and the little fellow, 161; un- fair competition and, 161; vanishing industries, 241. OPEN-PRICE POLICY, advantages of, 146; in America and Europe, III; false statements regarding bids and, 200. Oriental customs prevail with manufacturers and contract- ors, III, II2.
Over-capacity normal, 255.
PANICS and coöperation, 265; cost of, 259; money proposi- tions, 260.
Partnerships, 45. Patents, utilization of, to con- trol trade, 70. PEAK LOAD and its demand upon merchants and manufac- turers, 254; and the question of idle labor, 255; in rela- tion to price and capacity, 256. Pennsylvania, class legislation in, 326.
Pennsylvania railroad, 187. PENSIONS, 164, 172, 183; paid by certain corporations, 185; government protection of funds, 188; paid by state in industries a socialistic propo- sition, 187; to soldiers and sailors, 185.
People vs. Sugar Refining Co., 6. Perfection, rivalry incentive towards, 18. Philosophy of trade, 203.
Political economy, approval of
brutal maxims of, 287; dis- mal science, 204. POLITICIANS and combinations of capitalists, 10; and com- binations of labor, 9; and competition, 5; suppression of competition in products of soil favored by, 9. POOLS, see COMBINATIONS. Post, parcel, 39.
PRICE, see Open-price policy; arbitrary adjustment of, to cost, 263; and coöperation, 49; and cost discussed by Adam Smith, 243; as af- fected by integrated indus- tries, 282; as affected by open-price associations, 106, 141, 151; buying below cost, 230; consumer and a stable, 216; development of large establishments, 121; discrimi- nation in, between parties and localities condemned, 355; distinction between fair and right, 263; fair, uniform, and stable, essential, 67, 213; false statements regarding, 355; federal regulation of, chimerical, 291; fixed, 119; fixed by farmers' societies, 51; fixed, may be very desir- able, 213; ignoring the man who pays, 57; implied agree- ments to control, 125; impos- sible to keep men to a fixed, 138; inspection of, by gov- ernment agents, 230; knowl- edge regarding, keeps prices stable, 126; marking in cipher, 112, 117; matter of
social concern, 217; meetings to compare, 124; on stock ex- change, 120; open, as a labor saving device, 117; oriental method, III; peak load and, 252; rise and fall of, with relation to cost, 256; scien- tific proposition, 264; secret, is cumbersome, 117; secret, is wasteful, 121; should never fall below cost, 265; should vary with cost, 257; stable, as compared with stable wages, 228; storms like wind storms, 119; suppressed, 119; and trusts, 51; unions to advance, 52; what is a fair, 243; what is a fixed, 116; what is an open, 115; where stable, 120. Price discrimination, 81; see also Clayton Law and Trade Commission; also Unfair Methods of Competition. Production and coöperation, 49. Profit an individual matter,
price of social concern, 216. PROGRESS and large producers, 62; and morality, 17; is co- operation, II, 18; in last fifteen years, 62; signs of change, 68.
Protection as opposed to cer-
tain trade maxims, 209. PUBLIC and strikes, 305; atti- tude of, towards competition, 16; bears all costs of operat- ing railroads, 305; distrusts secrecy, 225; interested in de- mands for increased wages by railroad employes, 311;
RAILROADS, employes of, de- mands by, parties interested, 306; employes of, scheme of integration, 297; employes of, suggested programme on presentation of demands, 307; firemen of, demands by, 305 note; questions of, in rate controversies, 219; Sherman Law and, 172; strike pend- ing, 302; under Interstate Commerce Law, 215; vicious conditions in, under old com- petition, 221; workings of traffic associations, 221 note. Railway associations, 53. Rebates and secret prices eliminated by open price policy, 150.
Remedies proposed, 291. Re-sale prices, 67, 69, 83. Restraint of competition rea- sonable, 6.
RETAIL stores, 48 note. RETAIL TRADE, associations and customers, 57; association in- cluding employes, 57; mail order and department stores,
66; one-price policy, 91, 110; unfair competition and, 55. RIGHTS, dependent upon rela- tions, 211; discussed in con- nection with so-called right to strike, 317; of a man to do as he pleases with his own, 288; supposed, to sell below cost, 289; what sellers should not do, 217.
Ripley, W. Z., 207 note. RIVALRY and competition, 21; in brute competition, 18; true, 18. Roosevelt urges formation co- öperative societies, 37 note.
Safety appliances, 164, 168. Sahlin, Axel, 276 note. Sales, false statements regard- ing, 355.
Sanitary conditions, 164. Saw mills, combination of, 280. Scheme of steel industry, 275. Science of trade not yet writ-
Seager, H. R., 179 note. SECRECY, basis of false compe- tition, 105; eliminated in true competition, 87; yielding to publicity, 10.
Segregation, what it means, 274.
SELLERS AND BUYERS, see BUYERS
SHERMAN ACT, 34, 74, 76; aimed at size, 349; a coöper- ation of farmers and labor- ers, 334; destructive in pur- pose, 36, 274, 347; does it ap- ply to existing conditions,
340; exemption labor unions and, 328; repeal of, opposed, 350; not enforced against certain classes, 34, 330; obsolete and mischievous, 351; railroads and, 172, 215; railroad associations and, 224 note; results of enforc- ing, against large corpora- tions, 269; standard forms of contracts and, 201; strikes by railroad unions and, 303. Signs of change, 69. Smith, Adam, discussion of price and cost, 243. Smuggling, 46.
Social progress and evolution, 13.
Social relations in advance of biological evolution, 14. SOCIALISM and anti-trust laws, 4; and competition, 3; growth of, 3; labor unionism and, 3. Society, foundation of, is co- öperation, 24.
South Dakota, class legislation in, 325; law against unfair competition in, 78.
Spencer, Herbert, 46 note. Squier, L. W., 179 note. Standard Oil Company, 28, 59,
60, 63, 104, 124, 187, 272. State vs. Brayton, 78.
State vs. Central Lumber Com- pany, 78. Statistics, mortality, in U. S., 179 note.
STEEL INDUSTRY, interdepend- ence of several units of, 276; line of normal competition, 279; scheme of, 275.
Steel manufacturers, combina-
tion of, in Germany, 127 note. STRIKES, attitude of govern- ment toward, 302; contrary to social progress, 304; must go, 307; strike breakers and, 31.
Struggle and competition, 21. SUPPLY AND DEMAND as de- scribed by Adam Smith, 244; theory of, criticised, 248; wide fluctuations in, under old competition, 251. Suppressed competition illegal,
Syndicates, number of, in Ger-
Taft, President, on right of labor to strike, 341; urges formation coöperative SO- cieties, 37 note. Tamarack Association of Michi- gan, 339.
Tariff and Tin Plate Industry, 207; as opposed to certain trade maxims, 209. TENNESSEE, class legislation in, 327; tobacco associations of, 333; vegetable associations
of, 333. TEXAS, law against selling be- low cost or giving away in, 75; Rice Growers' Associa- tion in, 333; Truck Growers'
Association in, 333, 339. Thomas vs. C. N. O. & T. P. Ry., 341.
Times are changing, 10.
TIN PLATE Industry, attitude of
government toward, 209; and the tariff, 207.
Tobacco company, 130, 272. Tobacco growers' associations,
Tobacco Society, 37 note. Trade anarchist, 121. TRADE, maxims of, 204; max- ims of, certain anarchistic, 212; philosophy of, 204; science of, not yet written, 203; tricks of, 58, 67; vicious conditions in, under old com- petition, 221.
Trade Commission, 69, 80, 84, 357; law in full, 397-408; per- sonnel of, 358, 397; and re- sale prices, 69, 83; preventive rather than punitive, 84, 400; trade commissioners, 397. Traffic associations, workings of, 221 note.
TRUE COMPETITION, see COMPE- TITION, TRUE.
TRUSTS, see also CORPORATIONS, combinations and, in Ger many, 368; condemned, even though they have benefited the community, 342; disin- tegration and, 272; have their birth in competition, 105; hypocrisy of those who assail, 47; laws against, 34; logical development, 45; prices and, 51; problem of, 271; the result of competi- tion, 45, 50 note; rights of, as against small competitors, 14; segregation versus disin- tegration, 271; shortcomings of, 46; socialism and anti-
larger, 345; era of, 5; forms of, 45; foundation of prog- ress, 18; foundation of so- ciety, 24; growth of, 38; is progress, 11, 24; is trade, 10;
broader outlook,
157; midway between selfish individualism and socialism, 164; more of, needed, 103; of labor, farmers and manufac- turers here to stay, 333; pro- duction and prices and, 49; promoted by true competi- tion, 30; railway associations and, 53; rise and fall of, in history, 25; sellers' organiza- tions and, 53; societies for, urged by President Taft, Colonel Roosevelt, 37 note; suppressed by anti-trust laws, 28; to reduce prices, 52; to reduce speculative elements of business, 214; to take in consumer, 54- CORPORATIONS,
TRUSTS; and brutal competi- tion, 61; laws limiting size of, 48.
COST, a scientific system, 153; selling below, 82, 267-270;
57; the element of labor and, 163; Texas law against sell- ing below, 75; uniform system of, recommended, 354. Cote vs. Murphy, 344. Cotton growers' organizations, 332.
Cotton growers restrain com- petition, 9.
Coulter, J. L., 330. COURTS, and brutal competition, 80; attitude of English, to- wards combinations, 363; attitude of German, towards unfair competition, 372; at- titude of German, towards trusts, 370; being terrorized, 323; class legislation uncon- stitutional, 324 note, 328 note; have already approved combi- nations of labor, fixed wages, 340; opinions of, referring to competition, 6; Sugar Refin- ing Co. case and, 6. Crane builders, competition be-
Curran vs. Galen, 341. Customers, relations with, 158.
false statements regarding, Declaration of independence,
356; no man should sell goods below, 203; of living, 67; price should never fall below, 265; relation of, to a fair price, 243; rise and fall of price with relation to, 256; rules should be established for sci- entific ascertainment of, 267; selling at or below, punish- able, 355; selling goods below,
Demagogues, 47.
DEMAND AND SUPPLY analyzed, 258; shifting from object to object, or from all objects to money, 259. Department stores, 60, 66. Disintegration and integration, 30, 274.
Distances, annihilation of, 39.
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