies and forces on the side of Sparta.-State what powers were under Athenian influence.-What resources had Athens already collected?

§ 13. What Spartan was inclined to peace just prior to the Peloponnesian war?-What messenger was sent to Athens?-What resolution had the Athenians made?

CHAPTER XXVI.

PELOPONNESIAN WAR.-FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR TO THE CAPTURE AND DESTRUCTION OF PLATEA.

§ 1. Describe the conduct of Archidamus in the invasion of Attica.What policy had Pericles recommended?-How was it carried out?What famous popular leader was just rising?

§ 2. Describe the successes of the larger naval armament of the Athenians.-What operations did their smaller squadron carry out?

§ 3. How did the Megarians fare in the war?-What remote alliance did the Athenians form ?-What measures of reserve did they adopt?What remarkable ceremony took place at Athens toward the end of the year?

§ 4. What formidable disaster befell the Athenians in the second year of the war?-Describe the effect of this on men's bodies and on their conduct. Mention some circumstances that show the severity of the visitation.

§ 5. In what way did Pericles strive to divert the minds of the people from their despair?-How was he treated on his return?

§ 6. What domestic losses did Pericles sustain ?-What feeling did he show?-From what cause did he die ?-What remark did he make on his death-bed?-Draw the character of Pericles, stating his great mental qualities.

§ 7. How far were the Lacedæmonians successful with their ships?— What cruel proceedings disgraced the Peloponnesians?-What retaliation did the Athenians make?

§ 8. How did the siege of Potidea terminate?-What terms were granted?-How did the Athenians regard this?

§ 9. On what measure did Archidamus resolve?-What negotiations preceded the commencement of the siege?-How were they rendered unavailable ?-What force occupied Platea?-Describe the first measures of the besiegers.-What effectual plans of resistance did the Platæans adopt?

§ 10. Describe the besiegers' walls.-Give a minute account of the es cape made by a portion of the garrison.

§ 11. What promise did the Spartans make to the survivors of the