court-martial, he was considerate of the weaknesses of human nature and generous when these had been exhibited in offenses to himself. Many a subaltern officer and enlisted man was spared by Admiral Macauley from extreme punishment and lasting disgrace, and that, too, occasionally in the face of persistent ingratitude. This is all the more praiseworthy in consideration of the fact that Macauley himself was passionate and sensitive, as are most artistic natures; and proud, as are most upright ones. It was often a hard struggle in a mind like his between impulse and justice, nor was it always that exactly the right course to pursue was found on the moment. But justice would assert herself after an adjournment for time to reflect, and no man's honest cause was in danger from arbitration by Admiral Macauley.*

*The official record of Rear Admiral Macauley is as follows:

Appointed midshipman September 9, 1841; ordered to Mediterranean squadron February 17, 1842; warranted December 30, 1843; sent to Naval School November 12, 1845; transferred from the Deiaware to the Cumberland; ordered to the United States; February 2, 1848, returned to the Naval School; detached on waiting orders July 6, 1848; ordered to receiving ship at Philadelphia September 16, 1848; ordered to the Constitution, warranted passed midshipman August 10, 1847; detached on sick leave October 3, 1850; joined the Independence October 1, 1851; detached and granted three months' leave June 30, 1852; ordered to the Saranac July 30, 1852; ordered to the Powhatan August 13, 1852; promoted to Lieutenant September 14, 1855; warranted Master October 23, 1855; commissioned Lieutenant October 25, 1855; detached on three months' leave February 18, 1856; ordered to receiving ship at Philadelphia May 27, 1856; recommissioned August 25, 1856; ordered to the Niagara March 21, 1857; detached on waiting orders November 27, 1857; ordered to the Niagara February 1, 1858; detached on three months' leave August 19, 1858; ordered to the Observatory September 20, 1858; detached on waiting orders February 22, 1859; ordered to the Supply August 4, 1859; resignation accepted August 19, 1859. Commissioned Lieut.-Commander July 14, 1864; ordered to Navy Yard, Portsmouth, N H., June 19, 1864; detached on waiting orders August 17, 1864; ordered to the Mississippi squadron September, 1861; detached on waiting orders August 2, 1865; special duty at Philadelphia August 10, 1855; promoted Commander September 27, 1866; ordered to examination for promotion November 27, 1866; Fleet Captain and Chief-of-Staff North Atlantic squadron February 15, 1867; commissioned March 14, 1867; detached on waiting orders January 4, 1868; ordered to Navy Yard, Portsmouth, N. H., August 26, 1868; ordered to the Naval Academy November 7, 1870; recommissioned from July 25, 1866, June 2, 1872; ordered to the Navy Yard at Philadelphia, August 17, 1872; promoted Captain September 3, 1872; ordered to examination for promotion September 11, 1872; ordered to be ready for sea October 16, 1872; ordered to command of the Hartford October 22, 1872; commissioned February 10, 1873; ordered to command the Lackawanna June 4, 1873; detached on waiting orders June 22, 1880; ordered to examination for promotion June 30, 1881; promoted Commodore August 7, 1881; ordered to special duty Bureau of Navigation September 29, 1881; commissioned November 3, 1881; ordered to Hartford October 16, 1883; on waiting orders November 17, 1883; ordered to League Island Navy Yard November 17, 1884; ordered to examination for promotion February 24, 1885; ordered to the command of the Pacific Station; turned over the Pacific Station November 6, 1886; placed on the retired list January 25, 1887; given permission to leave the United States May 23, 1887.

Admiral Macauley died at his country home, " Mist," on Canonicut Island, near Jamestown, R. I., on September 14, 1894, after a painful illness, so courageously and uncomplainingly borne that no act of his life was more noble and heroic.

Edward Yorke Macauley,

REAR ADMIRAL U. S. N.

En loving memory a wreath of bay,

My comrade and commander, X would bind And on your tomb this heartfelt offering lay Addressed to those you loved and left behind. For those alone who knew the daily glow Which love and confidence, the mute caress, Gay chidings, and a merry laugh bestow

Can share the feelings which these lines oppress.

Your life was votive to your flag. Full well
You filled its duties and deserved your fame.
Et were sufficient in your praise to tell

You added honor to an honored name.

No calumnies have ever dared besmirch
That trust which you have held; nor ever can.
Pour leisure you devoted to research,

And died as you had lived—a gentleman.

Your name, when it is spoken where we met,
Es charged with memories of him we miss,
And sounds the chord of friendship and regret,
Ef feebly when compared to moods like this.

Farewell, Commander! To each other we

Are shadows, while a memory are you.
Who knows which most is real? But happy he
Tho leaves as many mourners and as true.

P. F.

1895.]

The Yardley Fault.

By Benjamin Smith Lyman.

[Lyman.

(Read before the American Philosophical Society, September 6, 1895.)

1. Situation.

2. Presumptive Importance.

3. Color Break.

4. Ocular Illusions.

5. Dips of the Beds and Fault.

6. Direction of Downthrow.

7. Extent of Downthrow.

8. Grouping of Rock Beds.

9. Width of the Fault.

10. Filling of the Fault.

11. Fault not caused by Trap.
12. Conclusions.

1. There is a fault of striking appearance in the railroad cut of the Bound Brook line of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad nearly a mile west of Yardley Station. It is the same as the fault that was described by Prof. Henry Carvill Lewis before the Geological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences in March, 1880, as published, with a figure, in the Academy's Proceedings for 1882, pp. 40 and 41.

2. The fault seemed highly important, and he remarked at the outset, "that it was not often that a section of a well-defined fault was exposed for study. Frequently a fault starts & line of erosion which obliterates all traces of it, and the actual junction of the faulted measures is either occupied by a stream or is so covered by talus that it can only be inferred from adjoining outcrops." It is quite true that a fault, great or small, must very rarely be exposed naturally; though its place is not so apt to be occupied by a stream as narrow river gorges or chasms often suggest ; for they, perhaps, without exception, are merely the result of secular erosion without any fault at the outset. Faults, too, are probably not in general sudden disruptures leaving gaping abysses that may be filled by streams and afterwards widened into important valleys; but arise in small movements and increase by slow degrees through many long ages. Meanwhile the surface crosion accommodates itself gradually to the changed circumstances according to the hardness or softness of the beds that may be brought to light; and the surface wash, except possibly in rare cases on the face of a cliff, obscures the junction of the two unmatched sides of the fracture. Artificial exposures of small faults are numerous, as, for example, in the railroad cuts near Phoenixville and Gwynedd; but such exposures of great faults are necessarily rare because great faults are comparatively rare; and they must seldom be encountered in railroad work, that keeps to the surface as much as possible, though they may be found somewhat oftener in mines. The presumption, then, in the case of a fault exposed by a railroad cutting is that it is a small one, however important a look it may have.

3. The Yardley fault is so striking because a thick bed of bright red shales on the western side abuts against light brownish gray shaly and somewhat pebbly very soft sandrock on the east, with no lower

Lyman.]

[Sept. 6,

limit to the sandrock exposed and with no thick bed of red shales in the exposed section of nearly a hundred feet above. If, then, the downthrow were to the west, it would have to be more than that hundred feet, or the red shales would be found in the eastern part of the cut.

4. Certain ocular illusions give at first the impression that the downthrow is really to the west. On the north side of the railroad, where, as Prof. Lewis says, the fault is best observed, the slope of the cutting, combined with the steep inclination of the fault and its direction, makes the fault appear to rise eastward, or dip westward, as represented in his figure; and a westward dip would imply a westward downthrow. Furthermore, as he mentions and represents in his figure, the light brownish gray shaiy sandrock above the red shales has, or had some years ago, the appearance of being turned up at the side of the fault, as if forced into that position by a downthrow westward. But that appearance is now less noticeable than formerly, and seems to arise from the fact that there is a slight depression, probably less now than formerly, in the side of the cutting just west of the fault. As the northwesterly dip of the beds is nearly at right angles with the direction of the railroad, the depression of itself brings the exposed edges of the layers to a lower level than at the fault, and readily gives to an observer standing on the railroad the impression that the layers just there dip away from the fault more steeply than they really do. Indeed, the southwesterly course of the railroad, a little more southerly than the strike of the rock beds, thereby rising slowly across the measures, makes his figure give the impression that the rocks dip easterly, instead of northwesterly.

5. The rock beds here dip about twelve degrees, north about twentyseven degrees west (true meridian). The fault dips about seventy-seven degrees, north about seventy-eight.degrees east; that is, with a strike of about north twelve degrees west and an easterly dip, instead of the northeasterly strike and westerly dip that the slope of the cutting is apt to make one believe at first. The accompanying plate gives a geometrical construction from those observations, carefully verified at visits several years apart, and shows the true position of the fault and the probable relation of the beds on both sides.

6. As the fault dips easterly, the downthrow is beyond a doubt in the same direction. For this is plainly not a reversed fault, longitudinal to the strike, like almost every one of the anthracite region, caused by an overthrust of sharply folded beds under strong horizontal compression; but is a normal fault, transverse to the strike and occasioned apparently by the unequal sinking of the beds into the underlying rock mass, plastic under their enormous weight. There is no reason whatever to suppose that the downthrow here is not in the direction of the dip of the fault according to the almost invariable rule of normal faults.

7. There is, then, no evidence at all that the extent of the downthrow is more than a dozen feet, and the shallowness of the cutting together