i. e. you expose your life in attacking Tigellinus or any other in famous character, but you do no good; your labor is all in vain This is the explanation of the line according to the reading adopted in the text (diducis :) but diducit or diducet are found in most editions: commentators endeavor to explain these readings in various ways, but none of them are satisfactory.—Ruperti, in his first edition, has diducit, but, in his improved edition of 1818, has diducis.

149. Qui... nos: this is the indignant answer of the poet to his friend, who advises him not to write satire.-Qui patruis: Tigellinus is probably here meant, who poisoned three uncles, that he might obtain their property.-Aconita: the extract of the poisonous herb wolf's-bane, used also, as here, for any poison

whatever.

150. Pensilibus plumis: it was a great luxury to have a mattrass and pillow stuffed with feathers, on which the great man reclined in his sedan: hence the term pensilibus, 'hanging in the air,' is applied to plumis, as being in the sedan, which hung in the air, as it was carried along by the bearers.

151. Quum... pœnitet: the poet's friend now continues his advice.

152. Accusator... est: there will be an accuser of him, who shall only say, 'That is the man.'

154. Committas: 'you may match in battle.'-Nulli ... Achilles: the history of Achilles slain by Paris will offend no one.'

155. Quæsitus Hylas: by Hercules, who had lost him.-Urnamque secutus: having fallen into the fountain after his pitcher. See Class. Dict.

156. Ardens: 'burning with satiric rage.'

157. Infremuit: a metaphor from the roaring of a lion.-Rubet: reddens with anger and shame.-Frigida . . . criminibus : 'chilled with horror at his guilt.'

159. Indè: i. e. from the reprehension of their guilt.—Iræ et lacrymæ anger at the satirist; tears at the exposure of their crimes.-Tecum . . . tubas: 'weigh well, therefore, in your mind,' says the adviser and friend, these admonitions, before you sound the trumpet,' and make the charge upon the guilty. 160. Duelli: for prælii; duellum is properly a fight between two.

161. Experiar... Latinâ: well, says Juvenal, since satirizing the living is attended with so much danger, I will try how far I may be allowed to satirize the dead. He therefore lashes the vicious of his own day under the names of persons long before dead.

162. Tegitur cinis: it was customary, at this time, at Rome, to burn the bodies of the dead, and to place the ashes in funereal urns.-Flaminiâ... Latinâ: the Flaminian and Latin ways were remarkable for having on them the urns and monuments of many noble Romans. Hence originated the use of siste viator on mon

uments and tombs. The Flaminian took its name from C. Flaminius, who paved it; the other was called the Latin, because it commenced at the Latin gate, and led to Sinuessa, the most remote of the towns of Latium. It was ordered by the law of the twelve tables, that no person should be buried within the walls of the city; hence the urns of the great were buried, and their monuments erected on these celebrated roads or ways.

SATIRE II.

This Satire contains an animated and severe attack upon the hypocrisy of philosophers and priests, and the effeminacy of military officers and magistrates; it exposes their ignorance, profligacy, and impiety, with just severity.

1. Sauromata: the Sauromata,' or 'Sarmatians,' were a barbarous people, residing in the northern parts of Europe and Asia. Glacialem oceanum: the northern ocean, which was always frozen.-The poet intimates, that he wishes to leave Rome, and retire even to the most inhospitable regions, when he hears hypocrites talking in praise of morality.

2. Audent: sc. disputare or præcipere.

3. Curios: The Curian family was honored at Rome, on account of M. Curius Dentatus, who was thrice consul, and remarkable for his courage, honesty, and frugality.-Simulant: sc. se esse.-Bacchanalia vivunt: live like the votaries of Bacchus.' Bacchanalia, a Græcism for Bacchanaliter.

4. Indocti: their pretensions to learning are as vain, as to virtue and morality.-Plena... gypso: every corner filled with busts.' Gypsum signifies any kind of plaster, of which images and busts were made.

5. Chrysippi: Chrysippus was a Stoic philosopher, a disciple of Zeno, and a celebrated logician.

6. Si quis for qui.-Aristotelem similem vel Pittacon: an image resembling Aristotle or Pittacus.'

7. Archetypos... Cleanthas: 'original images of Cleanthes.' Those, which were done from the life, were called archetypi, from oxy, beginning, and Tuлós, form.

8. Fronti: the outward appearance.'

9. Tristibus obscœnis: i. e. hypocrites, grave as to their outward appearance, but within full of the most horrid obscenities, which they practise in secret.-Castigas turpia: dost thou censure these crimes in others,' when thou art thyself as vile as they?

6

10. Loripedem... albus: these proverbial expressions show the impudence and folly of those persons who censure others for the vices which they practise themselves.

11. Gracchos: two brothers, Gaius and Tiberius, tribunes of the people, who caused great disturbances on their introducing the Agrarian laws. See Class. Dict.

13. Verri: Verres was a prætor in Sicily, and was condemned and banished for plundering that province.-Miloni: Milo slew. Clodius, and was unsuccessfully defended by Cicero. The i of Verri in this line is preserved from elision.

15. Tabulam Sulla: Sulla or Sylla was a noble Roman of the family of the Scipios. He was very cruel, and first set up tables of proscription, by which many Romans were put to death.— Discipuli tres: the triumvirs, Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, who followed the example of Sulla, and are therefore called his disciples in cruelty and murder.

16. Tragico... concubitu: 'tragical intrigue.'-Adulter: Domitian.

17. Revocabat: 'was reviving.'-At the very time when Domitian was carrying on an intrigue with his niece Julia, he was reviving the severe laws of Julius Cæsar against adultery.—Omnibus: sc. adulteris.

19. Vitia ultima: for vitiosi ultimi; the abstract for the concrete.

21. Ex illis: sc. simulatoribus.

22. Lex Julia: against adultery and lewdness.

25. Tertius... Cato: there were two eminent persons of this name. Cato Censorinus, remarkable for his gravity and strict discipline, while he was censor; and Cato Uticensis, a rigid moralist, who slew himself at Utica, after Cæsar had conquered Pompey to these, says Lauronia, continuing her irony, heaven has added a third Cato, by sending us so severe a moralist as thou art.

26. Opobalsama: this was some kind of perfumery, used by the effeminate among the Romans.

27. Taberna: i. e. where you purchased your perfumery. 28. Vexantur: 'are to be revived.'-Leges ac jura: 'statutes and laws.'

29. Scatinia: sc. lex; this was a law against unnatural lust. 30. Faciunt hi plura: they far outdo the other sex in things worthy of reprehension.

...

31. Juncta phalanges: a metaphor taken from the Roman manner of engaging. A phalanx properly signifies a disposition to attack the enemy by the infantry, with every man's shield so close to another's, as to unite, and make a sort of impenetrable wall. This is said to have been first invented by the Macedonians: phalanx is therefore to be considered as a Macedonian word.

34. Nunquid causas: 'do we plead causes ?'-do we women usurp the province of the men?

36. Coliphia: wrestlers' diet.' The coliphium was a kind of dry diet, which wrestlers used to make themselves strong and firm-fleshed.

37. Vos... vellera: you have become so effeminate as to forsake manly exercises, and addict yourselves to employments fit only for women.-Lanam trahitis; you card wool.'-Calathis:

the calath were little osier or wicker baskets, in which the women used to carry to their employers the work they had finshed.

39. Penelope : the wife of Ulysses.

See Class. Dict.-Arach

ne: Arachne was a Lydian damsel, very skilful in spinning and weaving. She is fabled to have contended with Minerva; but having been conquered, she hanged herself, and was, by that goddess, changed into a spider.

40. Horrida... pellex: a dirty harlot.'-Codice: 'on a log of wood.' Mistresses of families, says the old scholiast, if they became jealous of their female slaves, used, by way of punishment, to fasten them to a large log of wood before the door, and keep them at incessant labor.

41. Cur... liberto: why Hister made his freed-man his sole heir.'

42. Puella: to his young wife.'

44. Tu... cylindros: this apostrophe may be supposed to be addressed to some unmarried woman, who is standing by. It may be paraphrased thus: "you hear what you are to expect: I advise such of you, as wish to be rich, to marry, and keep your husbands' secrets."-Cylindros: these were precious stones of an oblong and round form, which the ladies wore, suspended from their ears. Here the word seems to signify all kinds of

gems.

45. De nobis: 'upon us, poor women,' if we have committed or have been suspected of committing any fault.-Post hæc: sc. flagitia vestra; i. e. when you, on the contrary, commit the greatest crimes with impunity.

46. Dat... columbas: men, who, like ravens and other birds of prey, are full of mischief and vire, are yet excused: but women, comparatively harmless as doves, when they chance to err, hear of nothing but punishment.

47. Canentem proclaiming aloud.'

48. Stoicida: 'Stoicides.' This word seems to have been framed for the occasion, with a feminine ending, the better to suit the characters and to intimate the effeminacy of these pretended Stoics.-Lauronia: sc. dixerat.

50. Cretice: Creticus was descended from the family of that Metellus, who was called Creticus, from the conquest of Crete. 51. Proculas et Pollitas: the names of particular women, who were condemned, under the Julian law, for incontinence, but were so well known, as to stand here for lewd women in general. The magistrate Creticus could condemn such women as these, when brought to trial before him, while he, by his immodest dress, showed himself worse than they.

51. Labulla... Carfinia: notorious adulteresses.

52. Talem. togam: these women, bad as they are, would not appear in such a dress as their judge now wears: or this may more probably allude to the custom of obliging women, convicted

of adultery, to pull off the stola or woman's garment, and put on the toga or man's garment, which stigmatized them as infamous; but even this was not so infamous as the transparent dress of the judge. Sed... astuo: the words of the judge, to excuse his appearance in such a dress.

54. Nudus... turpis: the answer of the poet.-Nudus: i. e. solâ vestitus tunicâ ; like yvuròs in Greek.-Agas: 'administer justice.'

55. En... aratris: the answer of Creticus, ridiculing the objections made to his own appearance. The dress you would have me assume is so ridiculous, that if, dressed in a tunic alone, you should present yourself in the judgment-seat, the people, recently victorious, whose wounds are scarcely healed, and the rough mountaineers, leaving their rustic labors, would flock around you through desire of hearing and seeing you. This is the explanation given by Ruperti.-Most interpreters understand the passage as expressive of the indignation of the poet at having so effeminate a judge in office.

58. Quid... testem: the answer of the poet;-you say what is right, Creticus, but how much more would one be astonished at seeing a judge dressed as you are; your dress would disgrace a witness, much more a judge.

61. Dedit... labem: i. e. you owe all this effeminacy to the company you have kept; by this you have been infected.

64. Úva... ab uva: a proverbial expression from the ripening of the black grape, which has a blue or livid color: the grapes do not assume this hue all at once, but one after the other; which the vulgar suppose was owing to the grapes looking upon each other, and thus contracting the same color.

A proverbial expression of a similar kind is found in many languages. “One plum gets color by looking at another,” is said to be a common phrase in Persia, to signify the propagation of an opinion, custom, &c.

66. Accipient te: the poet now exposes a set of unnatural wretches, who, in imitation of women, celebrated the mysteries of the Bona Dea or Good Goddess, who was a Roman lady, the wife of one Faunus, and famous for her chastity; after her death she was consecrated. Sacrifices were performed to her only by night and secretly; to her was sacrificed a sow pig. At these rites none but women were admitted.

At the new institution, of which the poet is now speaking, no females were admitted.

68. Monilia: 'necklaces; these were peculiar to females; but the wretches, spoken of here, assumed not only the dresses and ornaments of females, but also, that they might resemble women as much as possible, went through the same rites and ceremonies.

70. Magno cratere: a large goblet,' out of which they poured libations. More sinistro: 'by a perverted custom,' they exclude