Official salaries, revision of, since the Reform Act, iii. 386 Officers under the crown, disquali- fied from sitting in parliament, i. 348, 372; number of, in par- liament, 135, 374 Oldfield, Dr., his statistics of par- liamentary patronage, i. 361 Oliver, Mr. Alderman, proceeded against by the Commons for committing their messenger, ii. 44, 46
Oliver, the government spy, iii. 41 Onslow, Mr. G., ordered the house
to be cleared, to exclude the
peers, ii. 32; to hinder the re- porting the debates, 33; com- plained of the publication of de- bates, 39; the soubriquet given him by the reporters, 38 Opinion, liberty of, the last liberty to be acquired, ii. 238; the press, from James I. till the ac- cession of George III., 240; the 'North Briton' prosecutions, 247; the law of libel, 252; political agitation by public meetings, 265; by associations, 269; de- mocratic associations, 279; re- pressive measures, 1792-99, 285; Napoleon and the English press, 332; the press, before the Re- gency, 336; repressive measures under the Regency, 340; the contest between authority and public opinion reviewed, 363; the Catholic Association, 368; the press under George IV., 376; its freedom established, 379; the Reform agitation, 383; for repeal of the Union, 393; Orange lodges, 400; trades' unions, 404; the Chartists, 407; the Anti-Corn Law League, 413; political agitation reviewed, 417. See also Press; Political Associa- tions; Public Meetings Orange societies, suppressed by
Act, ii. 371; revived, 373; or- ganisation of, 400; in the army,
402; dissolved, 403; peculiar working of Orange societies, ib. Orators and oratory. See Parlia- mentary Oratory
Orsini conspiracy, the, plotted in England, iii. 57
Oxford University, state of feeling at, on Catholic relief, iii. 137; admission of dissenters to de- grees at, 198
Oxford borough, the seat for, sold by the corporation, i. 338
PAINE, T., tried for seditious
Pains and penalties, bill of, against Queen Caroline, i. 131 Palmer, the Rev. T. F., trial of,
for sedition, ii. 296; comments thereon in Parliament, 299 Palmerston, Viscount, his removal from office, 1851, i. 160; the re- form bill of his ministry, 456; his resolutions on the Lords' re-
jection of the Paper Duties Bill, ii. 110; adhered to Mr. Canning,. ii. 189; in the Duke of Welling- ton's ministry, 192; in office, 216; secession of the Peelites, 219; his overthrow in 1857 and 1858, 220, 221, iii. 58; his second ministry, ii. 222; politi- cal tranquillity under his rule, iii. 426; his death, 429; change of policy which ensued, 430 Papal aggression, 1850, the, iii.
227.--Court, diplomatic rela- tions with, Bill, 230, n. Paper duty, the, abolished, ii. 382 Paper Duties Repeal Bill (1860), rejected by the Lords, i. 318, ii. 108
Parish, the, local affairs of, admin- istered by vestries, iii. 276 Parke, Sir J. See Wensleydale, Baron
Parliament, government by, es- tablished at the Revolution, i. 1; constitutional position of, at the
accession of George III., 2, 16; violation of parliamentary pri- vileges by the crown, 23, 28, 36, 45, 54, 143; the reform of par- liament, 138, 308, 393; the dis- solution of, of 1784, 86; of 1807, 116; of 1830, 417; of 1831, 141, 424; of 1834, 150; of 1841, 158; influence of fami- lies over parliament, 165; the meeting of parliament during George III.'s illnesses, 175, 207; commissions for opening parlia- ment during his illness, 186, 213; second opening after King's re- covery (1789), 189; adjourn- ments caused by King's inability to sign the commission for pro- rogation, 175, 207; parliament and the revenues of the crown, and the civil list, 229-260; the duration of parliament, 440; motions for triennial parlia- ments, 441; time between sum- mons and meeting of, shortened, 449; relations of parliament to the crown, the law, and the people, ii. 1–112; the unreported parliament, 30, n.; publication of the debates and division lists, 34, 53, 55; petitions to parlia- ment, 60; the publication of parliamentary papers, 58; the relinquishment of certain parlia- mentary privileges, 73; privilege and the courts of law, 75; the publication of papers affecting character, 78; control of parlia- ment over the executive govern- ment, 85; over supplies to the crown, 108; sketch of parlia- mentary oratory, 112; group of parliamentary orators of the age of Chatham and Pitt, 113; of later times, 118; character of modern oratory, 123; the per- sonalities of former times, 125; increased authority of the chair, 128. Secessions of the Whigs from, 148, 173, 321; repression
of the press by Parliament, 244 ; attempted intimidation of, by the silk-weavers, 266; by the Protestant Associations, 272; relations of the Church and Par- liament, iii. 226; supremacy of, over the Irish Parliament, 305; Parliament since the Reform Act, 385; vast amount of public business, 422. See also Commons, House of; Lords, House of Parliament (Ireland), state of, be- fore the Union, iii. 299; exclu- sion of Catholics, ib., 303; ex- pired only on demise of the Crown, 301; Poynings' Act, 303; supremacy of the English Parliament, 305; agitation for independence, 312, 315; sub- mits to the permanent Mutiny Bill, 313; independence granted, 316; corrupt influence of the government, 317; motions for Parliamentary Reform, 319; the Union carried, 329
Parnell, Sir H., his views of finan- cial policy, iii. 419
Party, influence of, in party go- vernment, ii. 131; origin of parties, 133; parties under the Stuarts, and after the Revolu- tion, 134, 136; Whigs and To- ries, 135; their distinctive principles, 138, 144, 223; par- ties on the accession of George III., 140, 145; the American war a test of party principles, 147; secessions of the Whigs from Parliament, 148, 173, 321; overtures to the Whigs, 150; commencement of a democratic party, 151; crisis on death of Lord Rockingham, ib.; the Coa- lition, 153-155; ruin of the Whigs, 156; principles of coali- tion, 157; the Tories under Mr. Pitt, 158, 168; the Whigs and the Prince of Wales, 161, 178, 182; effect of the French Revo- lution upon parties, 163, 166;
position of the Whigs, 164, 167, 171; the Tories in Scotland, 171; schism among the Tories, 174; parties on Pitt's retire- ment from office, 175; the Whigs in office, 1806, 177-179, iii. 124; coalesce with Lord Sid- mouth's party, ii. 177; the Tories reinstated, 179; position of the Whigs, 180; the strength they derived from the adhesion of the middle classes, 181, 365; the Tories under Lord Liverpool, 182-189; under Canning, 189; influence of national distress, and of proceedings against Queen Caroline, upon parties, 185, 186; increase of liberal feeling, 107; effect of the Catholie question upon parties, 190, 192, iii. 129, 140, 168; party divisions after Mr. Canning's death, ii. 191; the Duke of Wellington's mi- nistry, ib.; secession of liberal members from his cabinet, 192; the Whigs restored to office, 195; supported by the demo- cratic party, 196; Whig ascen- dency after the Reform Acts, 198 state of parties, ib.; the Radicals, ib.; the Irish party, 201; the Tories become Con- servatives,' 203; increase in power, ib.; breaking up of Earl Grey's ministry, 204; dismissal of Lord Melbourne's ministry, 205; Liberals reunited against Sir R. Peel, ib.; his liberal po- licy alarms the Tories, ib.; par- ties under Lord Melbourne, 206; a conservative reaction, 208; effect of Peel's free-trade policy upon the Conservatives, 211, 212; the obligations of a party leader, 214; the Whigs in office, 216; Lord Derby's first ministry, ib.; coalition of Whigs and Peel- ites under Lord Aberdeen, 217; fall of his ministry, 218; the Peelites retire from Lord Palmer-
ston's first administration, 219; his overthrows, in 1857 and 1858, 220; Lord Derby's second ministry, 221; passed the Jew- ish Relief Act, iii. 186; Lord Palmerston's second adminis- tration, ii. 222; fusion of par- ties, 223; essential difference between Conservatives and Li- berals, ib.; party sections, 224; changes in the character, &c., of parties, 225; politics formerly a profession, 227; effects of Parliamentary Reform on par- ties, 230; the conservatism of age, 232; statesmen under old and new systems, ib.; patron- age, an instrument of party, 234; review of the merits and evils of party, 236; the press an instrument of party, 244, 264, 265; opposition of the Whigs to a repressive policy, 288, 357; to the Six Acts, 358; the Habeas Corpus Suspension Bills, 311, iii. 12-19; the Treasonable Practices, &c. Bills, ii. 317– 323; the Irish Church appro- priation question adopted by the Whigs, iii. 266; abandoned by them, 268
Patronage, an instrument of party, ii. 234; the effect of competi- tion, 235; abuses of colonial patronage, iii. 362; surrendered to the colonies, 363 Patronage Act (Scotland), iii. 253. See also Church of Scotland Pease, Mr., his case cited regard-
ing Jewish disabilities, i. 85 Peel, Mr. See Peel, Sir R. Peel, Sir R., the first, his Factory
Children Act, iii. 411
Peel, Sir R., obtained the con-
sent of George IV. to Catho- lic emancipation, i. 137; his first administration, 148; his absence abroad, ib.; his mini- sterial efforts, 150; advised a dissolution, ib.; resignation,
153; declines to take office on the bedchamber question,' 155; his second administration, 158; his anti-reform declaration, 416; the character of his oratory, ii. 120; his commercial policy, ii. 187, iii. 418; seceded from Can- ning on the Catholic question, 189; opposes that measure, iii. 141, 149; brings in the Relief Act, ii. 192, iii. 168; his first ministry, ii. 205; his policy and fall, ib., iii. 267; his relation to the Conservatives, ii. 209, 212; his second ministry, 209; his free-trade policy, 210; repeal of corn laws, 212, 413, 416; his obligations as a party leader, 214; obtains the bishops' con- sent to the repeal of the Corpo- ration and Test Acts, iii. 159; proposes to retire from the Wel- lington ministry, 166; loses his seat at Oxford, 168; the Irish Franchise Act, 172; his Dissen- ters' Marriage Bills, 190; plan for commutation of Irish Tithes, 266; resists the appropriation question, ib.; proposes endow- ment to Maynooth and the Queen's Colleges, 270; his scheme for Irish corporate re- form, 294; the first minister to revise the criminal code, 398 Peerage, the number of, i. 73; of
the United Kingdom, 281 and n.; antiquity of, 282; claimsto, 283; changes in its composition, 284; the Scottish peerage, 286; fusion of peerages of the three kingdoms, 290; life peerages, 291; to women, 292; peerages with remainders over, 293; au- thorities favouring life peer- ages, ib.; the Wensleydale peerage case, 295; the peerage in its social relations, 322. See also Lords, House of; Ire- land, Peerage of; Scotland, Peerage of
Peerage Bill (1720), rejected by the Commons, i. 275 Peers, scanty attendance of, at the house, affecting their political weight, i. 320; their influence over borough and county elec- tions, 333, 353; their exclusion from debates in the House of Commons, ii. 32; the Catholic, restored to the privilege of ad- vising the Crown, iii. 107, 148; exempted from the oath of su- premacy, 146; the Catholic Peers Bill, 147; take seats in the House of Lords, 174; creation of, to carry the Union with Ireland, 331. See also Lords, House of
Pelham, Mr., bribery to members, a system under, i. 378 Peltier, J., trial of, for libel, ii. 333
Pembroke, Earl of, proscribed for
opposition to court policy, i. 54 Penryn, the disfranchisement bill, i. 414; the proposal to transfer the franchise to Manchester, ib. Pensions from the crown, charged on civil list, i. 256; on crown revenues, ib.; restrained by par- liament, ib., 258; consolidation of pension list, 261; the regula- tion of (1837), ib.; bribery by pensions, 369; holders of, dis- qualified from sitting in parlia- ment, ib.
Perceval, Mr., formed an adminis- tration, i. 108; denied giving secret advice to George III., 110; the dissolution during his ministry, 116; his relations with the King, 117; his position at commencement of regency, 120; obnoxious to the Regent as adviser of Princess Caroline, 121; ministerial negotiations at his death, 125; in office, ii. 179, 182, iii. 129
Peto, Sir M., his Dissenters Burial Bills, iii. 193
Petitions to parliament, the right
of petitioning endangered by George III.'s answer to the city address touching Wilkes, ii. 20; the commencement of the prac- tice, 60; of political petitions, 61; forbidden under Charles II., ib.; petitions rejected and peti- tioners imprisoned by the Com- mons, 62; commencement of the modern system, 63; objected to by George III., 65; progress of the system, ib.; the numbers presented of late years, 66, n. ; abuses of petitioning, 68; de- bates on presentation of, re- strained, 69; for grant of public money to be recommended by the crown, 103 Phillimore, Dr., his Catholic Mar- riages Bill, iii. 153 Pillory, punishment of, abolished, iii. 400 Pitt, Mr. See Chatham, Earl of Pitt, Mr. William, Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Shel- burne, i. 62; his first refusals to assume the government, 63, 65; is premier, 71; his contest with the Commons, 72-83; his final triumph, 83; reflections on this contest, 83-89; his relations with George III., 87; in oppo- sition to the King on reform, 90; quitted office on the Catholic question, 97; his mismanage- ment of that question, ih.; his pledge to the King not to revive it, 98; again in office, 99; with Addington, 101; evaded the Ca- tholic question, 102; his opinion on the rights of Prince of Wales as Regent, 177-181; his letter to him respecting the regency, 180; moved resolutions for a bill, ib., 185; proposition as to use of the great seal, 181, 186; introduced the bill, 189; his conduct in these proceedings considered, 193; confirmed the King's confidence in him, 194;
embarrassment caused by the King's illness on his leaving office, 196; brought forward the budget after his resignation, ib.; his doubts as to the King's sanity, on his return to office, 204; profuse in the creation of peers, 277, 279; his unfair con- duct as to the Westminster scrutiny, 351; abolished some of the Irish nomination boroughs, 360; discontinued bribes to members, 382; by loans and lotteries, 386; advocated reform, 396, 397; his reform bill, 399; afterwards opposed reform, 402; his position as an orator, ii. 113; Tory principles never completely adopted by, ii. 146, 153 n., 158; entered Parliament as a Whig, 152, 156; the leader of the Tories, 158; his first ministry a coalition, 157; his policy con- trasted with Mr. Fox's, 153 n., 159; his feelings towards the French Revolution, 163, 286; attempted coalitions with Fox, 165, 176; joined by portion of the Whigs, 166; the consolida- tion of his power, 168, 286; dangerous to liberty, 173; his liberal views on Catholic ques- tion, 174, iii. 115–123, 333; his retirement from office, ii. 175; his return, 176; the Tory party after his death, 179; member of the Constitutional Information Society, 270, 282; commences a repressive policy, 226; brings in the Seditious Meetings Bill, 319; opposes relief to dissenters, iii. 102-105, 109; his proposal for commutation of Irish tithes, 256; his Irish commercial pro- positions, 320; carried the Union with Ireland, 330; his India Bill, 381
Pitt, Mr. Thomas, moved to delay the grant of supplies, ii. 102 Pius IX., his brief appointing
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