to as many ends as there are benefits to be obtained. It is evident that the physical basis of memory undergoes a change from the condition in which it is first produced. Its component parts are evidently rearranged in accordance with some purely psychic factors, i. e., in accordance with qualities and properties which are only appreciable by conscious states. One may suppose that a reflection of the physical basis of a memory may be transmitted to different parts of the cortex, and that in one part it is located in accordance with one criterion of classification, and in another region in accordance with another criterion. In other words, the representative functions of the brain control the structure of the physical basis of memory, or cause a modified reproduction of it. These representative functions may be of the simplest -i.e., they may consist only of criteria of size, color, utility, etc., or they may be more complex, involving judgments, concepts, etc. Finally, no criteria can violate the ultimate "forms of thought," which are essentials of all representative mental action. These, in short, are the fundamental reasons why mental conditions may be believed to direct the course of energy, without increasing the amount of that energy.

The relation of this factor of evolution to the the theories of Preformation and Epigenesis may be now considered. The reason why I believe that the process of mental evolution has been and is at bottom epigenetic, is because there is no way short of supernatural revelation by which mental education can be accomplished other than by contact with the environment through sense-impressions, and by transmission of the results to subsequent generations. The opinion is simply a consistent application to brain tissue of a doctrine supposed to be true of the other organic structures. The injection of consciousness into the process does not alter the case, but adds a factor which necessitates the progressive character of evolution.

I do not perceive how promiscuous variation and natural selection alone can result in progressive psychic evolution, more than in structural evolution, since the former is conditioned by the latter. The objections to this mode of accounting for progressive structural evolution are well known, and are enumerated in my book on page 474. It is true, no doubt, that as we rise in the scale of mental faculty the capacity for acquisition increases. How far these acquisitions are in inheritable is a question of detail, but no one denies, so far as I am aware, excepting consistent preformationists, that they are more or less inheritable. It is to be supposed that the longer special aptitudes are cultivated the more likely they are to be inherited, precisely as the ef

fects of constant use of an organism are inherited, while sports and mutilations are not inherited. The importance of the social influences among men on which Prof. Baldwin justly lays so much stress, consists in the fact that they are continuous in their operation, and produce permanent habits. This accounts for the phenomena referred to by him when he remarks that "the level of culture in a community seems to be about as fixed a thing as moral qualities are capable of being; much more so than the level of individual endowment. This latter seems to be capricious or variable, while the former moves by a regular movement and with a massive front." Here we have portrayed exactly what occurs in structural evolution. The habitual influence of the environment, internal and external, conditions the steady advance, while sports produce only temporary effects or are effective only in proportion to their ratio to the entire movement.

In an essay published in Science of March 20th, 1896, Prof. Baldwin comments on the lectures of Prof. Lloyd Morgan, in support of his own doctrine of Social Heredity. This is the name he has applied to this transmission of habits through their persistence in societies, so that the young acquire them through imitation or instruction, without the intervention of physical heredity. As a foundation for this view he disputes the necessity of any inheritance of acquired habits by the inheritance of the nervous mechanism which they express, and denies therefore that use is a necessary agent in the evolution of such habits. In order to prove that instincts are not "lapsed intelligence" he says; "The intelligence can never by any possibility create a new movement or effect a new combination of movements, if the apparatus of brain, nerve and muscles has not been made ready for the combination which is effected. This point is no longer in dispute," etc. Immediately before this, however, he says. "But let us ask how the intelligence brings about coördinations of muscular movement. The physchologist is obliged to reply; "Only by a process of selection (through pleasure, pain, experience, association, etc.,) from certain alternative complex movements, which are already possible for the limb or member used."

It is granted in the last quotation that pleasure, pain and other conscious states, select the motions which become habits. Such selection is intelligent, and such act is an expression of intelligence, though of the simplest sort. All that Prof. Baldwin alleges is that intelligence is impotent to construct the mechanism of new habits out of mechanisms already too far specialized in definite directions to permit such a reorganization of structure. This truth in nowise contradicts

the construction of the mechanism of new habits from tissues capable of reconstruction or of modification, a quality which resides very probably in brain tissue, or at least certainly has resided in it at various stages of organic evolution, when new "selections through pleasure, pain, experience, association, etc.," were made; otherwise the selection would have been impossible. This is the history of all the other tissues, and why not of brain tissue? Though Prof. Baldwin denies the necessity of the Lamarckian Factor, he admits it in this doctrine of selection; and his denial of inheritance, only covers the case of physchological sports, as above pointed out. Hence he both admits and denies both Lamarckian and Weismannism.

Weismannism has recently struck the physchological camp, and in Prof. Baldwin and in Mr. Benjamin Kidd, we see some of its recent effects. But since the biologists have generally repudiated Weismannism, the evolutionary physchologists must try and get along without it. Nevertheless, as above remarked, Prof. Baldwin's "Social Heredity" is a real factor, especially in human evolution; but as it is not heredity, I think it should have a new name, which shall be less confusing. E. D. COPE.

Psychologic Data Wanted.-For purpose of extended comparison I wish data as to habit, instinct or intelligence in animals, above all, minor and trifling ones not in the books, useless or detrimental ones, and the particular breed, species or genus showing each. Purring, licking, washing face, kneading objects with fore-paws, humping back, and "worrying" captured prey (like the cat), baying (at moon or otherwise); urination and defecation habits (eating, covering up, etc.); disposition of feces and shells in nest; rolling on carrion; cackling (or other disturbance) after laying; eating "afterbirth" or young; sexual habits; transporting eggs or young; nest-sharing; hunting partnerships or similar intelligent associations; hereditary transmission of peculiarities; rearing young of other specics with resulting modification of instinct; feigning death; suicide; "fascination;" are examples. Circular of information will be sent and full credit given for data used, or sender's name will be confidential, as preferred.

Answer as fully as possible, always stating age, sex, place, date (or season), species, breed, and whether personally observed.

Clark University, Worcester, Mass.

R. R. GURLEY, M. D.

PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.

Nova Scotian Institute of Science..-March 9th.-The following paper was read: "Some Illustrations of Dynamical Geology in Southwestern Nova Scotia," by L. W. Bailey, Esq., M. A., Ph. D. HARRY PIERS, Secretary.

Boston Society of Natural History.-February 19th-The following papers were read: Mr. Outram Bangs: "The Terrapin an Inhabitant of Massachusetts." Dr. Joseph Lincoln Goodale: "The Vocal Sounds of Animals and the Mechanism of their Production."

March 4th.-The following paper was read: Prof. F. W. Putnam: "Symbolism in Ancient America.".-SAMUEL HENSHAW, Secretary.

New York Academy of Sciences-Biological Section.February 7th, 1896.-Dr. J. G. Curtis in the Chair.

A communication from the Council was received asking that the Section take action on Rep. Hurley's bill "To fix the standard of Weights and Measures by the adoption of the metric system of weights and measures."

On motion of Dr. Dean, the Section approved the bill and the Secretary was directed to express the entire commendation of it to the Council.

Dr. Arnold Graf read a paper on "The Structure of the Nephridia in Clepsine." He finds, in the cells of the intra cellular duct, fine cytoplasmic anastamosing threads which form a contractile mechanism. These are stimulated by granules which are most numerous near the lumen of the cell, and thus a peristalsis is set up which moves the urine out of the duct. In the upper part of the intra-cellular duct, the two or three cells next to the vesicle or funnel have no distinct lumen, but are vacuolated; the vacuoles of the first cell being small, those of the second larger, and so on, till the vacuoles become permanent as a lumen. He explains the action of the first cell as being similar to the ingestion of particles by the infusorians. The matter taken up thus from the funnel by the first cell is carried by the rest, and so on till the cells having a lumen are reached. The presence of the excretum causes the granules to stimulate the muscular fibres of the cells; penstalis results and the substance is carried outwards. The character of this contractile reticulum offers an explanation of the structure of a cilium as being the continuation of a contractile reticular thread.

N. R. Harrington, in "Observations on the Lime Gland of the Earthworm," described the minute structure of these glands in L. terrestris, and showed that the line is taken up from the blood by wandering connective tissue cells which form club-shaped projections on the lamellae of the gland, and which pass off when filled with lime. The new cell comes up from the base of the older cell and repeats the process. This explanation is in harmony with the fact that in all other invertebrates lime is laid down by connective tissue cells. Histological structure and the developmental history confirm it.

Dr. Bashford Dean offered some observations on "Instinct in some of the Lower Vertebrates." The young of Amia calva, the dogfish of the Western States, attach themselves, when newly hatched, to the water plants at the bottom of the nest which the male Amia has built. They remain thus attached until the yolk sac is absorbed. As soon as they are fitted to get food they flock together in a dense cluster, following the male. When hatched in an aquarium they go through the same processes. The young fry take food particles only when the particles are in motion, never when they are still. The larvæ of Necturus also take food particles that are in motion.-C. L. BRISTOL, Secretary.

American Philosophical Society.-January 17th.-Prof. Hilprecht presented a paper on "Old Babylonian Inscriptions, Chiefly from Nippur," Pt. ii.

February 21st.-Prof, A. W. Goodspeed read a paper on the Röntgen method, with demonstration. Remarks were made by Prof. Houston, J. F. Sachse, Prof. Robb of Trinity College, and Prof. Trowbridge of Cambridge.

March 6th.-The following paper was presented: "Eucalypti in Algeria and Tunisia from an Hygienic and Climatological Point of View," by Dr. Edward Pepper.

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia-Anthropological Section.-February 14th.-The following papers were read: Dr. Allen on "Prenasal Fossæ of the Skull;" Dr. Brinton on "Human Hybridism;" Dr. McClellan, Skulls and Photographs exhibited. CHAS. MORRIS, Recorder.

The Academy of Science of St. Louis.-February 17, 1896. -Dr. Adolf Alt spoke of the anatomy of the eye, and, by aid of the projecting microscope exhibited a series of axial sections representing the general structure of the eye in thirty-one species of animals, comprising two crustaceans, the squid, three fish, two batrachians, two reptiles, ten birds, and eleven mammals.