I am too unfamiliar with the English bean to attempt a synonymy. R. T'[hompson], in 1850, describes ten varieties, giving synonymes, and these include all sufficiently' known to him. Let us follow up his synonymy, in order to see whether varieties of modern origination appear. This synonymy, we must caution, is founded upon identity of names in the most instances, and applies to the garden bean only, yet collateral evidence would seem to indicate a substantial correctness : 1. Early mazagan. R. T., 1850. Brought from a settlement of the Portuguese on the coast of Africa, just without the Straits of Gibraltar. Mill. Dict., 1807. Early mazagan. Mawe, 1778; Bryant, 1783; McMahon, 1806; Thorb. Cat., 1828; Thorb. Cat., 1884. Feve naine hative. Noisette, 1829; Vilm., 1882. 2. Marshall's Early Dwarf Prolific. R. T., 1850. Early long-pod. Mawe, 1778; Bridgeman, 1832; Loudon, Early Portugal or Lisbon. Mawe, 1778; Mill. Dict., 1807. Turkey long-pod. Mawe, 1778; McMahon, 1806; Bridge- Tall long-pod. Mawe, 1778. Sandwich. J. W., Gent., 1683; Townsend, 1726; Stevenson, Sword long-pod. Thorb. Cat., 1828; Fessenden, 1828; Hang-down long-pod. Vil., 1883. Feve à longue cosses. Noisette, 1829; Vil., 1883. 4. Green long-pod. R. T., 1850. Green Genoa. McMahon, 1806; Bridgeman, 1832. Green Nonpareil. McMahon, 1806; Thorb., Gard. Kal., 1821; 5. Dutch long-pod. R. T., 1850; Loudon, 1860. 6. Windsor. R. T., 1850. Broad Windsor. Mill. Dict., 1807; Fessenden, 1828; Loudon, 1860; Thorb., 1884. Kentish Windsor. Bridgeman, 1832. Taylor's Windsor. Bridgeman, 1832. Mumford. Mawe, 1778; Bryant, 1783; McMahon, 1806; Small Spanish. Mawe, 1778; Bryant, 1783. Windsor. Stevenson, 1765; Mawe, 1778; Bryant, 1783. 7. Green Windsor. R. T., 1850. Toker. Stevenson, 1765; Mawe, 1778; Bryant, 1783; Feve de Windsor verte. Vil., 1883. 8. Green China. R. T., 1850. 9. Dwarf Crimson-seeded. R. T., 1850. Feve très naine rouge. Vil., 1883. 10. Dwarf Fan. R. T., 1850. Dwarf Fan or Cluster. Mawe, 1778. Dwarf Cluster. McMahon, 1806; Bridgeman, 1832. II. Red-blossomed. Mawe, 1778; McMahon, 1806; Bridgeman, 1832; R. T., 1850. 12. White-blossomed. Mawe, 1778; McMahon, 1806; Bridgeman, 1832; R. T., 1850. The only two other varieties I have seen advertised lately are Beck's Dwarf Green Gem and Seville long-pod. There is certainly no indication here that types have appeared in modern culture. The crowd of new names which appear during a decade gradually become reduced to a synonymy, and we find at last that the variation gained has been within types only. The European names of the broad-bean, or English bean, are: Denmark, valske bonner; in Flanders, platte boon; in France, feve, gorgane, gourgane; in Germany, Garten bohnen, sau bohnen, puff bohnen; in Holland, tuin boonen, roomsche boonen; in Italy, fava; in Portugal, fava; in Spain, haba. Other generic names are: Arabic, ful or foul; Hebrew, phul or pol; Celtic, fa, fas, fav; Slav, bob or bobu; Berber, ibiou; Basque, baba.2 I Vilmorin, Les Pl. Pot. 2 De Candolle, Geog. Bot., 956; Orig. Des Pl. Cult., 253. The horse-bean is called, in France, feverole; in Germany, pferde oder feld bohne; in Italy, fava cavallina.1 EVENING PRIMROSE. Enothera biennis L. The roots may be used as Scorsonera, but it is cultivated in France only as a curiosity. It is said by Loudon3 to be cultivated in Germany, and in Carniola the roots are eaten in salad.♦ It was once under English culture. A native of Northern America, it first reached Europe in 1614.6 It is given by Burr for American gardens in 1863, under the name German Rampion. It is called, in France, Enothere bisannuelle, onagre, herbe aux anes, jambon, jambon des jardiniers, jambon de St. Antoine, lysimachie jaune, lysimachie jaune cornu, mache rouge; in Germany, rapuntica; in Flanders, ezelskruid; in Italy, rapontica, rapunzia ; in Norway, natlys.8 (To be continued.) THE PERISSODACTYLA. BY E. D. COPE. DIPLARTHRA. T is to the order Diplarthra that the greater number of existing species of hoofed mammals belong. It is represented by two sub-orders, which have the following definitions: Astragalus truncate distally; the median toe the largest ;........................................Perissodactyla. Astragalus with the distal end convex anteroposteriorly, forming a ginglymus (hinge-joint); number of toes generally even, the median two the largest ;.. .........Artiodactyla. NOTE.-The references in the list are to Bridgeman, Young Gard. Assist., N. Y., 1832; Bryant, Fl. Dict., Lond., 1783; Fessenden, New Am. Gard., 1828; Loudon, Hort. Lond., 1860; McMahon, Am. Gard. Kal., Phila., 1806; Mawe, Univ. Gard., Lond., 1778; Noisette, Man., Brussels, 1829; Stevenson, New and Comp. Gard. Kal., Dublin, 1765; Thorburn, Gent. and Gard. Kal., N. Y., 1821; Thorburn's seed-catalogues, 1828, 1884; Townsend, Comp. Seedsman, Lond., 1726; Vilmorin, Les Pl. Pot., Paris, 1883. 2 Vilmorin, Les Pl. Pot., 202. 4 Flore Nat. et Econ., Pt. 2, p. 398. Linnæus, Sp., 1763, 492. 8 Schubeler, Culturpflanz de Norv., 118. 3 Loudon, The Horticult., 1860, 653. No undoubted connecting forms between these sub-orders have been discovered, although they approximate at various points. Thus, in the genus Menodus there are but four toes in the anterior foot, and the median two do not differ much in length. In the same genus the distal extremity of the astragalus is somewhat convex, and the facet for the cuboid bone is large, somewhat as in the hippopotamus; but the angle separating the two facets is diagonal, and not transverse; so that the astragalus cannot move on the cuboid and navicular bones and form a ginglymus, as it does in the Artiodactyla. In a few instances some Artiodactyla have teeth which resemble those of the Perissodactyla; for instance, the genus Listriodon. Both sub-orders probably arose from an undiscovered common ancestor, which was a member of the order Amblypoda. It was probably a type with tubercular molars, and belonged to the Puerco epoch. An approach to this theoretical type is made by the Pantolestida, whose molars are bunodont, the superior molars being tritubercular (with two intermediates); but the form of the extremities (the posterior only is known) is that of the Diplarthra. The hypothetical Amblypoda with bunodont molars I have regarded as a sub-order, and have named the Hyodonta.' The opinion has been expressed by Schlosser that the evolution of the Diplarthra, or alternate-wrist-and-ankle-jointed ungulates, has been directly from the Taxeopoda, or straight-rowedwrist-and-ankle-jointed Ungulata, without intervention of the Amblypoda. The Periptychida have been cited as the probable ancestors of the Artiodactyla, and the Phenacodontidæ as ancestors of the Perissodactyla. I do not agree with this view, and for the following reasons: The conversion of a taxeopod into a diplarthrous ungulate has been accomplished by the rotation outwards of the lower leg with the first row of the carpus and tarsus, on the second row, or by the rotation inwards of the second row on the first, in both the fore and hind feet. This rotation has resulted sooner or later in the loss of the internal digit (thumb and great toe) from both extremities. In the history of this sliding outwards of the first row, the outside element of the row has always preceded in time the inside element. The Amblypoda (Fig. 2) 1 Proceeds. Amer. Philosoph. Society, 1882, 446. |