GRAF. EUGENE KEYSERLING.-Amerikanische Spinnenarten aus den Familien Pholcoida, Scytodoidæ und Dysderoida; in Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellschaft, xxvii. 205-234 (1877). -Neue Spinnen aus Amerika, vi. Theile; in Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellschaft, xxix. 293-350 (1879); xxx. 547-582 (1880); xxxi. 269–314 (1881); xxxii. 195-229 (1882); xxxiii. 649–684 (1883); xxxiv. 489–534 (1884). O. P. CAMBRIDGE.-Newfoundland Spiders; in Proc. Royal Physical Soc. Edinb., 1881. II. EUROPEAN. E. SIMON.-Les Arachnides de France, tome i.-v., Paris (1874-84). O. P. CAMBRIDGE.-The Spiders of Dorset; with appendix, containing descriptions of those spiders not yet found in Dorsetshire. 2 vols. Sherborne (1879–81). T. THORELL.-On European Spiders. Part I.-Review of the European Genera of Spiders. Upsalia (1869-70). -Remarks on Synonyms of European Spiders (1870-73). A. MENGE.-Preussische Spinnen. Danzig (1866–79). L. BECKER.-Les Arachnides de Belgique. Bruxelles (1882). III. SPECIAL LITERATURE ON LEADING FAMILIES.1 A. EPEIRIDE. GRAF. E. KEYSERLING.—Beschreibungen neuer und, wenig bekannter Arten aus der Familie Orbitela Latr. oder Epeiridæ Sund. ; in Sitzungsber. des Isis zu Dresden, 1863, 63-154 (1864). -Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Orbitela Latr.; in Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellschaft, xv. 799-856 (1865). J. H. EMERTON.-New England Spiders of the Family Epeiride; in Trans. Conn. Acad., vi. 295-342 (1884). B. G. WILDER.-[Notes on Nephila plumipes] in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x. 200-210 (1865). H. C. McCook.-On Webs of New Species of Spiders (verbal communication); in Proc. Phila. Acad., 1876, 200, 201. -The Basilica Spider and her Snare; in Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, 124–135. -The Snare of the Ray Spider (Epeira radiosa),—A New Form of Orb-Web; in Proc. Phila. Acad., 1881, 163–175. -How Orb-Weaving Spiders make the Frame-work or Foundation of Webs; in Proc. Phila. Acad., 1881, 430-435. -Snares of Orb-Weaving Spiders; in Proc. Phila. Acad., 1882, 254–257. GEORGE MARX.-Description of Gasteracantha rufospinosa; in Entomologica Americana, ii. 25, 26 (1886). See also Simon, Les Arachnides de France, tome i. B. THERIDIDÆ. GRAF. E. KEYSERLING.-Die Spinnen Amerikas. Nürnberg (1884). 2 Hälfte, Nürnberg (1886). II. Theridida. I Hälfte, • Besides the following special papers on each of these families, many species are described in most of the general papers above named, which it is not necessary to repeat here.. O. P. CAMBRIDGE.-On some New Species of Erigone from North America 2 parts; in Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1874, 428-442; 1875, 393-405. J. H. EMERTON.-New England Spiders of the Family Therididæ, in Trans. Conn. Acad., vi. 1-86 (1882). See also Simon, Les Arachnides de France, tome v. C. THOMISIDE. GRAF. E. KEYSERLING.-Die Spinnen Amerikas. Laterigrada. 4to, pp. 283. Nürnberg (1880). H. C. MCCOOK.-Note on the probable Geographical Distribution of a Spider by the Trade Winds; in Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, 136–147. See also Simon, Les Arachnides de France, tome ii. D. ATTIDÆ. G. W. and E. G. PECKHAM.-Descriptions of New or Little-Known Spiders of the Family Attidæ from various parts of the United States of North America. Pp. 36. Milwaukee (1883). H. C. McCook.-Note on Two New California Spiders and their Nests (verbal communication); in Proc. Phila. Acad., 1883, 276–278. See also Simon, Les Arachnides de France, tome iii. E. DRASSIDÆ. C. L. KOCH.-Die Arachniden Familie der Drassiden. Nürnberg (1866–68). O. P. CAMBRIDGE.-On some New Species of Drassides; in Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, 370-419. See also Simon, Les Arachnides de France, tome iv. F. LYCOSIDÆ. GRAF. E. KEYSERLING.-Ueber Amerikanische Spinnen Arten der Unterordnung Citigrade; in Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellschaft, xxvi. 609-708 (1876). J. H. EMERTON.—The Lycosa at Home; in American Naturalist, iv. 664, 65 (1870). -New England Spiders of the Family Lycoside; in Trans. Conn. Acad., vi. 481-505 (1885). S. H. SCUDDER.—The Tube-Constructing Ground-Spider of Nantucket; in Psyche, ii. 2-9 (1877). GEORGE MARX.-On some New Tube-Constructing Spiders; in American Naturalist, xv. 396-400 (1881). H. C. MCCOOK.-Note on the Intelligence of the American Turret-Spider (verbal communication); in Proc. Phila. Acad., 1883, 131, 132. See also Simon, Les Arachnides de France, tome iii. G. MYGALIDE. S. B. BUCKLEY.-The Tarantula and its Destroyer; in Proc. Amer. Entom. Soc., i. 138, 139 (1862). 'ANTON AUSSERER.-Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Arachniden Familie der Territelaria Thorell; in Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellschaft, xxi. 117-224 (1871), -Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Arachniden Familie der Territelaria Thorell. Ibid., xxv. 125-206 (1875). J. T. MOGGRIDGE.-Harvesting Ants and Trap-Door Spiders; with Supplementary Descriptions of Species by Rev. O. P. Cambridge. London (1873-74). H. C. McCook.-Restoration of Limbs in Tarantula; in Proc. Phila. Acad. 1883, 196, 197. GEORGE F. ATKINSON.-A New Trap-Door Spider; in American Naturalist, xx. 583-593 (1886). -A Family of Young Trap-Door Spiders; in Entomologica Americana, ii. 87–92 (1886). -Descriptions of some New Trap-Door Spiders, their Notes (sic) and Habits; in Entomologica Americana, ii. 109–117, 128–137 (1886). SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, August, 1887. THE HISTORY OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. BY E. LEWIS STURTEVANT, A.M., M.D.' (Continued from page 912.) EGG-PLANT. Solanum melongena L. HE egg-plant seems not to have been known in Europe in the time of the ancients. The Arab physician, Ebn Baithar, who wrote in the thirteenth century, speaks of it, and cites Rhases, who lived in the ninth century. Albertus Magnus,3 who lived in Europe in the thirteenth century, mentions it,— "Et sic inveninutur tres sapores in melangena, amarus acutus et stypticus." Ibn-al-awan, a Moorish Spaniard of the twelfth century, describes four species, and the Nabatheenne agriculture six. According to Jessen,5 Avicenna, who flourished about A.D. 595, knew it, and called it Badingan. This latter word, variously spelled, is the present name in Hindustanee, Arabic, Persian, and Sumatran, and the closely corresponding English? name in India is Brinjal, and Begoon; in Spain, Berengena; or at San Domingo, Beringene. Bretschneider 10 says the egg-plant can be identified in the "Ts'i min yao shu," a Chinese work on 6 • Director of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva. 2 De Candolle, Orig. des Pl. Cult., 229. 3 Albertus Magnus, De Veg., Jessen ed., 1867, 204. 4 Ibn-al-awan, Le Livre d'Agriculture. Trans. of Clement-Mullet, 1886, ii. pt. 1, pp. 236-239. 5 Albertus Magnus, 1. c., note. 7 Drury, Useful Pl. of Ind., 410. 9 Heuze, 1. c., ii. 695. ❝ Birdwood, Veg. Prod. of Bombay, 173. 8 Firminger, Gard. in Ind., 155. TO Bretschneider, Bot. Sin., 59. agriculture of the fifth century, and is described in later writings of 1590, 1640, and 1742. Acosta mentions, as among the vegetables carried from Spain to America, the "Becengenes, or apples of Love ;" and Piso,2 in 1658, figures the egg-plant among Brazilian plants, under the name of Belingela. The various European names are given as below: in Belgian, veramgenes, eierplant; in English, apples of love, madde apples, egg-plant; in France, albergine, avbergine, beringene, brehheme, bringele, magrinan, mayenne, melanzane, merangene, meringeane, verinjeane, viadase; in Germany, Eierpflanze; in Italy, petonciano, melanzacca, maringiani; in Portugal, bringela; in Spain, berengena.3 These names are largely derived from the Arabic melongena,+ as given by Rauwolf. The egg-plants first known in Europe appear to belong to the class we now grow for ornament, and the fruit resembling an egg. They were of various colors. Fuchsius (1542) mentions the purple and the yellow; Tragus (1552), who says they have recently reached Germany from Naples, names the same colors; Lyte's "Dodoens" (1586) reads two kinds,-one purple and the other pale or whitish. In 1587, Dalechamp figures three kinds, -the one long, another obscurely pear-shaped, and the third rounded, and mentions the colors purple, yellow, and ashcolored; Gerarde (1597) says white, yellow, or brown; Dodonæus (1616) mentions the oblong and round, white and purple; Marcgrav, in 1648, describes a round and yellow fruit; J. Bauhin (1651) names various sorts,-the long, the deep, and the round, yellow, purple, and whitish. Bontius, in 1658, describes the wild plant of Java as oblong and round, or spherical, the color yellow; the cultivated sorts purple or white, etc. Rauwolf, who particularly described these plants at Aleppo in 1574, as ashcolored, yellow, and purple. At present the purple egg-plant is almost the only color grown in our kitchen-gardens, but there are many sorts grown in other regions. The purple and the white ornamental are named for American gardens in 1806, as also in England in 1807, in France in 1824, etc. In the Mauritius, Bojer names Acosta, Hist. of the Ind., Eng. ed., 1604, 294. 2 Piso, De Ind. Utrinsque, 1658, 210. 4 Rauwolf, Ex Bauh., Phytopin., 1596, 300. 3 Vilmorin, Les Pl. Pot., 23. 5 Bojer, Hort. Maurit., 240. three varieties, and the purple and white colors. In India, Carey' says, there are several varieties in constant cultivation by the natives, such as green, white, purple, yellow, etc. Firminger describes purple-, black-, and white-fruited forms; and Speede3 names the purple and white in six varieties. In Cochin China, Loureiro describes five sorts, purple, white, and variegated. There are two sorts of plants to be recognized,-(a) the one with the stems, leaves, and calyxes unarmed, or nearly so; (6) the other with the stems, leaves, and calyxes more or less aculeate. a. The first sort is figured by Fuchsius (1542), and by succeeding authors up to the present date. b. The second sort is first noticed, so far as I can ascertain, by Camerarius in 1588, and has continued to the present time. The varieties now grown in American gardens can be divided very readily into four types,-the oval, the round, the long, and the oblong or pear-shape,—and the following synonymy can be established: I. The Oval. This, at present, includes but ornamental sorts, and our present forms show a marked improvement in evenness and regularity over the older forms. a. CALYX NOT SPINY. Mala insana. Fuch., 1542, 513; Roszlin, 1550, 117; Tragus, 1552, 894; Pinæus, 1561, 514; Ger., 1597, 274; Swertius, 1612, t. 20, p. 1; Dod., 1616, 458. Melangena sive mala insana vel melanzana. Lob. Obs., 1576, 138; ic., 1591, i. 268. Melongena, seu mala insana. Cam., Epit., 1586, 820. Melongena. Matth., Opera., 1598, 760. Melanzane. Cast. Dur., 1617, 279. Solanum pomiferum fructu rotundo. J. Bauh., 1651, iii. 618. Melongena arabum. Chabr., 1673, 524. Aubergine blanche. Vilm., 1883, 27. b. CALYX SPINY. Melanzana fructu pallido. Hort. Eyst., 1713; Aut. Ord., i. p. 3; also ib., 1613. White Egg-Plant. N. Y. Sta., 1886. II. The Round. * Carey, Hort. Beng., 16. 3 Speede, Indian Handb. of Gard., 177. * Firminger, Gard. in India, 155. |