The rack bearing all these parts has two feet resting on a base-board (B), which can slide forward or backward between guides on the table (T). The coarse adjustment is effected, first of all, through this sliding movement of the base, and then by a screw-movement of the object-carrier (C). The fine adjustment is made by turning the objective, which works in a fine screw. Extraneous light is excluded by inclosing the whole apparatus in a tin box (Gh) provided with a wide side-door.

The size and distance of the picture vary within relatively large dimensions, so that an ordinary photographic camera could not conveniently be employed. The arrangement is such that the picture is projected upon the wall of the dark-room, in front of the objective, instead of a ground-glass behind it, as in the ordinary camera.

The dark-room is divided by a partition (P), which is provided with a door and a sliding screen (S). On the wall opposite the screen is fixed a large frame (F), which carries a glass plate (PI). The image is first brought to a focus on a sheet of white paper behind the glass plate; and then, after closing the screen, the white paper is replaced by the photographic paper.

The photographic paper, known as the "Eastman bromideof-silver paper," is sensitive enough for use with lamp-light, and the manipulations are extremely simple.

The time of exposure varies according to the magnification and the diaphragm employed. With the Steinheil aplanatic and diaphragm (4) an amplification of ten diameters requires an ex

posure of six to eight minutes. Very thin, transparent sections require less time than thick or deeply-stained ones.

The pictures are, of course, negative, but they are none the less valuable for the purposes before named. If positive pictures are desired these are easily obtained, as the photographic paper is sufficiently transparent to admit of copying. For this purpose lamp-light is better than sunlight, and an exposure of one-half to one minute is sufficient. Both the negative pictures and the positive copies admit of further finish with pencil or color.

Full details of manipulation are furnished with each package of the Eastman paper. The operations which follow exposure are (1) softening of the paper in water; (2) development of the picture by means of potassium oxalate and ferrous sulphate; (3) washing in acidified water; (4) fixation through hyposulphite of sodium; (5) washing and drying.

SCIENTIFIC NEWS.

-In the November number of the AMERICAN NATURALIST Mr. J. F. James kindly calls my attention and that of the general public to what seems to be a slight put upon his work. A word of explanation seems to be due both to Mr. James and myself. The object of the paper entitled "Origin of the Indiana Flora" was simply to apply well-known facts with regard to the North American flora to the specific case of Indiana. In order to do this it seemed necessary to give an introduction containing an explanation of the general problem for those for whom the writing was intended,—a thing that would not have been necessary for the scientific public. My former assistant, Mr. Thomson, was asked to look up the literature of the subject and prepare as compact a statement as possible of the known facts. I suppose that he found Mr. James's paper useful, as being the most concise compilation of facts so well known as to have become general property. That due credit was not given to Mr. James for this assistance was a great oversight, but that it could not have been intentional appears in the very extracts that Mr. James has culled out. He is there mentioned by his full name as an authority for some statement or other. I am blameworthy for not more closely inspecting this part of the work, but, as the chief trouble was failure to give full credit to Mr. James, it is hereby done, with an expression of regret that the omission was not seen in time to remedy it.-John M. Coulter.

-The Imperial University of Japan has recently established a marine biological station at Misaki, a day's journey from Tokio, an account of which has recently been published by Professor Milsukuri in vol. i. of the Journal of the College of Science of the

university. The building is of wood; the laboratory-room is forty-eight feet long by from twelve to eighteen in width, and affords space for about ten workers. Besides this there is a room for sorting specimens and another for library purposes, while the second story affords sleeping-rooms. Salt water runs to the tanks and aquaria in the laboratory. Misaki is favorably situated for biological investigation, and the catalogue of fauna outlined by Professor Mitsikuri is tantalizing. Foraminifera, Radiolaria, glass sponges (Hyalonema and Tetilla), corals, and Pennatulids, a Pentacrinus "two or three feet long," Chiton, Haliotis, Doliolum, pteropods and heteropods, Actinotrocha, Tornaria, Pilidium, etc., characterize the general facies of the locality when viewed from the zoological side.

-Dr. G. H. Sternberg, U. S. A., has just returned from Havana. He was sent by the U.S. Health Commission to examine the claims of the various methods reported by physicians in Rio Janeiro, Vera Cruz, and Havana for combating yellow fever by inoculation. The discovery of the supposed yellow-fever bacilli has been followed by attenuation cultures, after the method of Pasteur. Dr. Sternberg has brought with him culture series of these bacilli from all these localities, and will proceed to develop them and test their merits as preventives of this dread scourge of the tropics.

-Prof. Alfred Giard, of Lille, has been called to Paris as "maître de conférences à l'Ecole normale supérieure."

-Dr. O. S. Jensen, who had just published a valuable paper on "Spermagenesis in Mammals, Birds, and Batrachia," died in Christiania, September 14, 1887, aged forty years. He was a skilful anatomist.

-Professor Hugo Lojka, of Buda-Pest, a student of lichens, died September 7.

-In the death of Mr. Oscar Harger, which occurred at New Haven, November 6, of cerebral hemorrhage, science has lost an able and conscientious worker, whose labors are none the less important because they are not widely known. Born at Oxford, Conn., in 1843, his early years were spent upon a farm, where, while his educational facilities were very limited, he became imbued with that love of natural history to the study of which his life has been devoted. His attention was early directed to botany, a subject which he pursued with unabated zeal throughout life, and it was the success that attended his early efforts in this study that induced him, as he has told me, to prepare for college, which was accomplished largely without pecuniary aid. He graduated at Yale College in 1868 with high honors, the expenses of his course having been chiefly defrayed by his own exertions in

mathematical calculations for life-insurance companies and for Professor Newton. The two following years were spent in natural history studies in Sheffield Scientific School with Professor Verrill and his most intimate friend, Prof. S. I. Smith. In 1870 he was appointed assistant in paleontology to Professor Marsh, a position he uninterruptedly held to his death.

His life for twenty years has been wholly that of a student and investigator, but the published works by which he is known to the scientific world are not numerous or extended, though important. His chief work was a "Report on the Marine Isopoda of New England and Adjacent Waters," published in 1880, but he also published not a few other papers in the American Journal of Science, and elsewhere, on isopods, myriapods, and a fossil spider (Arthrolycosis) from the Coal-Measures. The real work of his life, however, will never be appreciated save by those who knew him well. A patient and accurate observer, possessed of truly remarkable logical powers, and a man of very extensive and most accurate knowledge, the results of his eighteen years' work in vertebrate palæontology have been of great value, notwithstanding the fact that none of them have been published by him. In eight years' daily intimate association with him in the Yale College Museum, I cannot recall an instance where his matured opinions and statements were assailable; errors he made, of course, but they were fewer than I have ever known in any other person. Unfortunately, his opinions, though never gainsaid, were not always followed. To my personal knowledge, nearly or quite all the descriptive portion of Professor Marsh's work on the Dinocerata was written by him, and was published without change, save verbal ones. The descriptive portion of the Odontornithes was likewise his work, but this I cannot say from personal knowledge.

Born with unsound physique, his life has been a constant struggle with difficulties that a man with a less indomitable will would have found unconquerable; that he has lived for the past eight years has been a surprise to his physicians and friends. He was firm and pronounced in his opinions, but withal of a very modest and retiring disposition. The few intimate friends that knew him cherished and respected him in a remarkable degree. He was married in 1875 to Miss Jessie Craig, of New Haven, who survives him without children.-S. W. Williston.

-Ferdinand V. Hayden, M.D., Ph.D., the well-known geologist, died December 22 at his residence in Philadelphia, after an illness which had confined him to his room for over a year and a half.

He was born in Westfield, Mass., September 7, 1829, and at an early age emigrated to Ohio, and was graduated from Oberlin College in 1850. He afterwards studied medicine at the Albany

Medical College, taking his degree in 1853. He did not practise medicine, but in the spring of the year of his graduation visited the "Bad Lands" of Dakota on White River in the interest of Prof. James Hall, explored one of the remarkable ancient deposits of extinct animals, and returned with a large and valuable collection of fossil vertebrates. He spent the three following years in exploring the Upper Missouri, and his large collection of fossils was partly given to the Academy of Sciences in St. Louis and a part to the Academy in Philadelphia. These collections attracted the attention of the officers of the Smithsonian Institution, and he was appointed, at the suggestion of General J. A. Logan, geologist on the staff of Lieutenant G. K. Warren, of the Topographical Engineers, who was then making reconnoissance of the Northwest, and continued on duty till 1861, when he entered the war as a surgeon of volunteers. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for meritorious services at its close.

In 1865 he was elected Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania, and held that post until 1872, when he resigned on account of the increased labor in managing the survey. In the summer of 1866 he made another expedition to the Upper Missouri.

The United States geological survey of the Territories, under charge of Professor Hayden, was commenced in the spring of 1867 and continued until 1879. Seven annual reports of the survey have been published in 8vo, and eight volumes of the quarto final report. Three volumes of the 4to series are not yet published.

His reports of the exploration of the famous Yellowstone region in 1870 and 1871 induced Congress to set apart by law as a national park three thousand five hundred and seventy-five square miles of the public domain, containing within its limits most of the geysers, hot springs, and other wonders of that region.

The United States owes to Dr. Hayden the establishment of its Geological Survey. Those acquainted with the history of this great work can testify to the energy and perseverance which he expended in accomplishing it, qualities which were in a high degree inherent in Dr. Hayden's character. Dr. Hayden's influence was only second to that of Baird in securing for science the aid and recognition which it has received from the government of the United States. And at the period of his greatest success Hayden was always the same unpretentious and enthusiastic seeker for knowledge. He was singularly free from sordid motives, and he left the service of the government a poor man. His retirement was caused by an intrigue discreditable to all who participated in it. His removal from the position which he had won through so many years of toil, was influential in bringing on the disease to which he succumbed.

Dr. Hayden left a widow but no children.