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5"

FIGURE 3-Leveling device for adjusting liquid level in test cup.

the tester so that the sides form right angles with each other and the tester is well toward the back of the shield.

(f) If a guide wire is used, the taper, when passed, should rest lightly on the wire, with the end of the jet burner just clear of the edge of the guide wire. If the swiveltype holder is used, the horizontal and vertical positions of the jet are so adjusted that the jet passes on the circumference of a circle, having a radius of at least 6 inches, across the center of the cup at right angles to the diameter passing through the thermometer, and in a plane %-inch above the upper edge of the cup. The taper should be kept in the "off" position, at one end or the other of the swing, except when the flame is applied.

(g) Light the ignition flame and adjust it to form a flame of spherical form matching in size the 52-inch sphere on the apparatus.

(h) Adjust heater source under bath so that the temperature of the sample increases at a rate of 2 ±0.5° F. per minute. With viscous materials this rate of heating cannot always be obtained.

INITIAL TEST

5. Determine an approximate flashpoint by passing the taper flame across the sample at intervals of 2° F. Each pass must be in one direction only. The time required to pass the ignition flame across the surface of the sample should be 1 second. Remove bubbles from the surface of the sample liquid before starting a determination. Meticulous attention to all details relating to the taper, size of taper flame, and rate of passing the taper is necessary for good results. When determining the flashpoint of viscous liquids and those liquids that tend to form a film of polymer, etc., on the surface, the surface film should be disturbed mechanically each time before the taper flame is passed. RECORDED TESTS

6. Repeat the procedure by cooling a fresh portion of the sample, the glass cup, the bath solution, and the thermometer at least 20° F. below the approximate flashpoint. Resume heating, and pass the taper flame across the sample at two intervals of 5° F. and ther

at intervals of 2° F. until the flashpoint

occurs.

REPORTING DATA

7. The average of not less than three recorded tests, other than the initial test, shall be used in determining the flashpoint and flammability of the substance. STANDARDIZATION

8. (a) Make determinations in triplicate on the flashpoint of standard paraxylene and of standard isopropyl alcohol which meet the following specifications:

(1) Specifications for p-xylene, flashpoint check grade. p-Xylene shall conform to the following requirements:

Specific gravity: 15.56° C./15.56° C., 0.860 minimum, 0.866 maximum.

Boiling range: 2° C. maximum from start to dry point when tested in accordance with the method of test for distillation of industrial aromatic hydrocarbons (ASTM designation: D 850), or the method of test for distillation range of lacquer solvents and diluents (ASTM designation: D 1078). The range shall include the boiling point of pure p-xylene, which is 138.35° C. (281.03° F.).

Purity: 95 percent minimum, calculated in accordance with the method of test for determination of purity from freezing points of high-purity compounds (ASTM designation: D 1016), from the experimentally determined freezing point, measured by the method of test for measurement of freezing points of high-purity compounds for evaluation of purity (ASTM designation: D 1015).

(11) Specifications for isopropanol, flashpoint check grade. Isopropanol shall conform to the following requirements: Specific gravity: 0.8175 to 0.8185 at 20° C./ 20° C. as determined by means of a calibrated pycnometer. Distillation range:

Shall entirely distill within a 1.0° C. range which shall include the temperature 80.4° C. as determined by ASTM method D 1078.

Average these values for each compound. If the difference between the values for

[blocks in formation]

A Observed flash of p-xylene, and B=Observed flash of isopropyl alcohol. Apply this correction of all determinations. Half units in correction shall be discarded. PRECISION

9. (a) For hydrocarbon solvents having flashpoints between 60° F. and 110° F., repeatability is ±2° F. and the reproducibility is +5° F.

(b) If results from two tests differ by more than 10° F., they shall be considered uncertain and should be checked. The calibration procedure provided in this method will cancel out the effect of barometric pressure if calibration and tests are run at the same pressure. Data supporting the precision are given in Appendix III of the 1956 Report of Committee D-1 on Paint, Varnish, Lacquers and Related Products, Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., Vol. 56 (1956).

§ 191.14 Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable solids.

(a) Preparation of sample—(1) Granules, powders, and pastes. Pack the sample into a flat, rectangular metal boat with inner dimensions 6 inches long x 1 inch wide x one-fourth inch deep.

(2) Rigid and pliable solids. Measure the dimensions of the sample and support it by means of metal ringstands, clamps, rings, or other suitable devices as needed, so that the major axis is oriented horizontally and the maximum surface is freely exposed to the atmosphere.

(b) Procedure. Place the prepared sample in a draft-free area that can be ventilated and cleared after each test. The temperature of the sample at the time of testing shall be between 68° F. and 86° F. Hold a burning paraffin candle whose diameter is at least 1 inch, so that the flame is in contact with the surface of the sample at the end of the major axis for 5 seconds or until the sample ignites, whichever is less. Remove the candle. By means of a stopwatch, determine the time of combustion with self-sustained flame. Do not exceed 60 seconds. Extinguish flame with a CO, or similar nondestructive type extinguisher. Measure the dimen

sions of the burnt area and calculate the rate of burning along the major axis of the sample.

§ 191.15 Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable contents of self-pressurized containers.

(a) Equipment required. The test equipment consists of a base 8 inches wide, 2 feet long, marked in 6-inch intervals. A rule 2 feet long and marked in inches is supported horizontally on the side of the base and about 6 inches above it. A paraffin candle 1 inch or more in diameter, and of such height that the top third of the flame is at the height of the horizontal rule, is placed at the zero point in the base.

(b) Procedure. The test is conducted in a draft-free area that can be ventilated and cleared after each test. Place the self-pressurized container at a distance of 6 inches from the flame source. Spray for periods of 15 seconds to 20 seconds (one observer noting the extension of the flame and the other operating the container) through the top third of the flame and at a right angle to the flame. The height of the flame should be approximately 2 inches. Take three readings for each test, and average. As a precaution do not spray large quantities in a small, confined space. Free space of previously discharged material.

§ 191.16 Method for determining flashpoint of extremely flammable contents of self-pressurized containers.

The apparatus used is the Tagliabue Open-Cup Flashpoint Apparatus as described in § 191.13. Some means such as dry ice in an open container is used to chill the pressurized container. The container, the flash cup, and the bath solution of the apparatus (brine or glycol may be used) are chilled to a temperature of about 25° F. below zero. The chilled container is punctured to exhaust the propellant. The chilled formulation is transferred to the test apparatus and tested in accordance with the method described in § 191.13.

EXEMPTIONS

§ 191.61 Exemptions for food, drugs, cosmetics, and fuels.

(a) Food, drugs, and cosmetics. Substances subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act are exempted by section 2(f) (2) of the act; but where a food, drug, or cosmetic offers a sub

stantial risk of injury or illness from any handling or use that is customary or usual it may be regarded as misbranded under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act because its label fails to reveal material facts with respect to consequences that may result from use of the article (21 U.S.C. 321(n)) when its label fails to bear information to alert the householder to this hazard.

(b) Fuels. A substance intended to be used as a fuel is exempt from the requirements of the act when in containers that are intended to be or are installed as part of the heating, cooling, or refrigeration system of a house. A portable container used for delivery or temporary or additional storage, and containing a substance that is a hazardous substance as defined in section 2(f) of the act, is not exempt from the labeling prescribed in section 2(p) of the act, even though it contains a fuel to be used in the heating, cooking, or refrigeration system of a house.

§ 191.62 Exemption from full labeling requirements.

(a) Any person who believes a particular hazardous substance in a container intended or suitable for household use should be exempted from full label compliance otherwise applicable under this act, because of the size of the package or because of the minor hazard presented by the substance, or for other good and sufficient reason, may submit to the Commissioner a request for exemption under section 3(c) of the act, presenting facts in support of the view that full compliance is impracticable or is not necessary for the protection of the public health. The Commissioner shall determine on the basis of the facts submitted and all other available information whether the requested exemption is consistent with adequate protection of the public health and safety. If he so finds, he shall detail the exemption granted and the reasons therefor by appropriate order published in the FEDERAL REGISTER.

(b) The Commissioner may, on his own initiative, determine on the basis of facts available to him that a particular hazardous substance in a container intended or suitable for household use should be exempted from full labeling compliance otherwise applicable under this act because of the size of the package, or because of the minor hazard presented by the substance, or for other

good and sufficient reason. If he so finds, he shall detail the exemption granted and the reasons therefor by appropriate order in the FEDERAL REGISTER. § 191.63 Exemptions for small packages, minor hazards, and special circumstances.

(a) The following exemptions are granted for the labeling of hazardous substances in containers suitable or intended for household use under the provisions of § 191.62:

(1) When the sole hazard from a substance in a self-pressurized container is that it generates pressure or when the sole hazard from a substance is that it is flammable or extremely flammable, the name of the component which contributes the hazard need not be stated.

(2) Common matches, including book matches, wooden matches, and so-called "safety" matches are exempted from the labeling requirements of section 2(p) (1) of the act insofar as they apply to the product being considered hazardous because of being "flammable" or "highly flammable" as defined in § 191.1(k).

(3) Paper items such as newspapers, wrapping papers, toilet and cleansing tissues, and paper writing supplies are exempted from the labeling requirements of section 2(p) (1) of the act insofar as they apply to the products being considered hazardous because of being "flammable" or "extremely flammable" as defined in § 191.1 (k).

(4) Thread, string, twine, rope, cord, and similar materials are exempted from the labeling requirements of section 2(p) (1) of the act insofar as they apply to the products being considered hazardous because of being "flammable" or "extremely flammable" as defined in § 191.1 (k).

(5) Laboratory chemicals intended only for research or investigational and other laboratory uses (except those in home chemistry sets) shall be exempt from the requirements of placement provided in § 191.101 if all information required by this section and the act are placed with the required prominence on the label panel adjacent to the main panel.

(6) Small-arms ammunition packaged in retail containers is exempted from the labeling requirements of section 2(p) (1) of the act provided that such containers bear the following label statements:

(i) The common or usual name of the ammunition in the container.

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