iron ore and coals, nevertheless cover the soil with imported rails, laid often over regions where crude iron, left idle on the surface, stares in wonder at such a waste and neglect of domestic means. Prussia, after years of protection, is ready now to compete with England in iron, and Prussian competition will be limited only by the insufficient quantity of raw material. America could light furnaces and sink shafts, equalling at least in number those in England, and America imports iron wares. naces kindled in America would extinguish those burning in England for the American demand; and English miners and workmen after a war would be obliged to emigrate to this country, following the demand for their labor and skill. The same would be the case with many other branches, which once developed during the war, would for ever exclude England from the American market.

Fur

England per contra would be unable to find any where the sufficient quantity of cotton for her mills—which would become stopped by a war, and the operatives thrown upon the streets. Thus by a war the demand for labor would increase in America, decrease in England. In peace English industry depends in a great measure on this country. Nowhere can England find such prosperous consumers, and who demand such large supplies. England exports more to the United States than to all Europe, with her more than two hundred millions of population. From whatever aspect it is considered, England alone would be a heavy loser by a war.

America's expansive tendency and internal development would not be arrested by a war. The losses in men and capital would become speedily compensated. European powers, as well as European nations, daily and daily more clearly understand, that the prosperity of that hemisphere increases with the preponderating influence of North

America. England gets more than the lion's share of the gold from California, transformed as by a spell from an unknown solitude into a flourishing community, by the expansive energy, the activity, the constructiveness of the freemen from the free States, The creative and untiring activity of these genuine Yankees covers the pestilential marshes with railroads, clears the forests, subdues wild nature, and aids the surplus of European populations to take possession of those primitive, or badly cultivated regions. The free North Americans are alone born to start, to create, to organize and direct new communities, and thus to facilitate the efforts of Europeans. They alone possess the required self-consciousness and energy, and above all the inborn faculty of social organization. By the extension of American freedom Europe becomes benefited, and new and prosperous marts are opened as outlets for her industry.

War will not therefore prevent the progress of America, and is not necessary to forward the fulfilment of her manifest destiny. Not war alone, however, requires human sacrifices. Fate or providence demands from man to pay with his life every initiation, be it a warlike or a pacific one. This terrible law towers over the destinies, the progress, the mental, moral and material development of our race. The turning up into culture of new soils, poisons and kills the first cultivator. The richer, the more exuberant is nature, the deadlier the strife, the more destructive her powers of defence, the greater the number of victims. But the death of the fallen in those battles of exploration and culture, is productive of good to their immediate followers; and labor, capital often seemingly lost and ingulfed in such civilizing enterprises, are generally retrieved by those who follow in the cleared up path. Many hundreds of thousands of men, and millions of capital and

material destroyed in wars, remain for ever lost and unproductive. With the money, the material and the labor of men destroyed in the last Eastern war, the whole of Central America could have been transformed into a healthy, flourishing habitation for a free, active, industrious, and vigorous race; her mountains, marshes and rivers been intersected by easy ways of communication, and the tropical region finally conquered for the free labor of the white man.

CHAPTER VII.

FOREIGN ELEMENTS.

FREEDOM and social equality, freedom enjoyed by man's labor and industry, the security of his earnings from governmental exactions and taxes, the facility of acquisition of land and property, the continually increasing demand for labor, skill, industry, these constitute the magical attractions exercised by America over the old world. From all regions of the old continent, as from so many human rolling cataracts, partial currents separate, setting forward toward the West. Individuals, families, and it might be said, populations from whole communes and districts wander in search of an amelioration which Europe can in no way proffer or secure to them. Every race, nation, tribe, lineage, generation, every language and idiom, from the South and the North, from the East and the West, sends forth its sprouts, and the thus ethnologically and geographically checkered Europe, becomes transferred to this country.

Two currents, however, pre-eminently pour in large masses of immigrants, so as to absolve or render comparatively insignificant the increase of population from other nationalities. Ireland and Germany form the principal nurseries which send here the greatest mass of new-comers,

out of whom are composed these cardinal foreign elements, whose influence and weight must necessarily be felt on the psychological, social, political, and material development of America.

Considered from the purely material standpoint, foreign immigration supplies a want and a demand which never could have been satisfied by an ordinary increase of the original population since the constitution of the nation; and without which the Union, under any circumstances, could never have reached so rapidly its present prosperity and elevated position among the nations of the earth. The foreign influx fertilizes in various ways, and fosters the growth of America. Increase of population, increases production and consumption. Labor increases the general capital and wealth, to a hundredfold in this country; labor, as represented in artisans, mechanics, operatives, daily laborers, workingmen, by whose hands railroads and channels, mills, furnaces, industrial establishments are completed, cities erected, prairies broken, forests cleared. Whatever might be the unquestionable power and skill of the Americans, without the bulky supply of hands coming from Europe, material impossibility, the want of sufficient labor would have prevented or delayed the accomplishment of the industrial, commercial and agricultural wonders which amaze and perplex the old Europe.

To obtain and secure the above-mentioned results, all the diversified imports of populations from Europe contribute variously and in proportion to their special num bers, and mostly in harmony with their previous occupations and vocations. Before, however, a complete amalgamation of those elements with the intellectual and political life of America can be thoroughly accomplished— an amalgamation only possible in a long process of time