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THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST

Knapp (Frances) and Rheta L. Childe. Thlinkets of Southeastern Alaska. Chicago, 1896, Stone & Kimball, 197 p. 16°. Marotta (N.) L'uomo e la donna nella serie degli esseri viventi, note di antropometria. Siracuso, 1896, Tamburo, 32 p. 8°. Moser (Henri). Bosnie-Herzégovine. Une œuvre de colonisation pacifique dans les Balkans. Paris, 1896, V. Goupy. 8°.

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Questions concerning the law cus-
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prudence and Political Economy
of Berlin. [Berlin, 1896], 8 p.

8°.

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Thurston (Edgar). Anthropology of the Todas and Kotas of the Nitgiri Hills, and of the Brahmans, Kammálans, Pallis, and Pariahs of Madras City. [Madras Govt. Mus. Bull. No. 4.] Madras, 1896.

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THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST

mutilations génitales au point de vue anthropologique et psychologique. Rev. de psychiat., Par., 1896, n. s., 184; 217.—Nicholls (H.) Prof. Baldwin's "New factor in evolution." Am. Naturalist, Phila., 1896, xxx, 697-710.-Noetling (F.) Die Pagoden von Pagan in OberBirma. Verhandl. d. Berl. Gesellsch. f. Anthrop., 1896, (226–235). Oloriz y Aguilera (F.) talla humaña en España. Higiene La pop., Madrid, 1896, i, 66-68.-Peacock (Mabel). Executed criminals and folk-medicine. Lore, Lond., 1896, vii, 268-283. Folk-Plehn (A.) Wundheilung bei der schwarzen Rasse. [Kamerun.] Deutsche med. Wehnschr., Leipz. u. Berl., 1896, xxii, 544–546.Pleyte (C. M.) Ein arakanesischer Hausgötze. Globus, Brnschwg., 1896, Ixx, 113.-le Plongeon (Alice D.) The potter's art among native Americans. Pop. Sc. Month., N. Y., 1896, xlix, 646–655.-Prudden (T. M.) A summer among cliff dwellings. Harper's Mag., N. Y., 1896, xciii, 545-561.-Reinecke (F.) Anthropologische Aufnahmen und Untersuchungen ausgeführt auf den Samoa-Inseln 1894-5. Ztschr. f. Ethnol., Berl., 1896, xxviii, 101– 145, 2 pl.-Reinecke (P.) thische Alterthümer. Verhandl. d. SkyBerl. Gesellsch. f. Anthrop., 1896, (251-254).-Régis (E.) Les faux régicides et les vrais régicides. J. de méd. de Bordeaux, 1896, xxvi, 373-375.-Reich (E.) The Jewbaiting on the continent. teenth Cent., Lond., 1896, xl, 422– Nine438.-Richet (C.) Étude biologique sur la douleur. Rev. scient., Par., 1896, 4. s., vi, 225-232.-Rösler (E.) Eine archäologische Excursion nach Dshebrail, Transkaukasien. Verhandl. d. Berl. Gesellsch. f. Anthrop., 1896, (160-170). grabungen bei Chodshali, 1895. AusIbid., (170-186).-Rosset (C. W.)

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Nature, Tornier

Die hinterindischen Volksstämme. Mitth. d. geog. Gesellsch. Wien, 1896, xxxix, 113-139.-Salkowski (F.) Chemische Untersuchung der Mumienbinden und der Masse aus der Mundhöhle. Verhandl. d. Berl. Gesellsch. f. Anthrop., 1896, (214219). - von Schulenberg (H.) Volkskundliche Mittheilungen aus der Mark. Ibid., (187–190).—Scloemann. Felszeichnungen der Buschmänner bei Pusompe in NordTransvaal, einer Cult-Stätte der jetzt dort ansässigen Massele. Ibid., (220).—Seidel (H.) Ein Wahrsagegerät aus Kamerun. Globus, Brnschwg., 1896, lxx, 177.-Thiselton-Dyer (W. T.) The utility of specific characters. Lond., 1896, liv, 435. (G.) Ueber Hyperdaktylie, Regeneration und Vererbung, mit Experimenten. Arch. f. Entweklngsmechn. d. Org., Leipz., 1896, iii, 469; iv, 180.-Treichel (A.) Einrichtung des Geheimgemachs. Verhandl. d. Berl. Gesellsch. f. Anthrop., 1896, (254-256). — Virchow (R.) Kopf der Aline und verschiedene Schädel aus dem Fayum. Ibid., (192 214). Schädel aus der älteren Hallstatt-Zeit vom Mühlhart. Ibid., (243-246).-Ward (L. F.) The mechanics of society. Am. J. Sociol., Chicago, 1896, ii, 234-254.-Werner (A.) African folk-lore. Rev., Lond., 1896, lxx, 377-390.Contemp. Wilser. Unser Stammbaum. Abhandl. d. naturw. Ver. zu Karlsruhe (1888-95), 1896, xi, 187-192.-Yagi (S.) und M. Sinomura. Zur Prähistorik Japans. Globus, Brnschwg., 1896, lxx, 154-158.-Zichen (T.) Ueber die Grosshirnfurchung der Halbaffen und die Deutung einiger Furchen des menschlichen Gehirns. Arch. f. Psychiat., Berl., 1896, xxviii, 898-930.-Zimmern (Helen). Enrico Ferri on homicide. Sc. Month., N. Y., 1896, xlix, 678Pop. 684.

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AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST

VOL. IX WASHINGTON, D. C., NOVEMBER, 1896

No. 11

PACIFIC COAST SHELLS FROM PREHISTORIC
TUSAYAN PUEBLOS

J. WALTER FEWKES

The objects considered in this article were taken from the cemeteries of three Arizonian ruins, Homolobi, Cakwabaiyaki, and Teübkwitcalobi,' which were in part excavated by an expedition from the Smithsonian Institution, under my charge, in the summer of 1896.

It will be necessary for me to reserve the discussion of data bearing on the antiquity and relationship of the people who inhabited these ancient houses for another article, and for the present I will simply state that Tusayan traditionists claim the objects here considered as the property of their ancestors and the ruins from which they were obtained prehistoric sites of the habitations of Hopi clans, which later, for some reason or other, deserted them and settled with others near the Tusayan mesas. Homolobi is situated on the right bank of the Little Colorado, about 3 miles from Winslow, north of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad. It is between 70 and 80 miles due south of Oraibi, the most western pueblo of Tusayan.

1 In my lists I have referred to the latter as the Chevlon and Chaves Pass ruins.

2 In Hopi terminology ki means house or pueblo; Sikyatki, "Yellow pueblo." The terminations bi, pi, vi are locative, with the additional element of "elevated on a mesa;" thus Awatobi, " High place of Bow people." All the true Hopi pueblos (Hano excepted, because the name is not Hopi) have names with locative ending because situated high up on mesas. The ancient pueblos on the terrace, although half-way up the mesa, were not considered high up; hence Sikyatki, but Old Walpi, is called Kisakobi. If this rule always holds, the large ruin two miles from the one I excavated, which the Hopi called Homolobi, better satisfies the linguistic argument. I have no satisfactory etymology of the word Homolobi. Perhaps the term would better be applied to several adjacent pueblos, of which there are four within a radius of six miles from Winslow.

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Cakwabaiyaki, "Blue running-water house," lies on the left bank of Chevlon creek near where it empties into the Little Colorado, about 15 miles east of Winslow, and Teübkwitcalobi, "Antelope-notch-place of," consisting of two ruined pueblos built of malpais on hills in Chaves Pass between 30 and 40 miles southwest by south of Winslow, where there is a break in the Mogollon mountains through which runs an ancient Hopi trail from the plains south of the Little Colorado to the Verde valley and Tonto basin.

The number of prehistoric mortuary shell objects increases' as we go south from the ruins near the inhabited Tusayan pueblos. During extensive excavations at Sikyatki and Awatobi in 1895 I found comparatively few marine shells; at Homolobi there were more, and in the ruins at Chaves Pass the relative number much greater.'

The esteem in which seashells were held by the ancient Tusayan people and their scarcity in northern settlements led to the manufacture of clay imitations. some of which have been found by me at Awatobi, Old Walpi, and Old Cuñopavi. The species imitated in all instances was the same, Pectunculus giganteus.

Pectunculus giganteus, Reeve.-This shell was a favorite one for ornamental purposes among prehistoric Tusayan people, and was worked into many different forms by their ancient artists. Some of the most beautiful of these were armlets for the upper arm, bracelets for the wrists, and finger rings, all of which are well represented in my collection.

The armlets were made from large shells by grinding away the middle of the valve, leaving the periphery, which was later highly polished. The region of the shell near the umbo in many specimens was cut into a heart-shaped elevation, which in one specimen was beautifully rounded. A single armlet (plate Ix, figure 2) had a small turquois set in gum in a diagonal incision on the outside. In most instances these armlets were perforated artificially near the umbo. As a rule the surface of these armlets was smooth and without ornament, but one specimen was beautifully decorated with a characteristic incised fret covering the whole outer surface. The

1 All specimens considered in this article were found in graves.

2 I am indebted to Mr Stimpson, conchologist of the Smithsonian Institution, for the identification of the shells considered in this article.

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