question becomes one of cost of the labor to the plaintiffs, upon which there was no evidence other than that before mentioned. Nor is there any definite data furnished by the evidence upon which to base a correct statement of the cost of it.

The number of hours of the labor performed appears by the evidence, and in any view which can be taken of this branch of the claim the deduction, if the plaintiffs elect to make it, of $203 from the amount allowed for labor, must certainly have the effect to relieve the defendants from any prejudice resulting from the error in the conclusion of law in view of the finding made as requested. This gives the defendants the benefit of the terms of the contract as claimed by them.

The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event, unless the plaintiffs elect to deduct from the recovery $203, with interest from August 3, 1882, and in that event the judgment as so modified be affirmed without costs in this court to either party.

All concur.

JOSEPH M. KOEHLER and ARTHUR J. KOEHLER, App'lts, v. EDWARD SANDERS and JOANNA SANDERS, Resp'ts.'

(Court of Appeals, Second Division, Filed October 7, 1890.)

1. TRADE MARK.

The words "International Banking Co." cannot be exclusively appropriated by any party as a trade mark, even though their business is not banking.

2. SAME-EQUITY.

Plaintiffs could not sustain an action for the alleged infringement of their firm name on the ground that it was the intent of defendants to deceive, as plaintiffs themselves were not a banking corporation, and so did not come into court with clean hands.

APPEAL from order of the general term of the supreme court in the first judicial department, reversing judgment entered on report of a referee in favor of the plaintiffs and granting a new trial.

The plaintiffs, partners doing business in the firm name of the International Banking Company in the city of New York, brought this action to restrain the defendants from using in their advertisements the name of "International Bank," upon the alleged ground that in doing so the defendants would thereby wrongfully infringe upon the plaintiffs' right to the exclusive use of the name so adopted as their trade mark.

The plaintiffs' firm is the successor of one which commenced business in the city of New York in the same name in 1874. And the defendants commenced business there in 1883, as partners, in the name of Edward Sanders & Co. They first used the name of International Bank in 1887, shortly before the commencement of this action. It was then included in an advertisement published in the German language in the "New York Staats Zeitung" a German newspaper.

The closing words of the publication, embracing those which constitute the alleged infringement, were in English, as translated 'Affirming 15 N. Y. State Rep., 293.

at the trial, as follows: "All ready for the next drawings, 1st of February and 20th of February. Call on the International Bank of Edward Sanders & Co., 212 Broadway, corner of Fulton street, New York city." The plaintiffs' place of business was 207 Broadway, corner of Fulton street and their partnership name of "International Banking Company" was in English, while the other portions of their advertising circulars were in Germán. When the defendants' publication, before mentioned, appeared, the plaintiffs by letter charged the defendants with making use of the name International Bank in fraud of the public and to the prejudice of the plaintiffs, and advised them that they would be prosecuted unless they desisted. The defendants by letter in answer quite emphatically asserted the right "to use the name International Bank of Edward Sanders & Co." Thereupon this action was commenced. Benno Loewy, for app'lts; Ira Leo Bamberger, for resp'ts.

BRADLEY, J.-The business of the parties was of like character, and consisted in dealing in foreign government bonds, mainly. those of Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, France and Belgium. They purchased the bonds there and sold them in this country, where their transactions were mostly had with persons speaking the German language. Among the inducements to purchase of the parties as represented by their published circulars, were those that payments could be made in small instalments, and that there was a chance by means of a system of lottery drawings in the countries issuing them to realize something in excess of the amount of the bonds by way of prizes or premiums. It has been held that this was not a lottery scheme within the statutes of this state, and therefore the sales made here were not invalid. Kohn v. Koehler, 96 N. Y., 362. The plaintiffs' claim to relief rests upon the alleged proposition: 1. That they had acquired the exclusive right to the use of the term "International Banking Co.,' which they had adopted as their firm name; or, 2. That the alleged infringement by the defendants was for the purpose of deceiving people and of inducing them to believe that the defendants' place of business was that of the plaintiffs, to the injury of the latter. The referee found that this name was adopted by the predecessors of the plaintiffs, and to whom the latter succeeded in the business, as "their copartnership trade-mark," which "by constant advertising for a period of twelve years has become of great value;" and that in a spirit of rivalry and to induce the public to believe that the defendants' place of business was that of the plaintiffs, the defendants infringed upon the plaintiffs' right to the exclusive use of the name so adopted by the latter as their trade-mark by causing to be inserted in the New York Staats Zeitung an advertisement of securities sold by them, which were also sold by the plaintiffs, in the manner and form of their advertisements, and containing at the end the words in the German language which, translated into English, meant "Enquire at the International Bank of Edward Sanders & Co., 212 Broadway, corner of Fulton street, New York city."

In the strict sense of the term, a trade-mark is applicable only

to a vendible article upon which it is in some manner affixed or represented as a symbol to indicate the origin or ownership of the article on which it is placed. But the same rules for the protection against infringement are extended to names applied to other callings or to places of business as to technical trade-marks. Howard v. Henriques, 3 Sandf., 725; G. & H. Mfg. Co. v. Hall, 61 N. Y., 226. In referring to the principles relating to trade-marks, and upon which their efficiency as such depends, it may be observed that there is no exclusive right to represent by them an idea, nor can there be an exclusive appropriation of that which is descriptive of the articles to which they are attached, or that which indicates their ingredients, mode of composition, characteristic properties, quality or nature. Enoch Morgan's Sons Co. v. Troxell, 89 N. Y., 292; Amoskeag Mfg. Co. v. Spear, etc., 2 Sandf., 599; Caswell v. Davis, 58 N. Y., 223. The word "international" is a generic term pertaining to relation between nations, and when plied to business or to transactions of private character, it imports dealings of some sort in matters, or with people of different nations, or which have some relation to them. It is in common use, and in its nature it is descriptive, and ordinarily characterizes the business to which it pertains rather than its origin or proprietorship, and, so treated, the use of it cannot be exclusively appropriated by any party. This partnership name taken by the plaintiffs is apparently descriptive of a banking business, and indicates that it is in some sense international, and presumptively the name denotes the nature of the business. In that view it cannot have the character essential to a trade-mark or to its exclusive use, analogously to it. Taylor v. Gillies, 59 N. Y., 331; Royal Baking Powder Co. v. Sherrell, 93 id., 331; 14 Am. Rep., 229; Mfg. Co. v. Trainer, 101 U. S., 51; Choynski v. Cohen, 39 Cal., 501; 2 Am. Rep., 476; Burke v. Cassin, 45 Cal., 467; 13 Am. Rep., 204.

ap

The well known use of this word as commonly used in its application to business, is such as to render it publici juris. But it is urged that the business of the parties is not banking, and although this term taken by the plaintiffs into their partnership name is generic and descriptively applicable to a class or classes of business, it may in its use by them be deemed arbitrary, and therefore, as against any person engaged in a similar enterprise to that in which they are employed, the plaintiffs are entitled to the protection of its exclusive use. And in support of this proposition reference is made to the fact found by the referee, that the name "International Banking Company" was never used by any other person or corporation in connection with business similar to that in which the plaintiffs were engaged. That may be so, yet the word international is not arbitrary or fanciful in its application to banking, but is descriptive of the character suggested by it of that business, and it may be deemed to have been intended to have such effect. Taylor v. Gillies, 59 N. Y., 331. The cases cited by counsel do not support his contention in that respect. The word congress as applied to a spring of water, in Congress Spring Co. v. High Rock Spring Co., 45 N. Y., 291, was arbitrary. In Smith v. Sixbury, 25 Hun, 232, the term "Magnetic Balm" was

sustained as a trade mark, not only for the reason that the liquid contained no magnetism or electricity, but because the word 'magnetic" was not descriptive of any quality of a liquid compound. In Gillott v. Esterbrook, 48 N. Y., 374, and Selchow v. Baker, 93 N. Y., 59, the trade marks sustained were arbitrary figures and terms not suggestive of the nature of the article to which they were affixed. And the same remark is applicable to Hier v. Abrahams, 82 N. Y., 519, as explained in 93 N. Y., 336. The fact that a person may use his name as a trade mark, and that a corporation may do likewise, is not necessarily applicableto a partnership name which merely indicates a business in which the firm purports by it to be engaged. The use by one person of his name as a trade mark would not deny to another having the same name the right to use his in good faith for such purpose in a similar business or to mark similar vendible articles. And there are cases where the right to use a name to designate a product is so qualifiedly exclusive that the right to the protection of its use against infringement by others rests upon the ground that such use by them is an untrue or deceptive representation. This may be applicable to a geographical name designating a locality or district, and which has been adopted by one as a trade-mark and afterwards deceptively used by another upon similar articles. Newman v. Alvord, 51 N. Y., 189; 10 Am. Rep., 588; Laughman's Appeal, 128 Pa. St., 1; Canal Co. v. Clark, 13 Wall., 311. The application of this principle is not necessarily dependent upon a proprietary right in a name or the exclusive right to its use. But when another resorts to the use of it fraudulently as an artifice or contrivance to represent his goods or his business as that of the person so previously using it, and to induce the public to so believe, the court may, as against him, afford relief to the party injured. Berry v. Armistead, 2 Keen, 221; Lee v. Haley, L. R., 5 Ch. App., 155; Jay v. Ladler, 40 Ch. D., 649; Meneely v. Meneely, 62 N. Y., 427. And on the other hand the consideration of good faith to the public is so far deemed due from a party taking a name or trade-mark for his business or goods, that equity will not grant relief for the protection of the exclusive use of a misrepresentation by means of such name or trade-mark, when it may tend to deceive and mislead the public or to impose upon and induce persons to become his patrons. In other words, a party successfully seeking equitable relief in such case must come into court with clean hands. Assuming that the defendants had the legal right to use in good faith the name in question, there is no support for the action upon the ground merely that they sought by fraudulent means to palm off upon the public their business, or the place where they conducted it, as that of the plaintiffs. There was no evidence of such intent other than what appeared in the advertising circular which the defendants caused to be published, and in that they distinctly used their own firm name of Edward Sanders & Co. The finding of the referee upon that subject was based upon the assumption that the firm name of the plaintiffs was their trade-mark in which they had the proprietary right to the exclusive use.

In that view such inference might arise from a misleading assimulation, against which good faith in its use would be no defense. And in that view only can such finding be sustained against the exception taken to it. But assuming, as contended on the part of the plaintiffs, that their business was in no sense banking, and treating the firm name as to it arbitrary or fanciful in fact, although not apparently so, then arises the difficulty, to support their claim to equitable relief, in the fact that the name taken by them is a false representation of the nature of their occupation. The name points to the business of their company as that of banking, of which it is distinctly descriptive. Banking is a well known business, and is ordinarily supposed to require for its support some financial strength. The use of this name would naturally induce the public to understand that such was the business of the company, and thus the plaintiffs might derive from its use confidence to their advantage, which they otherwise would not possess, and so far as this should be accomplished it would be the result of the untrue designation of the name or of the deception caused by it. Their business is to some extent conducted by means of communication through the mails between them and those dealing with the company, and this is done by the latter upon their faith and confidence in the fidelity of the company and its financial ability to consummate that which it assumes or undertakes to do. This confidence may in fact be justly due to the plaintiffs in both those respects. The application of the rule now under consideration does not depend upon the question of actual injury to others in any particular case, but is founded upon the salutary principle that equitable relief will not be given in support of misrepresentation in fraud of the public, and by which they may be misled or deceived. This is the situa tion of the plaintiffs in respect to the remedy they sought by this action. Manhattan Medicine Co. v. Wood, 108 U. S., 218; Wolfe v. Burke, 56 N. Y., 115; Connell v. Reed, 128 Mass., 477; 35 Am., 397; Siegert v. Abbott, 61 Md., 276; 48 Am., 101; Palmer v. Harris, 60 Pa., 156; 100 Am. Dec., 557; Leather Cloth Co. v. Am. Leather Cloth Co., 4 De G., J. & S., 137.

These views lead to the conclusion that the order should be affirmed, and judgment absolute directed for the defendants. All concur, except VANN, J., not sitting.

JOHN THOMAS, as Treasurer of Genesee County, App'lt, v. HARRIET E. HARMON, Resp't.'

(Court of Appeals, Second Division, Filed October 7, 1890.)

COUNTY COURT NO JURISDICTION TO REFORM AND FORECLOSE MORTGAGE. The county court has no jurisdiction of an action to reform a mortgage although part of the relief demanded is the foreclosure of such a mortgage after it has been reformed.

APPEAL from so much of a judgment of the general term of the supreme court, in the fifth judicial department, as reversed a 'Affirming 11 N. Y. State Rep., 79