and Dr. Carnahan's; they laughed at him when, as president, but less agile than formerly, he still pursued them into their rooms-as vice-president he had been known to pursue them up into the trees of the campus; but they remembered him lovingly long after they left the scene of their college escapades.

1

Those who remember Dr. Maclean only in his later years," writes Dr. DeWitt, "will have difficulty in bringing before them the man who as Vice-President shared with Dr. Carnahan the duty of determining the general policy of the College; and of taking the initiative in the election of Professors, . in founding new chairs, in enlarging the number of students, and in settling the principles of College discipline." He had been a man with mentality enough to have become eminent, but, refusing flattering calls elsewhere, he chose as his life-work the day-to-day service of his alma mater, and to him Princeton probably owes her continued existence. After his retirement he resided in Princeton until his death in 1886, a stanch supporter of the new administration, welcoming all the wonderful changes and growth he saw going on about him. He left the institution as he had found it, a small but respectable American college, but in an infinitely better financial condition than at any previous period. Under President Carnahan's and his own rule it passed through the so-called "theological" period. It needed a new force to give it self-possession and confidence for expansion. The man who was to bring this new strength had just visited Princeton, all unsuspecting what fate had in store for him.

1 Presby. and Ref. Rev., October, 1897,

p. 647.

V

A CENTURY OF COLLEGE LIFE

College Laws. Chapel. Refectory. The Halls. Eighteenth Century Princetonians. Commencement. Fourth of July. Horsing. College Customs. College Colors and Cheer. Athletics. Religious Life. Early Nineteenth Century Princetonians.

THE material and intellectual transformation wrought by the administration which succeeded Dr. Maclean's was necessarily accompanied by a corresponding change in college life. Discarding long-standing pettinesses of discipline, the new dispensation stamped out immemorial disorders and by swift degrees swept away most of the old simplicity and inadequacies; college life suddenly became maturer. The present is thus a favorable point from which to survey college laws and customs during the first century of Princeton's existence.

Some account of undergraduate life at Newark has been given in an earlier chapter. When the College moved from Newark to Princeton in 1757 the new conditions demanded additional regulations. At once began the system of espionage which lasted for more than a century, and which in the long run defeated its own ends. Tutors made the rounds of Nassau Hall at least three times a day to "direct and encourage" the students, and to see that they were "diligent at their proper Business," making their presence known at a closed door "by a stamp, which signal," says the law, no scholar shall imitate on penalty of 5/." If the occupant of the room refused to open the door the officer had the right

to break his way in.1 Cutting, marking, or otherwise defacing the new building rendered one liable to four-fold payment of the actual damage. Each piece of furniture in a room was numbered to correspond with the room, and to remove any marked article was a serious offense. To prevent soiling the Floors " each student was required to "clean his Shoes" on entering Nassau Hall, and to keep his room "neat and clean "; and public health and general decency formulated a sanitary rule against committing nuisances which may be left solitary in its original and conspicuous Latin.

Four shillings per quarter was charged for making beds and sweeping rooms, and an extra shilling was collected from those who smoked or chewed tobacco. Students were forbidden to make or to read publicly any

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pointed declamations which might tend to injure or expose the character of any person." No one living in Nassau Hall, not even a graduate student, was allowed to "make an entertainment or treat in the college, at the public examinations, commencement, or at any time whatever." And in 1758 the freshman class having filed a petition for the removal of their tutor for incompetence, a rule was passed forbidding presentation to the board of trustees of any petition or complaint against a tutor without the previous permission of the president or three trustees.

Not later than 1760 a code of " Orders and Customs was drawn up, hardly different in spirit, or indeed in phraseology here and there, from the code already in use at Harvard and subsequently at Yale, except that the Princeton rules, with one exception, seem to have been

1

In the middle of the nineteenth century it became common to have double doors to rooms in Nassau Hall, a device which proved extremely useful in delaying inspection and in giving occupants time to hide evidences of law-breaking.