Vane, though perhaps a shadowy figure to the REFERRING to the review of PROF. SKEAT'S 'Science of Etymology,' which appeared at p. 498of our last volume, our correspondent Mr. ALFRED SKEAT was engaged in the preparation of a volumeANSCOMBE kindly writes to inform us that PROF. on The Place-Names of Suffolk' also. On May 18, inviting from MR. ANSCOMBE an expression of the Suffolk place-names, 469 in number. I have got opinion on Hoxne," he wrote: "I am doing all out at least 450 with almost complete safety, or with very high probability. Only a few are in doubt." On May 22 he wrote that he was finishing humour he said he hoped there was not a single his Science of Etymology,' and with characteristic new statement in the book! The Burlington Magazine begins 1913 with articles of more than usual interest. Mr. Whitley -after long and laborious search-has discovered, principally in the journals of the time, but also in some MS. notes, references to the lectures on Perspective given by Turner as professor, and here for the first time all the information available is set out. Yet another discovery of high interest is communicated by Mr. W. Grant Keith in Some Hitherto Unknown Drawings by Inigo Jones.' These had lain perdus among the architectural drawings which James Gibbs, upon his death in 1754, bequeathed to the Radcliffe at Oxford, and which had not hitherto been closely examined, being supposed to be all his own work. Mr. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy; in dealing with Indian Images with Many Arms," has a subject full of curious and profound interest, upon which every lover of art must desire better instruction. While grateful to him for what he here furnishes, we wish he had taken up more space in imparting knowledge, and less in somewhat peevish castigations and assertions which, however true, he leaves unsupported. Mr. Clive Bell's paper on Post-Impressionism and Esthetics' is a delightful piece of writing, chiefly valuable for the end paragraphs, without BOOKSELLERS' CATALOGUES.-JANUARY. which one term of his explanation of the essential in art, significant form," would carry no sense. CATALOGUE No. 202, sent us by Mr. William The mystical relation between the real and the Brown of Edinburgh, contains a number of visible which it is the raison d'être of art to illus- interesting first editions, among them Butler's trate needs teaching, and is, perhaps, most Hudibras,' all the three parts as they succeseffectively taught in this fugitive way, as if a sively appeared in 1663, 1664, 1678, 251.; Carmere addendum to a main theme. Three good lyle's Sartor Resartus,' as it was first privately series of papers are carried on to their second reprinted for his friends from Fraser's Magazine, number: Dr. Schubring's study of cassoni panels 1834, 167. 168.; Cowper's two volumes of Poems,' in English private collections; M. A. J. Wauters's the first published in 1782, the second, containing Roger van der Weyden'; and the very interest-The Task,' John Gilpin,' and other works, in ing and well-illustrated discussion of the Psy- 1785, 11. 158.; Keats's 'Lamia,' Isabella,' &c.,. chostasis in Christian Art,' by Mary Phillips Perry. 1820, in the original boards and uncut, having its paper label on the back and the eight pages of advertisements, 581. 108.; and the first edition of Blair's Grave,' Florio's Montaigne,' 1603, 681. with the twelve etchings from Blake's design's (1808), and Blake's illustrations of the Book of Job (1825), from Sir Theodore Martin's library, There are eight WE have received with pleasure from Mr. Hilary Jenkinson of the Public Record Office, Hon. Secretary of the Surrey Archæological Society, the announcement that it is proposed to found a Surrey Record Society. The promoters of the scheme urge with justice that, from the point of view both of security and utility, the printing and indexing of the wealth of documentary evidence amassed alike in the Public Record Office and in private hands is an immediate and important need. Experience has already proved how much excellent service, supplementary to the Government work of the publication of records, may be privately rendered by the common local interest of the several counties and the fine list of documents proposed for publication if the Society should be formed justifies our expecting great things from Surrey in this matter. The Society will be based upon a 108. yearly subscription (with an entrance fee of 10s.), with, in return, at least one volume annually. If a sufficient number of names are sent in as willing to subscribe, a public meeting will be held in London to organize the Society. We are glad to note that a good preliminary list has already been obtained. WE learn with pleasure that our correspondent Dr. J. Willcock is about to publish a Life of Sir Henry Vane the Younger in this, the tercentenary year of his hero's birth. The younger are to be sold together for 301. books with Cruikshank illustrations: the most costly, if not in itself the most interesting, is the Egan's Life in London,' for which 651, is asked. Nisbet's System of Heraldry' in the 1816 edition costs 6l. 15s.; and the Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, by the Four Masters, from the Earliest Period to 1616,' edited, with translation and notes, by J. O'Donovan, 1856, 127. 128. noticed two attractive sets of Japanese drawings, collections and designs for tailoring or dressmaking on twenty-three double leaves of thin paper, intended evidently for embroidery, and with the artist's name on every page. We They belong apparently to the eighteenth century, and MR. JAMES G. COMMIN of Exeter has sent us the list of Topographical Works relating to the British Isles which forms his Catalogue 289. Under the heading General Topography' we observed several good books, such, for instance, as a copy of Leland's Itinerary,' 1710, i.e., the first edition, offered for 37. 15s., and the Lysons's Magna Britannia,' bound in 8 vols., 1806-22, 127. 128. For 51. may be had Speed's Theatre in the first (1611) edition. Coming to the separate counties, we find that there are a good copy of the original (1819) edition of Ormerod's History of the County Palatine and City of Chester,' 91.; Polwhele's History of Cornwall,' 1803-8, 51.; Crabbe's Account of the Monumental Brasses remaining in the Churches of the County of Devon,' which is offered for 31. 108.; a Hutchins's History and Antiquities....of Dorset,' best edition, priced 117. 118.; and a best edition copy of Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses,' with the addition by Bliss, 1813-20-two copies, the better 67. 158., the other 4l. 158. Nor must we forget to mention that Harris's History of Kent,' 1719, is here offered for 5l., and Hasted's History and Topographical Survey of Kent' for 81. 83. which has also some illuminated pages of biographical notes. We may also mention a letter by Madame de Maintenon, apparently to one of the sisters at St. Cyr, of unusual intrinsic value, 121. 128.; a letter of Charles Lamb's to Serjeant Talfourd, 181. 18s.; a letter written by Heine from Paris to Campe, librarian at Hamburg, 1854, 81. 88.; two great seals, Henry VIII.'s, 1544, 157. 158., and Elizabeth's, 1595, 101. 108.; and letters of Byron's, the one dated April 12th, 1822, to Capt. Hay, 12l. 108.; the other from St. James's, 3 Dec., 1813, on the subject of 'The Giaour,' 317. 108. MESSRS. SOTHERAN'S Catalogue 730 gives us a well claim the attention of those who are interested 'Bibliotheca Criminalis et Juridica' which may in criminology and the light which it throws on civilization. Most of the items are within the the most expensive that we noticed are a Collecreach of purses moderately supplied; in fact, tion of Seventy-four Interesting Trials for Murder, High Treason, &c.,' 80 vols., 1770-1865, 127. 128.; Informations, Speeches, Confessions, Broadsides, a Large Collection of the Perjured Narratives, Trials, &c., relative to the Popish Plot,' 150 pieces MR. FRANCIS EDWARDS has sent us his Cata-in 5 vols., folio, 1678-86, 217.; and The Grand logue of the Geographical Library of Mr. E. G. Pyrate: the Life and Death of Capt. George Ravenstein, which contains a large number of Cusack, the great Sea-Robber,' 1675–6, 71. 78. valuable and instructive works in English, Ger- These items, however, seem to us by no means man, Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and other more interesting than many others offered for a languages. There are a copy of Servetus's edition of pound or two, in some cases for shillings. Thus, Ptolemy's' Geographicæ enarrationis, Libri VIII.,' with English and French on opposite pages, there 1535, 61. 10s.; the Asia Portuguesa of Faria are the original pieces relating to the trial of y Sousa, 1666-75, 5l.; Cavazzi's Istorica De- Calas; the trial of the "Wicked" Lord Byron, scrizione de tre Regni Congo, Matamba et Angola the poet's great-uncle, for killing William Cha..e delle Missioni Apostoliche esercitateni da worth; some score of papers relating to ElizaReligiosi Capucini,' a folio, vellum, Bologna, beth Canning; the proceedings-printed for 1687, 21. 10s.; Ogilby's 'Africa: Description Elizabeth Cellier-connected with her accusation of the Regions of Egypt, Barbary, Lygia, and of complicity in what was known as the "MealBilledulgeria,' &c., 1670, 31.; Herrera's His- tub Plot," and her deliverance, under the title of toria general de los Hechos de los Castellanos en Malice Defeated'; the trial of Mary Ann Clarke las Islas y Tierra Firma del Mar Oceano,' Madrid, (" with pensive and comely folding portrait front.") 1730, 101.; and two particularly good items with the Wrights for conspiracy against Col. under the heading of Collection of Voyages: a Wardle; and the report of the important Yelverblack-letter Hakluyt, The Principal Naviga- ton marriage case, which brought on the muchtions,' 1599-1600, 201.; and Purchas's' Hakluytus needed reform in regard to the validity of the Posthumus,' otherwise Purchas his Pilgrimes,' Scotch and Irish marriage laws. There are in 5 vols., folio, having the genuine engraved several interesting newspaper libel actions, of title to the first volume and the rare maps, 1625-6, which we may mention that against John Magee 701. We may also mention that for 501, is offered of The Dublin Evening Post for publishing a Christopher Saxton's 'Collection of Maps of review of the Duke of Richmond's Irish adEngland and Wales,' which is dated 1573-9, ministration, in which Daniel O'Connell was and consists of 35 folding coloured maps, folding counsel for the defence (1813); and that of plates of arms, catalogues of counties, and a Hodgson against John Walter in 1821 for trade frontispiece of a portrait of Queen Elizabeth, defamation, when The Times lost its case. beneath which are eight Latin lines. IN Messrs. Maggs's Catalogue 299 of Autograph Letters we noticed an interesting letter of Tolstoi's, to be had for 61. 6s., addressed in 1907 to one Ivan Fyodorovitch, promising to send money to two prisoners. There are two of Voltaire's letters; three or four of Thackeray's, as well as a pen-and-ink drawing of his coat of arms, with a note below (261.); a letter of Steele's ; a good one not yet published of Stevenson's; and a collection of 24 letters, some of which contain drawings by Pugin. 1857. is the price of a collection of "souvenirs," i.e., an autograph letter of each and a miniature of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, and Wagner, a curious trio. They are contained in a sumptuously bound volume, LONDON, SATURDAY, JANUARY 18, 1913. CONTENTS.-No. 160. NOTES:-Primero, 41-A Justification of King John, 43Hugh Peters John Walter, 45 Edmund GraileDialogues by Meredith, 46 The Wandering Jew: Probable Buddhist Origin - Philologic RelationshipJohn Stubbe, 47-Handel, the Shakespeare of Music, 48. QUERIES:-Lingen Family Thirty-Nine Articles-"Thou ascended," 48-Francis Lodwick-Henry Meredith Parker Author Wanted - Redding: Hervey: Richardson Johanna Williamscote-Artists and Publishers-Benedict Arnold-The "Last Governor of Calais": Bells of Powick, 49--Capital Letters-"John o' Gaunt's Chapel," Belper "Thof"-Ireland's 'Life of Napoleon '-Worship of the Horse- Authors Wanted - Richardson, Auctioneer Biographical Information Wanted, 50. REPLIES:-Christmas Eve in Provence-Lamb's Chapel, " London-Fisher Family, 51-" Dander "-To be "out' for a Thing-"Notch," 52-Cawthorne-Campden House -Symbolism of the Pentalpha-A Memory Game, 53-No Twin ever Famous-"Curzo"-"Tamson's Mear (Mare)" -Sir John Greville of Binton-'Ian Roy-T. Chippendale, Upholsterer, 54- History of Churches in Situ"Apium," 55-First Folio Shakespeare-"Of sorts," 56 The Inquisition in Fiction and Drama Berrysfield Queen Elizabeth and Monuments at Warwick Richard II.-General Beatson and the Crimean War, 57 -Hampden Surname -William Dargan, 58. NOTES ON BOOKS: 'Cardinal Manning, and Other EssaysThe Lost Language of Symbolism The Story of Architecture in Oxford Stone'- Burke's Peerage.' Notices to Correspondents. Notes. PRIMERO. (See ante, pp. 1, 23.) It is evident from all the foregoing accounts that Primero belongs to the same family of games as Post- and - Pair, Brag, Poker, &c., and no doubt it was their progenitor. Their principle is staking upon hands (or cards), which are classed and valued by particular rules, instead of playing the cards composing the hands in tricks. Consequently these games belong to the gambling class. It is not meant thereby that judgment and skill to a considerable extent may not be exercised in playing the games, but that from their nature the main feature was the staking of money. An investigation of the same details demonstrates that the game of Primero was played in a variety of ways. Two of these varieties are markedly distinct: one being played with a larger pack (called Great Primero), in which each player generally received a hand of six cards; and the other with a smaller pack (called Little Primero), in which the original hands were four cards. The latter apparently was the older game. The pack in the oldest version without doubt consisted of twenty-eight cards, the Ace to Seven of each suit, being the Hombre pack with the Court cards rejected. Sometimes a Knave was added, which acted like the Joker of the present day, in being allowed to represent any card its holder desired. However, We find in very old accounts the Hombre pack being used too, and also the full pack. Any number of players that the pack would accommodate could play, but the most usual set was four. Before play was commenced the amounts of the Stake and the Rest were settled, the latter being always the higher sum. At the beginning of the deal every player placed his Stake in the pool. The dealer gave out, unexposed, two cards to each player (himself included), by single cards, in two rounds. When the players had examined these cards, each in turn, commencing with the eldest, announced whether he Those who played put their played or not. Rest into the pool, and the others threw up their cards unexposed, and had no further interest in it. But if all the others passed and the dealer played, then it became a must, and every player had to play and pay in his Rest. If, however, all passed, including the dealer, the deal was at an end, and the stakes in the pool went to augment the next pool. The players respectively remaining in had the option in turn of either keeping one or both cards, or rejecting both, placing the discards in the middle of the table unexposed. The dealer accordingly supplied each player in turn with two, three, or four fresh cards unexposed, so as to make the respective players' hands up to four cards each. The vying (or betting) then commenced, beginning with the eldest. The vye usually remained a fixed sum, and the player vying placed the amount in the pool. Any player in his turn could pass, vye, or revye. A revye required the placing of an extra stake the same as the vye-in the pool. Every player had to see or equal all vyes and revyes, or re ire from the pool. Whenever all the stakes of the players remaining in became equalized, there was a show of the hands, and the hand the highest in value won the whole pool; but if all the players retired but one, that single player took the pool wi hout any regard to the value of his hand. Hands belonged to three classes. The highest was a Flush, being the whole hand in suit. The next was a Prime, having its four cards And the lowest class was of four suits. Points. In the Points-and also in the other classes, to determine the exact rank of a hand in each-a Seven was value for twenty-one points, a Six for eighteen, an Ace for sixteen, a Five for fifteen, and Fours, Threes, and Twos for the pips on their faces. The highest total was the best Point hand, and also the best hand in its own class. When two or more hands were exactly equal the eldest won the pool. This most likely was the primitive method, but various additions soon crept in Points were confined to cards in suit; a Seven, Six, and Ace in suit, reckoning fifty-five, was placed in a class by itself; DoublePa'r-Royals, and afterwards Pair-Royals, and Pairs had distinct values, &c. The deals went round in order, with new stakes, &c. : The six-card Primero had usually the Hombre pack, but sometimes the full pack | cards were was employed. The Court reckoned at ten points each-the others as in the four-card game; and when the complement of the cards (the Eights, Nines, and Tens) was included, they counted for the pips on their faces; ten points were always added to the Two, Three, and Four, when the Court cards were included. As a hand of six cards would render a Prime impossible, it was necessary that the players discarded two cards each from the dealt hand, in substitution for all other discarding and drawing. Ambigu, first described in the Paris Académie of 1659, is still in vogue on the Continent. It is played with a pack of forty cards, consisting of all the pip cards. The hand is four cards-two cards dealt at first, and the other proceedings are very similar to Primero as detailed above. The cards, however, count for just the pips on their faces, the classes being enlarged. The highest is a Fredon-four cards of the same kind, such as four Fives. The next is a Flush-four cards of the same suit. The next is a Tricon, such as three Twos. The next is a Sequence, three adjacent cards of the same suit, such as the Five, Six, and Seven of Clubs. The next is a Prime-four cards all of different su ts. And the lowest class is the Point, two or three cards of the same suit.* A translation of the game was published in London by Newbery in a book It will be observed that a Pair, such as two Sixes, has no value in this game. called 'The Academy of Play' (1754, Horr; 1768, Jessel). 'He facithe owte at a fflusshe, with, shewe, take all."— John Skelton's Speake Parrot (c. 1529), 424. "Item the same day [6 October, 1532] delivered to the kinges grace to play at prymero with my lorde of Rocheford and master Bryan vli. xiijs. iiijd.' - Privy Purse Expences of King Henry the Eighth.' "It is....lerned sooner....thanne Primero or Gleeke."-Elyot's Knowledge' (1533), Preface. "Some matched themselves at a new game called Primero....Primero, now as it hath most use in courts, so there is most deceit in it.". Gilbert Walker's Manifest Detection....of DicePlay (1552). To checke at Chesse, to heave at Maw, at Macke to passe the time, At Coses or at Saunt to sit, or set their rest at Prime. George Turbervile's Booke of Faulconrie (1575), 77. "Our brother Westchester had as liue playe twentie nobles in a night, at Priemeero on the cards."— Hay any Work' (1589), A iij b. Playing at Cent, and at Triumph, though not so far forth as at Primero of Almaigne."-Richard Carew's J. Huarte's Examination of Men's Wits (1594). Primero, why I thought thou hadst not been so much gamester as to play at it."-Robert Greene's Tu Quoque' (1599). " "He hath Cardes for any kind of game, Primero, Saunt; or whatsoeuer name. -Samuel Rowlands's Letting of Hvmors Blood in the Head Vaine' (1600), iii. 58. Falstaff. I never prospered since I foreswore myself at Primero. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor' (1600), IV. v. Gleeke? Shakespeare's King Henry VIII.' (1613), V. i. But what shall bee our game? Primero? Or One and Thirty, Bone-Ace, or New-Cut? 'Machivell's Dogge' (1617). "Your Prim 's far inferior to their Flush."J. Davies's Wittes Pilgrimage' (c. 1618). At Primifisto, Post-and-Payre, Primero, Maw, Whip-Her-Ginny, he 's a lib'ral hero. John Taylor's Motto. Et Habeo,' &c. (1621). "The Spaniard is generally given to gaming, and that in excess; he will say his prayers before, and if he win he will thank God for his good fortune after; their common game at cards (for they very seldom play at dice) is Primera, at which the King never shows his game, but throws his cards with their faces down on the table." James Howell's Familiar Letters,' xxxi., 1 Feb., 1623. His words are like the cards at Primi-Vist, where six is eighteen, and seven twenty-one ; for they never signify what they sound."-John Earle's Microcosmography' (1628), Char. 12. "Games at Chartes-Ruffe, Trumpe, Slam'e, Gleeke, Newcut, Swig, Loadam, Putt, Primifisty, Post and Pair, Bone-ace, Anakin, Seven Cardes, One and Thirty, My Sewe has Pig'd."MS. Diary of 1629. W. H. Allnutt in N. & Q.,' 5 S. v. 129. "When it may be some of our butterfly judgments expected a set of Maw or Prima-Vista from them."-Peter Hausted's Rivall Friends' (1632). Historio may At Maw, or Gleek, or at Primero play. Thomas Randolph's Poems' (1634). Were it Mount-Cent, Primero, or at chesse, It want with most, and lost still with the lesse. Sir William D'Avenant's' Wits' (1636). "Will you card a rest for this?"-Thomas Heywood's Royal King and Loyal Subject' (1637), II. ii. "For Cardes, the Philologie of them is not for an essay. A man's fancy would be sum'd up in Cribbidge; Gleeke requires a vigilant memory and a long purse; Maw, a pregnant agility; Pichet, a various invention; Primero, a dextrous kinde of rashnesse."-John Hall's Horæ Vacivæ ' (1646), 150. "He [Strafford] played exceedingly well at Primero and Mayo."-Sir George Radcliffe's Letters and Despatches of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford (c. 1650). "White silk knotted in the fingers of a Pair of white Gloves, and so contrived without suspicion, that playing at Primero at Cards, one may without clogging his memory keep reckoning of all Sixes, Sevens, and Aces which he hath discarded." -Edward Somerset, second Marquis of Worcester's Century of Inventions' (1663), 87. "The games of Gleek, Primero, In and In, and several others now exploded, employed our sharping ancestors."-Oliver Goldsmith's 'Life of Richard Nash' (1762), 56. "Perhaps, as games are subject to revolutions, Whisk may be as much forgot in the next century as Primero is at present." -Daines Barrington's Observations on the Antiquity of Card-Playing in England' (1786), Archæologia, viii. 134. "Would win ten times as much at gleek and primero as I used to do at put and beggar-myneighbour."-Sir Walter Scott's Fortunes of Nigel' (1822), chap. xxi. Near them play was going on at one table, and primero at a second." Stanley J. Weyman's A Gentleman of France' (1893), chap. xvi. J. S. MCTEAR. 6, Arthur Chambers, Belfast. A JUSTIFICATION OF KING JOHN. IN his Introduction to the second volume of The Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury' Dean Hook states that "until the reign of King John we possess in fact only ex-parle statements, which, in the absence of public documents, we are unable to correct. The statements are also made by persons under the influence of the odium theologicum, which is of all passions the most unscrupulous in the discoloration of facts, and the aspersion of character." Is it not time to examine King John's own history in a more cautious manner? In Longmans' 'Political History of England' of the reign of King John, 1199-1216, dealing with the death of that king's nephew, Arthur, Duke of Britanny, we read "that Arthur finally died either by his [King John's] order or by his hand. It is of some interest that in all the contemporary discussions. of this case, no one ever suggested that John was personally incapable of such a violation of his oath or of such a murder with his own hand. He is of all kings the one for whose character no man, of his own age or later, has ever had a good word....Fully as wicked as William Rufus, the worst of his predecessors, he makes on the reader of contemporary narratives the impression of a man far less apt to be swept off his feet by passion, of a cooler and more deliberate, of a meaner and smaller, a less respectable or pardonable lover of vice and worker of crimes. The case of Arthur exhibits one of his deepest traits, his utter falsity, the impossibility of binding him, his readiness to betray any interest or any man or woman, whenever tempted to it. The judgment of history on John has been one of terrible severity, but the unanimous opinion to be wrong, and the failure of personal knowof contemporaries and posterity is not likely ledge and of later study to find redeeming features Arthur, it was a useless crime even if judged assures us of their absence. As to the murder of from the point of view of a Borgian policy merely, one from which John had in any case little to gain, and of which his chief enemy was sure to reap the greatest advantage." This account is written entirely in the spirit Dean Hook deprecates. Moreover, the writer tells us nothing of the important fact that Constance, the mother of Arthur, who died before the date given for Arthur's murder, had been married to a third husband, Guy de Thouars, the brother of Aimery, Viscount de Thouars, and by this third husband had given birth to a daughter, who was named Alix (eventually married to Peter de Dreux [Mauclerc], a cousin of the King of France, from which marriage sprang a new line of Dukes of Britanny, ending with Claude, Duchess of Britanny, who was married to Francis I., King of France). |