the wildest days of their youth the sort of fine gentleman that Churchill was at the Court of Charles II., or Cæsar in the Roman Forum, when he devoted the part of his time he did not consume in pleasure to earning by his eloquence as an advocate the popularity which was to give him the command of armies and thereby the empire of the world.

It may be supposed that Monk's rejection by the soldiers of Bright's regiment would be no bar to the advancement of the man who had gained the confidence of Cromwell, not the entire confidence, for that no one possessed. Cromwell first gave Monk a regiment and then appointed him general of the ordnance.'

2

3

On Monday the 22nd of July Cromwell's army passed through Berwick and marched across the border. A forlorn first of dragoons and then one of horse were sent forward. After these the whole army marched for Scotland over the bridge, the general's own regiment of horse and Colonel Pride's of foot leading the van. The train marched in the body of the foot. On the bounds between the two kingdoms the general made "a large discourse" to the officers, "showing he spoke," says Captain Hodgson, “as a Christian and a soldier," and pointing out the inconveniences they should meet with in Scotland as to the scarcity of provisions. As to the people, he said, they would find the leading part of them to be soldiers, and they were very numerous, and at present might be unanimous. And he charged the officers to double, nay treble, their diligence, for they might be sure they had work before them.

That night they encamped at Mordington about the

Ludlowe says that Cromwell "made up a regiment for Monk with six companies out of Sir Arthur Haselrig's regiment and six out of Colonel Fenwick's."-Ludlowe's Memoirs, p. 140.

4to edition. London, 1771.

2 See p. 44 as to the difference between "horse" and "dragoons."

3 Letter July 26 to Aug. 2, in Cromwelliana, p. 85.

1

house, the general and some of his principal officers being quartered in Lord Mordington's house, where none were found except two or three of the inferior servants, nor any household utensils. Some of Cromwell's soldiers however had brought a little raw meat with them and became excellent cooks, a back making a dripping pan and a headpiece a porridge pot. A slight incident occurred here which may be mentioned as exhibiting in Cromwell that taste for humour which, as Dr. Arnold says speaking of Hannibal, great men are seldom without. Cromwell and some of his officers were looking out of a window, and, hearing a great shout among the soldiers, they spied a soldier with a Scots kirn (or kurn, in the south of England pronounced churn) on his head. "Some of them," says Hodgson," had been purveying abroad, and had found a vessel filled with Scots cream, and bringing the reversions to their tents, some got dishfuls and some hatfuls; and the cream growing low in the vessel, one would have a modest drink, and heaving up the kirn, another lifts it up, and all the cream trickles down his apparel, and his head fast in the tub; this was a merriment to the officers, as Oliver loved an innocent jest."

It must not be inferred from this that Cromwell permitted plundering to be practised by his soldiers. He published a proclamation reciting that several soldiers had straggled from their colours and enforced victuals from the Scots without paying for them, and commanding them not to straggle half a mile on pain of death; and he was not a man to let his orders be disobeyed with impunity.

Sir James Douglas, second son of William 10th Earl of Angus, was created a peer by the title of Lord Mordington, 14th Nov. 1641.Douglas's Peerage of Scotland.

A

2 Letters in Cromwelliana, p. 85. 3 Captain Hodgson's Memoirs, pp. 129, 130.

Whitelock, pp. 465, 466.

trooper in Colonel Whalley's regiment was sentenced by a court-martial to have his horse and arms taken from him, and to work as a pioneer for three weeks, for taking away some curtains and other things out of a Scottish gentleman's house. A serjeant of Colonel Coxe's regiment was executed on a gallows on Pentland hills, there being no tree to hang him on, for being present with some soldiers of that regiment when they plundered a house, and himself taking away a cloak. Three soldiers were condemned with him, but a pardon was brought them immediately after the execution of the other.2

On the morning after the English army entered Scotland, a trumpeter came from the Scots Army, but, says Hodgson, to little purpose. The beacons were all lighted that night; the men fled, and drove away their cattle.3 Cromwell having remained at Mordington Monday night, Tuesday and Wednesday, marched on Thursday to Cockburn's Path, or Copper's Path, as he writes it, that is, to the village or small town so called, which is situated on the northern side of the pass that has given its name to the village.

It is a remark of Dr. Arnold that nothing shows more clearly the great rarity of geographical talent than the praise bestowed on Polybius as a geographer, though his

1 Relation of the Fight at Leith, p. 209.

2 Relation of the Campaign in Scotland, p. 253. See other cases of soldiers punished for violence to the country people, Whitelock, p. 468.

3 Captain Hodgson's Memoirs, p. 130. Whitelock, p. 465. "The Border beacons," says Sir Walter Scott, "from their number and position formed a sort of telegraphic communication with Edinburgh." By the Scottish Act of Parliament 1455, c. 48, the warning of the approach of

the English was to be by one bale, or faggot, two bales, or four bales; four bales blazing beside each other were to show that the enemy are in great force. Note 9 to Canto III. of the Lay of the Last Minstrel. There was never

greater need for the four bales than now, for an enemy was advancing more formidable even than Edward Longshanks with his host of archers, knights, and men-at-arms.

4 Cromwell to the Lord President of the Council of State, July 30, 1650.

descriptions are so vague and imperfect that it is scarcely possible to understand them.' It is indeed a remarkable proof how little some of the most celebrated writers seem to have been aware of the importance of geography to history, that we find Sir Walter Scott describing the Lammermoor chain of hills as "a ridge of hills terminating on the sea near the town of Dunbar," and M. Guizot confounding the pass called Cockburn's Path with the field of Dunbar.3

2

The Lammermoor chain of hills rises in Edinburghshire or Mid Lothian, and stretching along the upper part that is, the part farthest from the sea, of East Lothian in Haddingtonshire, terminates on the sea, not near the town of Dunbar, but nine or ten miles south east of it, in Berwickshire, not far from the boundary between Berwickshire and Haddingtonshire, Cockburn's Path being in Berwickshire. The chain, having a strip of fertile land between it and the sea, runs in a south-eastern direction about a mile to the south or south-west of the village of Cockburn's Path, and there turns nearly at right angles to the east, that is, towards the sea, presenting to the traveller along the coast an apparently impassable barrier or wall of rock and mountain. The Lammermoor chain does not flatten itself down, like the Grampian chain, as it approaches the sea. On the contrary the sides of the Lammermoor ridge of hills are in many places very steep, and in some places form a perpendicular wall of rock. The chain is about three miles in breadth at the point where the latest London road passes it through a defile. I say the latest London road, for altogether there are three roads besides the rail

1 Arnold's History of Rome, vol. iii. note F.

2 Sir Walter Scott's History of Scotland contained in "Tales of a Grandfather," vol. i. p. 489. Edin

burgh, 1846.

3 Guizot's Life of Monk-see pp. 21, 22 of the English Translation, London, 1851.

road, 1. the road called the old coast road, 2. the road that passes over the Pease Bridge, and 3. the road, the most modern of the three, that runs through the glen, or defile above mentioned. This has led to some confusion respecting the road by which Cromwell's army marched. A little careful investigation however soon clears up this confusion.

On the northern side of the Lammermoor chain of hills where it approaches the sea, there are two ravines which meet at about a quarter of a mile's distance from the sea. In each of these ravines runs a small stream or burn. These burns meet where the ravines meet, and the stream formed by their confluence is called the Pease Burn. The burn that runs through the larger and most southern of the ravines is also called the Pease Burn; and that ravine through which it runs is called the Pease Dean.1 The burn that runs through the other, the smaller and more northern ravine, is called the Heriot water or burn; and the ravine is called Tower Dean from an old tower, the ruins of which stand on its northern bank about a mile above the point where the two ravines meet.

The country people living in the immediate vicinity tell you that the old name of this small ruined peel or tower and of the family to which it belonged was Ravenswood, and that this family had another castle on the sea-shore called Wolf's Crag. It is evident that the local story (it cannot be accurately called a tradition) about this ruin, which appears to have been an obscure, and, I may almost say, nameless tower, bearing no resemblance either in magnitude or position, except its being near the gorge of a pass of the Lammermoor hills, to the imaginary castle of Ravenswood, has arisen entirely out of Sir Walter Scott's

1 Dean, in that part of Scotland, is of the same kingdom.

the same word as den in other parts