twelfth century. The caps of the nave piers have been cut away for galleries, but sufficient details remain to fix their date. Towards the end of the fifteenth century the church was largely rebuilt; and, with the exception of the parts mentioned above, the whole of the building dates from this time. The list of ministering priests commences with the year 1490; and, probably, this is the date both of the reconstruction of the building and its elevation to the position of an independent parish church. Previously, it was a chapel in the parish of Ecclesfield. The parish registers are in good preservation, and date from 1559. There is a cross of pre-Conquest date, preserved in the north aisle, brought there from a neighbouring place known as "Saxon Cross." At the east end of the chancel aisle a portion is screened off; it is at a lower level, and approached by steps from chancel-probably a bonehouse. There is an early Norman font, said to have been presented by the monks of Roche Abbey.

This brought to an end the Congress of 1903, which, in spite of the weather of the last two days, was one of the most successful, as well as pleasant and instructive, of recent times.

Proceedings of the Association.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 16TH, 1904.

R. E. LEADER, ESQ., PRESIDENT, IN THE CHAIR.

The following Members were duly elected :—

Rev. C. H. Shickle, M. A., F.S.A., 9, Cavendish Crescent, Bath.
T. Sturge Cotterell, Esq., J.P., 2, Warwick Villas, Bath.

F. Bligh-Bond, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., St. Augustine's Parade, Bristol. The thanks of the Council were directed to be accorded to the donors of the following presents for the Library :

To the Smithsonian Institution-Hodgkins Fund - for "Phylogeny of Fusus and its Allies," Part I, 1901.

Do., for "Annual Report, U.S. Museum," 1902.

Do., for "Miscellaneous Collections," quarterly issue, No. 1,

vol. ii.

Do., for "Contributions to Knowledge," vol. xxxiii.

Bristol and Gloucestershire Archæological Society, for "Transactions, 1903, vol. xxvi, Part. 2.

Mayor of Canterbury and President of the Chamber of Commerce, for "Ancient City of Canterbury," 1904.

Derbyshire Archæological and Natural History Society, vol.
xxvi, 1904.

Stockholm Archæological Society, for "History of Antiq.,
Manadsblod," 1898-1899, 1901-1902.

Yorkshire Archaeological Society, for "Journal," Part 69.

Wiltshire Archæological and Natural History Society, for "Magazine," June, 1904.

Royal Archæological Institute, for "Journal," vol. xi, No. 241.

Royal Institute of British Architects, for "Journal," 3rd and 4th Quarterly Part, 1904, and "Kalendar," 1904-5.

Brussels Archæological Society, for "Report," 1904.

To the Essex Archæological Society, for "Transactions," vol. ix,

Part 3, 1904.

Do., for "Feet of Fines for Essex" (continued).

Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, for "Journal," 1904.
Palestine Exploration Fund, for "Quarterly Statement," July,
1904.

Queen Victoria Indian Memorial Fund, for "Journal," No. 2,
March, 1904.

Publishers, for "Buddhism," a Quarterly Review, March,
1904, No. 3.

Royal Museum of Prague, Bohemia, for "Památky Archæologische a Mistopism," vol. xxi, Part 2, 1904.

Mr. J. Garstang, F.S. A., Reader in Egyptology to the University of Liverpool, gave a lecture on the Roman fort at Brough, and the result of recent excavations on the site. The lecture was illustrated by a large number of photographic views and plans, exhibited by lantern light. The Roman fort at Brough was a unit in the general order of defence in the north and west of Britain, which belongs in the main to the early and middle second century. One well-defined Roman road joins ancient Brough with the Roman sites at Buxton (Aqua) to the south, and Dinting (Melandra Castle) to the north. The Roman fort (castellum) and the Roman camp (castra) are not to be confounded, although there are points of resemblance between them sufficient to warrant a conjecture that both were based upon a common general plan. Both were regular four-sided enclosures, with gates and ways, and buildings always symmetrically placed. But the camp, whether of a temporary nature (an earthwork thrown up on the march, destined, perhaps, to be evacuated after a single night) or a permanent fortress, was in either case planned for a large number of troops, a whole legion or more, and consequently covered a large area (many acres) of ground. The Roman fort, on the contrary, was definitely small and strong, the permanent quarters of a garrison Its area was commonly four to six acres; in some cases it might be as small as three or as large as eight. The number of soldiers who might be quartered within it is not known, and necessarily varied in different places, but to judge from inscriptions, a cohort of auxiliaries would commonly constitute the garrison. Mr. Garstang proceeded to describe the general aspect and purpose of a Roman fort, together with the interior buildings, so far as their uses are known at present. It is hoped the excavations recently undertaken at Brough may result in clearing away the uncertainty which exists as to the use of certain of

these buildings, such as the large building usually found about the centre of the enclosure, and generally called the prætorium. The fort at Brough was one of the smaller forts, and is situated a short distance from Hope Station, on the Dore and Chinley line through Derbyshire. The excavations made for the Derbyshire Archæological and Natural History Society, in August, 1903, were of a preliminary character, but they have, nevertheless, revealed some very interesting features which prove the plan of the fort to be nearly a regular four-sided and walled enclosure with rounded angles, and, seemingly, a gateway about the middle of each side. One feature of particular interest disclosed was an underground chamber, about 8 ft. long by 5 ft. wide at its narrower end, but about 7 ft. wide at the opposite end, and 8 ft. deep. This chamber showed unmistakable evidence of having been altered at a period subsequent to its first formation, the upper part of the wall at its narrower end having been cut away to insert a flight of steps which, about half the height from the bottom, are built up against the wall, and are formed of the stones taken out of the upper part. A very interesting and important discovery was made during the excavation of this pit, or chamber, in the shape of an inscribed tablet. Although the tablet was in four fragmentary parts, they practically presented the whole of the essential portions of the text, which Mr. F. Haverfield renders as under, viz. : "In honour of the Emperor Titus Ælius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, Father of his country, (erected by) the First Cohort of Aquitanians, under Julius Verus, Governor of Britain, and under the direct orders of Capitonius Fuscus (or Priscus), prefect of the cohort." Only a few days before these fragments were unearthed, an inscription of Antoninus Pius was found in the river Tyne at Newcastle, which also bears the name of Julius Verus. The discovery is the more valuable because hitherto this Julius Verus had not been known to have governed Britain. The photographic illustrations and the capital perspective and bird's-eye views of the presumed restoration of Roman forts, gateways, and bastions, prepared from authentic details, showing the advance in the methods of fortification, as illustrated especially by the gradual change from internal to external towers and turrets, and the arrangements for meeting assailants with a flanking fire, the most perfect example of which now existing is to be seen at Saalburg, in Hesse Darmstadt, enhanced the interest of the lecture.

Dr. Birch, Mr. R. H. Forster, Mr. Emanuel Green, Mr. Gould, Mr. Kershaw, and others, took part in the discussion which followed. There were no exhibitions, owing to the necessity of arranging for the Lantern, but Mr. Patrick announced the results of the efforts made

to preserve Whitgift's Hospital at Croydon, and Mr. Compton read the following notices of antiquarian discoveries during the recess. The Rev. Dr. Astley mentioned a number of others, but time prevented any description being then given.

ROMAN VILLA AT HARPHAM.

Remains of a Roman Villa have been unearthed at Harpham, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, six miles north-east from Driffield. They include a number of tessera and fragments of pottery. The flooring of tessere had been most carefully set, and upon it were found large blocks of mortar and chalk. The pavement uncovered measured nearly 30 ft. in length by 1 ft. to 4 ft. in breadth, composed of red and white material. One small coin only has so far been found (253-260 A.D.). Fragments of wall-plaster were also discovered, some of which has undergone two processes of decoration. The decorative designs of the flooring are floral.

REMAINS OF CASTLE AT NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME.

During excavations by Corporation workmen at Newcastle-underLyme, the foundation of part of the castle, built about 1180, all traces of which for years had been lost, was discovered in an excellent state of preservation. A corner wall of plinth courses has been laid bare to the extent of 10 ft. or 12 ft. square, and depth of 8 ft. The wall is of local red sandstone. The excavations are to be continued and the walls traced. The castle was a residence of several early Kings, and John of Gaunt lived there for several years."

ARBROATH ABBEY.

"The Board of Works has intimated its willingness to take over part of Arbroath Abbey, including the Abbot's House and the Regality Tower, for preservation and access to visitors."

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 14th, 1904.

DR. W. DE GRAY BIRCH, HON. TREASURER, IN THE CHAIR.

Thanks were ordered by the Council to be returned to the donors of the following presents to the Library :

To the Smithsonian Institution for "A Select Biography of Chemistry," 1492-1902.

Do., for "Researches in Helminthology and Parasitology," 1904.

Do., for "Collections," vol. xliv, No. 1375.