house of Nassau, in respect of their private property. The treaty was signed at Amiens, on the 28th of March, 1802.
It had been the practice in former treaties to take the opinion of Parliament on the preliminary articles. But the old War party, which had already taken the foremost ground of opposition to the new Ministry, insisted on debating, although they admitted they could neither alter nor reject the definitive treaty. Lord Grenville said, there were two grounds on which a treaty of peace might be based, the status ante bellum, or the uti possidetis; and with the usual sacrifice of truth to epigrammatic point, he described the peace of Amiens as partaking of both grounds. As regarded England, the status ante bellum had been adopted, by giving up all she had taken during the war; and, as regarded France, the uti possidetis had been resorted to, by leaving her in possession of all she had acquired. Malta, however, the principal conquest of the war, was not given up to France, but restored to its former possessors, under the guarantee of the European powers. The Cape of Good Hope, though restored to Holland, was constituted an open port. Ceylon, the richest island in the Indian Ocean, with one of the finest harbours in the world, and an invaluable adjunct to our Indian Empire, was retained. It was an absurd exaggeration to assert, as Lord Grenville did, that the definitive treaty was infinitely more prejudicial to this country thar the preliminary treaty. The one treaty was, in fact, the confirmation of the other; and all that could be fairly urged was, that, in negotiating the details which had been reserved for the final treaty, Lord Hawkesbury and Lord Cornwallis were no match for Bonaparte and Talleyrand. The indemnity to the Prince of Orange, not being founded on an express stipulation by Holland, proved, in the event, to be valueless. But, it is to be observed, that the
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question of indemnity formed no part of the preliminaries. The arrangements, with regard to prisoners, were not so advantageous to England as they were to France; and the interests of the humble allies of England were not so carefully provided for as they might have been. Lord Grenville, when he dwelt upon these minor points, and sought to persuade the House that the treaty should have been broken off and hostilities resumed, had no more weight and authority than Lord Stanhope, or Lord Abingdon. On a division, he was left in a small minority.* In the Commons, the debates were protracted to a great length; but the peace was ultimately approved by a majority far larger, after allowing for the addition which had lately been made to the numbers of the House, than had ever supported the war.f
Thus ended the first stage of the Great Revolution, which had shaken Europe to its centre. England alone had sustained the shock with firmness;-but England sought repose before the renewal of the struggle, which all men felt to be inevitable, and which many foresaw would be a struggle for exist
† 276 to 20. Windham, who led the opposition to the treaty, is said to have acknowledged to Lord Sidmouth some years afterwards, that if it had not been
for the peace of Amiens, the country could not have maintained the second war.-PELLEW's Life of Lord Sidmouth, vol. ii. p. 53.
BDUCTION of females in the middle
ages and in modern times, ii. 8
bercrombie, General, sent to reduce
the forts of Ticonderago and Crown
Point, i. 32. Failure of the expedi-
tion, 32
bercromby, Sir Ralph, lands in Holland,
iv. 222. Commands an expedition
to Spain, 335. And to Egypt, 338.
Lands, 339. Gains the battle of
Alexandria, 340. Where he falls, 341
braham, heights of, i. 37. Wolfe's
victory and death at the, 39
cre, besieged by the French, iv. 227.
The siege raised, 229
dams, John, advocates the cause of the
English soldiers at Boston, i. 349.
At the Congress at Philadelphia, ii.
154. His interview with Lord Howe,
217. His account of the affair, 217
Adams, Mr., his duel with Mr. Fox, ii.
Addington, Mr., proposed as Speaker,
iii. 229. His antecedents, 230.
Forms an administration, iv. 299,
314. Unequal to his position, 303.
General contempt for him, 304. Over-
tures to him to resign, 311. His
ministry, 317. His personal cha-
racter, 317. His popularity with the
Tories, 321. His parliamentary suc-
cess, 325. Proceedings of the minis-
try, 329
Admiralty, attack of the Opposition on
the, ii. 314, 316
Agriculture, state of, in the last century,
ii. 47. Distinction between the urban
and rural classes, 58. Manners of
the farmers, 59. Slow progress of
the agricultural classes, 59
Albemarle, Lord, his unsuccessful mis-
sion to Pitt, i. 176
Alessandria, convention of, iv. 258
Alexandria, battle of, iv. 340
Alien Bill, the, of Lord Grenville, iii.
294, 296
Allen, Ethan, his invasion of Canada,
ii. 183
Almack's, ii. 52
Almon, the bookseller, prosecution of, i.
375
America, affairs in, in 1757, i. 26.
Loss of the fort of Oswego, 26.
Expedition sent from England to,
against France, 31, 32
American colonies, character of the
contraband trade of the, i. 140.
Beneficial effects of their trade, 140.
Suppression of their commerce by
the home Government, 141. Indig-
nation and measures of the colonists,
141. Customs duties imposed by
the imperial Government, 142. A
metallic substituted for a paper cur-
rency, 143. The Stamp Act, 143,
144. Disputes with, and French
influences on, the Indians, 143.
Despair and passive resistance of the
colonies, 147. Innocence of Gren-
ville's intentions, 148. His mitiga-
tory measures, 149. Arguments in
vindication of the right of Great
Britain to tax her colonies, 149.
The colonies neglected by England,
150. The prosperity of the colonies
entirely due to the colonists them-
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selves, 150. True view of the
equity of extending imperial taxation
to the colonies, for the purpose of
providing for their defence, 153. Bill
for taxing them passed by the House
of Commons, 157. And becomes law,
157. Reception of the Stamp Act in
America, 192. Assembly of Congress,
193. Resolutions of Congress, 193.
Proceedings of the home Government,
194. The question agitated in Par-
liament, 196. Indecision of the
Cabinet, 196. Pitt's speech, 198.
And Grenville's reply, 200. Pitt's
eloquent answer, 201. His advice,
203. Measures resolved on in con-
sequence by the Government, 206.
Franklin's examination at the bar of
the House. 207. The Declaratory
Bill, 208, 210. Repeal of the Stamp
Act, 211. Conciliatory measures of
the administration, 214. The wound
with America reopened by Charles
Townshend, 243. Unsettled state of
the colonies in 1767, 248. Their
resistance to parliamentary authority,
249. Suspension of the New York
Assembly, 250. Disastrous policy of
the home Government, 291. Sup-
pression of the Massachusetts Assem-
bly, 293. Views of the home Govern-
ment as to America, 294. Disputes
with the colonies, 294. Seizure of
the sloop Liberty,' 293. Attempts
to prohibit importation from England,
295, 296. Public excitement at
Boston, 295, 296. Convention at
Boston, 297. Indiscretion of the
Government, 298. Boston garrisoned
by General Gage, 299. State of
opinion in Massachusetts, 300. As-
semblies of Massachusetts and Vir-
ginia, 301. Retention of the duty on
tea, 302. Change in the tone of
Government, 302. Adoption of mea-
sures of conciliation, 303. Appear-
ance of Washington and Jefferson in
the Virginia Assembly, 304. Crisis
of the American dispute, 304, 305.
Neglect of American affairs, 344.
Proposed repeal of Townshend's act,
and injudicious conduct of Lord North,
345. American opposition to the tes
duty, 346. Party feeling in the
House of Commons, 346. Breaking
out of the Revolution in Boston, 347.
Successful resistance of the people, ii
137. Attempt to revive the customs'
duties, 138. Tea thrown overboard
at Boston, 139. Disclosure of the
correspondence between Hutchinson
and Whately, 139, 140. Mischievous
publication of the correspondence,
142. Resolutions of the House of
Assembly and petitions of the Gover-
nor and Lieutenant-Governor of Bos-
ton, 143. Reference to the Privy
Council, 143. Scene at the Privy
Council, 144. Partiality and final
decision of the Council, 146, 147.
The quarrel inflamed, 147. Altera
tion of the charter of Massachusetts,
148. General Gage appointed gover-
nor of Massachusetts, 149. State of
opinion as to the colonies, 150.
Washington's offer to raise a thousand
men, 150. The solemn league and
covenant, 151. General contempr
for the colonies, 152. General Gage's
preparations for military defence, 153.
Formation of armed confederacies, 153.
Assembly of the great Congress of
the States at Philadelphia, 154.
Papers of the Congress, 155. Corn-
mencement of the American war, 171.
Battle of Lexington, 173. The colo
nists emboldened, 173. Party strif
in England on the American question
173. Resolution of the Congress of
Philadelphia, 175. Arrival of rein
forcements from England, 175. Mar
tial law proclaimed by General Gage
175. Battle of Bunker's Hill, 176.
Military organisation of the Ame
ricans, 177. George Washingtor
placed in command of the American
army, 178. Embarrassment of Con-
gress, 179. Its address to the army,
180. Want of military stores, 181.
Invasion of Canada by Arnold and
Allen, 182. Discussions on the
right to tax the colonies reopened by
Parliament, 189. Lord Chatham's
plan of pacification rejected, 190.
Unsatisfactory nature of the minis-
terial proposition, 193, 194. Burke's
resolutions, 195. Coercive measures
popular in England, 195. Proceed-
ings of the Americans, 196. Debates
in Congress, 196. Petition to the
King from Congress, 196, 197. Mr.
Penn's statement to the House of
Commons, 197. Lord Dunmore's
wanton and vindicative proceedings,
199. Alienation of the southern
states, 200. Employment of foreign
mercenaries against the colonies,
200-202. Letters of marque issued
by Congress, 202. The first cam-
paign, 203. Evacuation of Boston
by General Howe, 205. Expulsion
of the Americans from Canada, 205.
Failure of the attempts of the British
on the southern provinces, 205. Re-
verence for the mother country, 206.
Subsequent prevalence of democracy,
207. Washington commissioned to
exercise sovereignty, 208. Provisional
governments established, 208. Debate
on Lee's motion, 209. Declaration of
Independence, 209. Vigorous pre-
parations for hostilities, 212. New
York occupied by Washington, 212.
Who intrenches Brooklyn, 213. De-
feat of the Americans at Brooklyn,
214. Pacific overtures, 212, 215.
Rejection of the terms of pacification,
219. New York taken by the Eng-
lish, 220. State of the American
army, 221.
Dilatory proceedings
of General Howe, 222. General
Lee taken prisoner, 223. Trenton
taken by Washington, 224.
render of Hessian mercenaries at,
225. Capture of Princeton, 225.
Debates in Parliament on American
affairs, 227. Lord Cavendish's mo-
tion, 228. Military disasters in
America, 242. Determination of
Congress to negotiate a treaty with
France, 243. Absolute powers
granted to Washington, 245. The
oath of allegiance to the United
States, 246. Fresh levies raised,
246. Defeat of Washington at
Delaware, and capture of Phila-
delphia, 247. Battles of Brandy-
wine and Germantown, 247, 249.
Removal of Sir Guy Carleton, 250,
251. Who is replaced by General
Burgoyne, 251. Burgoyne's sur-
render at Saratoga, 258. Results of
the convention of Saratoga, 261.
Employment of mercenaries and
Indians by the British, 263. Lord
North's Conciliation Bills, 269. The
Bills objected to as being too late,
269. Impossibility of treating with
the colonies as independent, 269.
Appointment of Commissioners, 271.
Party for concluding peace at any
price, 281. Defeat of the Duke of
Richmond's motion in Parliament,
282. The British army at Phila-
delphia, 294. Arrival of the British
Commissioners at Philadelphia, 295.
Failure of the attempt to negotiate
with Congress, 297. Proclamations
of the British envoys and of Con-
gress, 298. Evasion by Congress of
the convention of Saratoga. 299.
Defeat of the Americans at Mon-
mouth Court House, 301. Failure
of the enterprise against Rhode
Island, 301. The massacre at
Wyoming, 304. Remainder of the
campaign of 1778, 304. The
French disliked in America, 305,
325. State of affairs in America in
1780, 360. Clinton's siege of
Charlestown, 360. Condition of the
American army, 360, 363. Arrival
of French troops, under the Count
de Rochambeau, 366. Hesitation of
Admiral Arbuthnot, 366. Treason
of Arnold and execution of André,
367-375. Occupation of South
Carolina by the Royalists, 377.
General Gates sent against Lord
Cornwallis, 377. American attack
on Cornwallis's cantonments at Cam-
den, 377. Defeat of Gates, 378.
Cornwallis's severity towards the
people of South Carolina, 378.
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