In the Alpha tests the New York Negro has nearly the same percentage as the Alabama white. In the Beta tests he is slightly above the Alabama white. This may "mean that bringing up in a certain part of the country has as much to do with intelligence, even in the rough, as has Caucasian or colored parentage.'

The literate Negroes, irrespective of section, slightly surpasses the illiterate whites. It should be noted that within the same section the white recruits always surpass the colored. Alabama whites may make a poor showing, but they are above the general egro percentage. Illiterate whites in general surpass illiterate Negroes. Is this difference due to race? "As long as the color-line remains drawn, a differential factor of cultural advantage is included; and how strong this is there is no present means of knowing. It is possible that some of the difference between sectionally and educationally equalized groups of whites and Negroes is really innate and racial. But it is also possible that most or all of it is environmental. Neither possibility can be demonstrated from the unrefined data at present available."

In a study made by Pyle on the relative intelligence of Negro and White school-children, it was found that the mental ability of the egro children was two-thirds

that of the white boys and girls.23 Negro girls approached the white girls in ability slightly more closely than Negro boys approached white boys. There was a tendency for the difference between the two races to decrease with increasing age. One-fifth of the Negroes were equal or superior to the average whites. Threequarters of the whites were equal or superior to the begroes. When the colored children were divided into two groups, arranged on a basis of social surroundings, Negro boys of the better social class possessed about four-fifths of the intelligence of white boys,-an increase from two-thirds when all the Negroes were considered. This increase is explained by some as due to the fact that the mentally more alert have provided themselves with a better social environment. This is no doubt a factor that should be taken into consideration. But it is as impossible of proof as the explanation that the social surroundings in and of themselves may explain this tendency of Negroes socially selected to approach the norm of white children.

The results of the different tests were interesting. In such experiments as substitution and controlled association the Negroes were less than half as good as the whites. In free association and some other tests they were nearly as good. In quickness of perception and discrimination and in reaction, the Negroes were equal to or superior to white children.

The same investigator conducted another series of experiments upon the mental deviation of rural and urban school-children.24 He found that the countrybred children possessed about three-fourths the mentality of the city-bred. This is only one-twelfth of a point higher than his results in comparing the Negro with

the white. Better teachers and better social environment are to a great extent accountable for this difference between the country and the city child. It is certainly not to be explained by race. He found less difference between Chinese children and whites than between urban and rural American white children.

The question of human hybrids ought to furnish a prolific field for the investigation of intellect. Some work on this subject has been carried out in Hawaii, but the results, as far as I know, have not been published. The investigation by Hunter on the relation of the amount of Indian blood in Indian-white mixtures to intelligence is available for study and is presented here.25

RESULTS OF HUNTER AND ROWE TESTS ON INDIANS AND INDIAN-WHITE MIXTURES

He found a positive correlation with an increasing degree of white blood, which he thinks indicates "a racial difference, probably of intelligence, although possibly of temperament." He suspects that the Indian full-blood has better social surroundings than those with white mixture. I feel convinced, in my own mind, that the reverse is true: namely, that the half-whites are better off physically, socially, and educationally, than the fullbloods, and that an increase in intelligence among mixed

bloods is to be correlated, in part at least, with a better social environment.

The influence of a white parent must necessarily make itself felt. It would have a far greater and better social value in the case of an Indian-white mixture than in that of a Negro-white mixture, as in the former case of miscegenation there is far less social stigma attached than in that of a Negro and a White.

Garth made some tests on Indian-white mixtures without differentiating the amount of blood of each race represented.26 His figures show the same trend as those of Hunter. He plainly admits that social status and education are factors to be considered in the differences between his figures and the norm for white children which he uses.

One might well ask at this stage: Why not go into Australia, for example, and examine the aboriginal population there by means of intelligence tests? This has not been done because, as far as I know, no tests have yet been devised suitable for a primitive people. The familiar tests used on European and American populations with a more or less definite cultural environment could not fairly be employed on a people who have an entirely different social background. These tests will undoubtedly come in time, but there will always be the difficulty of a standard equation between tests for civilized man and tests for primitive peoples. Even the Beta tests for illiterates presuppose an acquaintance with a backgroud of culture which is American, not Australian nor South American. Test 6 of the Beta group is to supply the missing parts of objects given in pictures. Two people are playing tennis with no net; two are bowling with no balls; there is an electric-light bulb

with no filament. It is readily admitted that this test would not be a fair one for aboriginal peoples and it may safely be presumed that some of the illiterates of the Army Draft had never seen a game of tennis nor a bowling match, and even, perhaps, never an electriclight bulb.

Consider the white peoples as a whole. Here we have one primary group, commonly divided into three races. We hear much about the supremacy of those of Nordic blood, as I have already noted. Several attempts have been made to prove this. Brigham, in his Study of American Intelligence, tries to get figures for this, but the results have been very rightly and very seriously questioned. There are absolutely no data at present available to prove that the Nordics are equipped biologically with a greater capacity than that possessed by the other two white races. And yet what a part the Nordic hypothesis has played in current discussions as a weapon held over the actions of individuals and of states!

*

* Barnes after considering the influence of the World War in causing a "resurgence of racial nonsense" writes very truly, "Another source of deception has been the reappearance of a neo-Gobinesque literature. In the pre-war literature there was one notorious book of this sort, Chamberlain's Foundations of the Nineteenth Century. To this was added in 1917 the most mischievous book since Gobineau, Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race, which advanced the thesis that all western civilization had been due mainly to the contributions of the Nordic blonds. This preposterous doctrine has been exploited with variations by William McDougall, Lothrop Stoddard, C. C. Josey, C. S. Burr, and C. W. Gould, until now it has reached such a grotesque state that attempts are being made to interpret the American Civil War on the Nordic blond hypothesis. Fortunately, most reputable historians have remained immune from