original papers thus transmitted to the court of appeals shall be returned to the agency, board, commission, or officer concerned upon the final determination of the review or enforcement proceeding. Pending such final determination any such papers may be returned by the court temporarily to the custody of the agency, board, commission, or officer concerned if needed for the transaction of the public business. Certified copies of any papers included in the record or any supplemental record may also be returned to the agency, board, commission, or officer concerned upon the final determination of review or enforcement proceedings.

(d) The provisions of this section are not applicable to proceedings to review decisions of the Tax Court of the United States or to proceedings to review or enforce those orders of administrative agencies, boards, commissions, or officers which are by law reviewable or enforceable by the district courts. (Added Pub. L. 85-791, § 2, Aug. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 941 and amended Pub. L. 89–773, § 5 (a), (b), Nov. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 1323.)

AMENDMENTS

1966 Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89-773, § 5(a), substituted "The rules prescribed under the authority of section 2072 of this title may provide for the time and manner of filing" for "The several courts of appeal shall have power to adopt, with the approval of the Judicial Conference of the United States, rules, which so far as practicable shall be uniform in all such courts prescribing the time and manner of filing." See section 2072 of this title.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89-773, § 5(b), substituted "the rules prescribed under the authority of section 2072 of this title" for "the said rules of the court of appeals" and for "the rules of such court."

SAVINGS PROVISION

Section 5(c) of Pub. L. 89-773 provided that: "The amendments of section 2112 of title 28 of the United States Code [this section] made by this Act shall not operate to invalidate or repeal rules adopted under the authority of that section prior to the enactment of this Act [Nov. 6, 1966], which rules shall remain in effect until superseded by rules prescribed under the authority of section 2072 of title 28 of the United States Code [section 2072 of this title] as amended by this Act."

CROSS REFERENCES

Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, record of proceedings respecting approval of construction projects for State mental retardation facilities and community mental health centers, see section 2694 of title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 1641, 2346 of this title; title 7 sections 8, 9, 135b, 194, 1115, 1600, 1601; title 12 sections 1464, 1723, 1730, 1730a, 1786, 1818, 1848; title 15 sections 21, 45, 77c, 78y, 79x, 80a-42, 80b-13, 687e, 717г, 1193, 1262, 1394, 1474, 1710; title 16 section 8251; title 19 section 81r; title 20 sections 351d, 827, 844a, 869a, 1008, 1110c, 1207, 1263, 1413; title 21 section 371; title 22 section 1631f; title 26 section 3310; title 27 section 204; title 29 sections 160, 210; title 30 section 816; title 39 section 3628; title 40 section 333; title 42 sections 263a, 2631, 291h, 1316, 1316e, 2694, 3023, 3759; title 46 section 1181; title 47 section 402; title 49 section 1486; title 50 sections 793, 821.

§ 2113. Definition.

For purposes of this chapter, the terms "State court", "State courts", and "highest court of a State" include the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. (Added Pub. L. 91-358, title I, § 172(a) (2) (A), July 29, 1970, 84 Stat. 590.)

Arbitration proceedings, see section 3 et seq. of Title 9, Arbitration.

Bankruptcy proceedings, see General Orders and Forms in Bankruptcy Title 11, Appendix, Bankruptcy. Copyright proceedings, see section 101 of Title 17, Copyrights, and rules of copyright practice set out in Appendix to Title 17.

Labor disputes, procedure, see sections 159 and 160 of Title 29, Labor.

Railway labor disputes, court procedure after arbitration, see section 159 of Title 45, Railroads.

See, also, rule 81 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Appendix to this title.

Sec.

Chapter 151.-DECLARATORY JUDGMENTS

2201. Creation of remedy.

2202. Further relief.

CHAPTER REFERRED TO IN D.C. CODE This chapter is referred to in section 16-1909 of the District of Columbia Code.

§ 2201. Creation of remedy.

In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction, except with respect to Federal taxes, any court of the United States, upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration, whether or not further relief is or could be sought. Any such declaration shall have the force and effect of a final judgment or decree

and shall be reviewable as such. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 964; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 111, 63 Stat. 105; Aug. 28, 1954, ch. 1033, 68 Stat. 890; July 7, 1958, Pub. L. 85-508, § 12 (p), 72 Stat. 349.) LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Based on title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., § 400 (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 274d, as added June 14, 1934, ch. 512, 48 Stat. 955; Aug. 30, 1935, ch. 829, § 405, 49 Stat. 1027).

This section is based on the first paragraph of section 400 of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed. Other provisions of such section are incorporated in section 2202 of this title.

While this section does not exclude declaratory judgments with respect to State taxes, such suits will not ordinarily be entertained in the courts of the United States where State law makes provision for payment under protest and recovery back or otherwise affords adequate remedy in the State courts. See Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. v. Huffman, La. 1943, 63 S. Ct. 1070, 319 U. S. 293, 87 L. Ed. 1407. See also Spector Motor Service v. McLaughlin, Conn. 1944, 65 S. Ct. 152, 323 U. S. 101, 89 L. Ed. 101. See also section 1341 of this title forbidding district courts to restrain enforcements of State taxes where State courts afford plain, speedy, and efficient remedy.

Changes were made in phraseology.

AMENDMENTS

1958-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85-508 eliminated provisions which related to the District Court for the Territory of Alaska. See section 81A of this title which establishes a United States District Court for the State of Alaska. 1954 Act Aug. 28, 1954, extended provisions to Alaska. 1949-Act May 24, 1949, corrected spelling of "or" in second sentence.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1958 AMENDMENT Amendment of section by Pub. L. 85-508 effective Jan. 3, 1959, upon admission of Alaska into the Union pursuant to Proc. No. 3269, Jan. 3, 1959, 24 F.R. 81, 73 Stat. c16, as required by sections 1 and 8(c) of Pub. L. 85-508, see notes set out under section 81A of this title and preceding section 21 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.

AMOUNT IN CONTROVERSY

Jurisdictional amount increased from $3,000 to $10,000 in diversity of citizenship cases and in cases arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States, see sections 1331 and 1332 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 8 section 1503.

§ 2202. Further relief.

Further necessary or proper relief based on a declaratory judgment or decree may be granted, after reasonable notice and hearing, against any adverse party whose rights have been determined by such judgment. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 964.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Based on title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., § 400 (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 274d, as added June 14, 1934, ch. 512, 48 Stat. 955; Aug. 30, 1935, ch. 829, § 405, 49 Stat. 1027).

This section is based on the second paragraph of section 400 of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed. Other provisions of such section are incorporated in section 2201 of this title.

Provision in said section 400 that the court shall require adverse parties whose rights are adjudicated to show cause why further relief should not be granted forthwith, were omitted as unnecessary and covered by the revised section.

Provisions relating to submission of interrogatories to a jury were omitted as covered by rule 49 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Changes were made in phraseology.

(a) Writs of habeas corpus may be granted by the Supreme Court, any justice thereof, the district courts and any circuit judge within their respective jurisdictions. The order of a circuit judge shall be entered in the records of the district court of the district wherein the restraint complained of is had.

(b) The Supreme Court, any justice thereof, and any circuit judge may decline to entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus and may transfer the application for hearing and determination to the district court having jurisdiction to entertain it.

(c) The writ of habeas corpus shall not extend to a prisoner unless

(1) He is in custody under or by color of the authority of the United States or is committed for trial before some court thereof; or

(2) He is in custody for an act done or omitted in pursuance of an Act of Congress, or an order, process, judgment or decree of a court or judge of the United States; or

(3) He is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States;

or

(4) He, being a citizen of a foreign state and domiciled therein is in custody for an act done or omitted under any alleged right, title, authority, privilege, protection, or exemption claimed under the commission, order or sanction of any foreign state, or under color thereof, the validity and effect of which depend upon the law of nations; or

(5) It is necessary to bring him into court to testify or for trial.

(d) Where an application for a writ of habeas corpus is made by a person in custody under the judgment and sentence of a State court of a State which contains two or more Federal judicial districts, the application may be filed in the district court for the district wherein such person is in custody or in

the district court for the district within which the State court was held which convicted and sentenced him and each of such district courts shall have concurrent jurisdiction to entertain the application. The district court for the district wherein such an application is filed in the exercise of its discretion and in furtherance of justice may transfer the application to the other district court for hearing and determination. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 964; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 112, 63 Stat. 105; Sept. 19, 1966, Pub. L. 89-590, 80 Stat. 811.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Based on title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., § 451, 452, 453 (R. S. §§ 751, 752, 753; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 291, 36 Stat. 1167; Feb. 13, 1925, ch. 229, § 6, 43 Stat. 940).

Section consolidates sections 451, 452 and 453 of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., with changes in phraseology necessary to effect the consolidation.

Words "for the purpose of an inquiry into the cause of restraint of liberty" in section 452 of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., were omitted as merely descriptive of the writ.

Subsection (b) was added to give statutory sanction to orderly and appropriate procedure. A circuit judge who unnecessarily entertains applications which should be addressed to the district court, thereby disqualifies himself to hear such matters on appeal and to that extent limits his usefulness as a judge of the court of appeals. The Supreme Court and Supreme Court Justices should not be burdened with applications for writs cognizable in the district courts.

Application for a writ of habeas corpus shall be in writing signed and verified by the person for whose relief it is intended or by someone acting in his behalf.

It shall allege the facts concerning the applicant's commitment or detention, the name of the person who has custody over him and by virtue of what claim or authority, if known.

It may be amended or supplemented as provided in the rules of procedure applicable to civil actions.

If addressed to the Supreme Court, a justice thereof or a círcuit judge it shall state the reasons for not making application to the district court of the district in which the applicant is held. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 965.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Based on title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., § 454 (R. S. § 754).

Words "or by someone acting in his behalf" were added. This follows the actual practice of the courts, as set forth in United States ex rel. Funaro v. Watchorn, C. C. 1908, 164 F. 152; Collins v. Traeger, C. C. A. 1928, 27 F. 2d 842, and cases cited.

The third paragraph is new. It was added to conform to existing practice as approved by judicial decisions. See Dorsey v. Gill (App. D. C.) 148 F. 2d 857, 865, 866. See also Holiday v. Johnston, 61 S. Ct. 1015, 313 U. S. 342, 85 L. Ed. 1392.

Changes were made in phraseology.

47-500 0-71-vol. 7—17

§ 2243. Issuance of writ; return; hearing; decision.

A court, justice or judge entertaining an application for a writ of habeas corpus shall forthwith award the writ or issue an order directing the respondent to show cause why the writ should not be granted, unless it appears from the application that the applicant or person detained is not entitled thereto.

The writ, or order to show cause shall be directed to the person having custody of the person detained. It shall be returned within three days unless for good cause additional time, not exceeding twenty days, is allowed.

The person to whom the writ or order is directed shall make a return certifying the true cause of the detention.

When the writ or order is returned a day shall be set for hearing, not more than five days after the return unless for good cause additional time is allowed. Unless the application for the writ and the return present only issues of law the person to whom the writ is directed shall be required to produce at the hearing the body of the person detained.

The applicant or the person detained may, under oath, deny any of the facts set forth in the return or allege any other material facts.

The return and all suggestions made against it may be amended, by leave of court, before or after being filed.

The court shall summarily hear and determine the facts, and dispose of the matter as law and justice require. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 965.) LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Based on title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §§ 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, and 461 (R. S. §§ 755-761). Section consolidates sections 455 461 of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed.

The requirement for return within 3 days "unless for good cause additional time, not exceeding 20 days, is allowed" in the second paragraph, was substituted for the provision of such section 455 which allowed 3 days for return if within 20 miles, 10 days if more than 20 but not more than 100 miles, and 20 days if more than 100 miles distant.

Words "unless for good cause additional time is allowed" in the fourth paragraph, were substituted for words "unless the party petitioning requests a longer time" in section 459 of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed.

The fifth paragraph providing for production of the body of the detained person at the hearing is in conformity with Walker v. Johnston, 1941, 61 S. Ct. 574, 312 U. S. 275, 85 L. Ed. 830.

Changes were made in phraseology.

§ 2244. Finality of determination.

(a) No circuit or district judge shall be required to entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus to inquire into the detention of a person pursuant to a judgment of a court of the United States if it appears that the legality of such detention has been determined by a judge or court of the United States on a prior application for a writ of habeas corpus and the petition presents no new ground not heretofore presented and determined, and the judge or court is satisfied that the ends of justice will not be served by such inquiry.

(b) When after an evidentiary hearing on the merits of a material factual issue, or after a hearing on the merits of an issue of law, a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court has been denied by a court of the United States or a justice

or judge of the United States release from custody or other remedy on an application for a writ of habeas corpus, a subsequent application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of such person need not be entertained by a court of the United States or a justice or judge of the United States unless the application alleges and is predicated on a factual or other ground not adjudicated on the hearing of the earlier application for the writ, and unless the court, justice, or judge is satisfied that the applicant has not on the earlier application deliberately withheld the newly asserted ground or otherwise abused the writ.

(c) In a habeas corpus proceeding brought in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court, a prior judgment of the Supreme Court of the United States on an appeal or review by a writ of certiorari at the instance of the prisoner of the decision of such State court, shall be conclusive as to all issues of fact or law with respect to an asserted denial of a Federal right which constitutes ground for discharge in a habeas corpus proceeding, actually adjudicated by the Supreme Court therein, unless the applicant for the writ of habeas corpus shall plead and the court shall find the existence of a material and controlling fact which did not appear in the record of the proceeding in the Supreme Court and the court shall further find that the applicant for the writ of habeas corpus could not have caused such fact to appear in such record by the exercise of reasonable diligence. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 965; Nov. 2, 1966, Pub. L. 89-711, § 1, 80 Stat. 1104.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-This section makes no material change in existing practice. Notwithstanding the opportunity open to litigants to abuse the writ, the courts have consistently refused to entertain successive "nuisance" applications for habeas corpus. It is derived from H. R. 4232 introduced in the first session of the Seventy-ninth Congress by Chairman Hatton Sumners of the Committee on the Judiciary and referred to that Committee.

The practice of suing out successive, repetitious, and unfounded writs of habeas corpus imposes an unnecessary burden on the courts. See Dorsey v. Gill, 1945, 148 F. 2d 857, 862, in which Miller, J., notes that "petitions for the writ are used not only as they should be to protect unfortunate persons against miscarriages of justice, but also as a device for harassing court, custodial, and enforcement officers with a multiplicity of repetitious, meritless requests for relief. The most extreme example is that of a person who, between July 1, 1939, and April 1944 presented in the District Court 50 petitions for writs of habeas corpus; another person has presented 27 petitions; a third, 24; a fourth, 22; a fifth, 20. One hundred nineteen persons have presented 597 petitions-an average of 5."

SENATE REVISION AMENDMENTS

For Senate amendment of this section, see 80th Congress Senate Report No. 1559, amendment No. 45.

AMENDMENTS

1966 Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89-711 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and, in subsec. (a) as so designated, struck out provision making the subsection's terms applicable to applications seeking inquiry into detention of persons detained pursuant to judgments of State

courts.

Subecs. (b) and (c). Pub. L. 89-711 added subsecs. (b) and (c).

§ 2245. Certificate of trial judge admissible in evidence. On the hearing of an application for a writ of habeas corpus to inquire into the legality of the detention of a person pursuant to a judgment the

certificate of the judge who presided at the trial resulting in the judgment, setting forth the facts occurring at the trial, shall be admissible in evidence. Copies of the certificate shall be filed with the court in which the application is pending and in the court in which the trial took place. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 966.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-This section makes no substantive change in existing law. It is derived from H. R. 4232 introduced in the first session of the Seventy-ninth Congress by Chairman Sumners of the House Committee on the Judiciary. It clarifies existing law and promotes uniform procedure.

§ 2246. Evidence; depositions; affidavits.

On application for a writ of habeas corpus, evidence may be taken orally or by deposition, or, in the discretion of the judge, by affidavit. If affidavits are admitted any party shall have the right to propound written interrogatories to the affiants, or to file answering affidavits. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 966.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-This section is derived from H. R. 4232 introduced in the first session of the Seventy-ninth Congress by Chairman Sumners of the House Committee on the Judiciary. It clarifies existing practice without substantial change.

§ 2247. Documentary evidence.

On application for a writ of habeas corpus documentary evidence, transcripts of proceedings upon arraignment, plea and sentence and a transcript of the oral testimony introduced on any previous similar application by or in behalf of the same petitioner, shall be admissible in evidence. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 966.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Derived from H. R. 4232, Seventy-ninth Congress, first session. It is declaratory of existing law and practice.

§ 2248. Return or answer; conclusiveness.

The allegations of a return to the writ of habeas corpus or of an answer to an order to show cause in a habeas corpus proceeding, if not traversed, shall be accepted as true except to the extent that the judge finds from the evidence that they are not true. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 966.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Derived from H. R. 4232, Seventy-ninth Congress, first session. At common law the return was conclusive and could not be controverted but it is now almost universally held that the return is not conclusive of the facts alleged therein. 39 C. J. S. pp. 664-666, §§ 98, 99.

§ 2249. Certified copies of indictment, plea and judgment; duty of respondent.

On application for a writ of habeas corpus to inquire into the detention of any person pursuant to a judgment of a court of the United States, the respondent shall promptly file with the court certified copies of the indictment, plea of petitioner and the judgment, or such of them as may be material to the questions raised, if the petitioner fails to attach them to his petition, and same shall be attached to the return to the writ, or to the answer

to the order to show cause. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 966.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Derived from H. R. 4232, Seventyninth Congress, first session. It conforms to the prevailing practice in habeas corpus proceedings.

§2250. Indigent petitioner entitled to documents without cost.

If on any application for a writ of habeas corpus an order has been made permitting the petitioner to prosecute the application in forma pauperis, the clerk of any court of the United States shall furnish to the petitioner without cost certified copies of such documents or parts of the record on file in his office as may be required by order of the judge before whom the application is pending. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 966.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Derived from H. R. 4232, Seventyninth Congress, first session. It conforms to the prevailing practice.

§ 2251. Stay of State court proceedings.

A justice or judge of the United States before whom a habeas corpus proceeding is pending, may, before final judgment or after final judgment of discharge, or pending appeal, stay any proceeding against the person detained in any State court or by or under the authority of any State for any matter involved in the habeas corpus proceeding.

After the granting of such a stay, any such proceeding in any State court or by or under the authority of any State shall be void. If no stay is granted, any such proceeding shall be as valid as if no habeas corpus proceedings or appeal were pending. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 966.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Based on title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., § 465 (R. S. § 766; Mar. 3, 1893, ch. 226, 27 Stat. 751; Feb. 13, 1925, ch. 229, § 8 (c), 43 Stat. 940; June 19, 1934, ch. 673, 48 Stat. 1177).

Provisions relating to proceedings pending in 1934 were deleted as obsolete.

A provision requiring an appeal to be taken within 3 months was omitted as covered by sections 2101 and 2107 of this title.

Changes were made in phraseology.

§ 2252. Notice.

Prior to the hearing of a habeas corpus proceeding in behalf of a person in custody of State officers or by virtue of State laws notice shall be served on the attorney general or other appropriate officer of such State as the justice or judge at the time of issuing the writ shall direct. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 967.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Based on title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed.. 462 (R. S. § 762).

Section 462 of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., was limited to alien prisoners described in section 453 of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed. The revised section extends to all cases of all prisoners under State custody or authority, leaving it to the justice or judge to prescribe the notice to State officers, to specify the officer served, and to satisfy himself that such notice has been given.

Provision for making due proof of such service was omitted as unnecessary. The sheriff's or marshal's

return is suficient.

Changes were made in phraseology.

§ 2253. Appeal.

In a habeas corpus proceeding before a circuit or district judge, the final order shall be subject to review, on appeal, by the court of appeals for the circuit where the proceeding is had.

There shall be no right of appeal from such an order in a proceeding to test the validity of a war. rant to remove, to another district or place for commitment or trial, a person charged with a criminal offense against the United States, or to test the validity of his detention pending removal proceedings.

An appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals from the final order in a habeas corpus proceeding where the detention complained of arises out of process issued by a State court, unless the justice or judge who rendered the order or a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of probable cause. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 967; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 113, 63 Stat. 105; Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, § 52, 65 Stat. 727.)

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Reviser's Note.-Based on title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., §§ 463 (a) and 466 (Mar. 10, 1908, ch. 76, 36 Stat. 40; Feb. 13, 1925, ch. 229, §§ 6, 13, 43 Stat. 940, 942; June 29, 1938, ch. 806, 52 Stat. 1232).

This section consolidates paragraph (a) of section 463, and section 466 of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed.

The last two sentences of section 463 (a) of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed., were omitted. They were repeated in section 452 of title 28, U. S. C., 1940 ed. (See reviser's note under section 2241 of this title.) Changes were made in phraseology.

AMENDMENTS

1951-Act Oct. 31, 1951, substituted "to remove, to another validity of his" for "of removal issued pursuant to section 3042 of Title 18 or the" in the second paragraph.

1949-Act May 24, 1949, substituted "3042" for "3041" in the second par.

FEDERAL RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE Commitment to another district; removal, see Rule 40, Title 18, Appendix, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

§ 2254. State custody; remedies in State courts.

(a) The Supreme Court, a Justice thereof, a circuit judge, or a district court shall entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.

(b) An application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted unless it appears that the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State, or that there is either an absence of available State corrective process or the existence of circumstances rendering such process ineffective to protect the rights of the prisoner.

(c) An applicant shall not be deemed to have exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State, within the meaning of this section, if he has the right under the law of the State to raise, by any available procedure, the question presented.

(d) In any proceeding instituted in a Federal court by an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of